Many researchers have investigated the phenomenon of the informal economy and rec-ommended impractical interventions such as controlling the informal economy or formalizing it. However, most research has missed another strategy for helping the informal economy, which involves achieving legitimacy. This study uses unique data from a Jordanian government organi-zation named IRADA designed to help small, home-based businesses. Data on 345 home-based businesses representing a range of poor areas across Jordan provide a case study of IRADA's strategies to help home-based businesses succeed and to contribute to legitimate informal econo-mies in these areas. Logistic regression analysis reveals how marketing and specialized training are important for the success of home-based businesses. Findings suggest that IRADA's unique approach to legitimating home-based businesses in an innovative way represents a set of best practices for the informal economy field. They also suggest that IRADA's approach may be applied in contexts other than Jordan to help enhance the informal economy and make it tractable without formalizing it.

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The number of home based businesses (HBB) utilizing home economic skills and entrepreneurial skills has increased in the 1980's. This has brought about an awareness of the numerous problems being faced by the owners of these businesses. This study was designed to investigate the problem of pricing sewing services in HBB's. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationships between self esteem, self perceived clothing construction skill level, and the prices charged for the sewing services. Data were collected using Rosenberg's self esteem 10 item questionnaire and three garment case studies in which the participants quoted prices and times for constructing each garment. A 51 item skills list, in which each participant rated her own clothing construction skills, was also completed. Demographic data was also collected. The instruments were field tested with seven seamstresses in the Blacksburg area. The pricing results from the case study field tests were used as standards for comparison in the study. The sample was made up of 46 seamstresses whose names were obtained from Virginia Cooperative Extension home economists. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlations, and Multiple Linear Regressions. Self esteem was found to be significantly correlated to self perceived clothing construction skill level. Broad price ranges were quoted for each garment. Urban price quotes were slightly higher than rural prices. / Master of Science

Yes / Changes in world-wide population trends have provided new demands for new technologies in areas such as care and rehabilitation. Recent developments in the the field of robotics for neurorehabilitation have shown a range of evidence regarding usefulness of these technologies as a tool to augment traditional physiotherapy. Part of the appeal for these technologies is the possibility to place a rehabilitative tool in one’s home, providing a chance for more frequent and accessible technologies for empowering individuals to be in charge of their therapy. this manuscript introduces the Supervised Care and Rehabilitation Involving Personal Tele-robotics (SCRIPT) project. The main goal is to demonstrate design and development steps involved in a complex intervention, while examining feasibility of using an instrumented orthotic device for home-based rehabilitation after stroke. Methods: the project uses a user-centred design methodology to develop a hand/wrist rehabilitation device for home-based therapy after stroke. The patient benefits from a dedicated user interface that allows them to receive feedback on exercise as well as communicating with the health-care professional. The health-care professional is able to use a dedicated interface to send/receive communications and remote-manage patient’s exercise routine using provided performance benchmarks. Patients were involved in a feasibility study (n=23) and were instructed to use the device and its interactive games for 180 min per week, around 30 min per day, for a period of 6 weeks, with a 2-months follow up. At the time of this study, only 12 of these patients have finished their 6 weeks trial plus 2 months follow up evaluation. Results: with the “use feasibility” as objective, our results indicate 2 patients dropping out due to technical difficulty or lack of personal interests to continue. Our frequency of use results indicate that on average, patients used the SCRIPT1 device around 14 min of self-administered therapy a day. The group average for the system usability scale was around 69% supporting system usability. Conclusions: based on the preliminary results, it is evident that stroke patients were able to use the system in their homes. An average of 14 min a day engagement mediated via three interactive games is promising, given the chronic stage of stroke. During the 2nd year of the project, 6 additional games with more functional relevance in their interaction have been designed to allow for a more variant context for interaction with the system, thus hoping to positively influence the exercise duration. The system usability was tested and provided supporting evidence for this parameter. Additional improvements to the system are planned based on formative feedback throughout the project and during the evaluations. These include a new orthosis that allows a more active control of the amount of assistance and resistance provided, thus aiming to provide a more challenging interaction. / This work has been partially funded under Grant FP7-ICT-288698(SCRIPT) of the European Community Seventh Framework Programme.

Aim: To evaluate Home-based interventions to lower neonatal mortality rates in developing countries. Background: A developing country is a country that is lacking in the services and facilities enjoyed by people in developed countries, such as personally owned automobiles and homes with indoor plumbing and water-carried sewage disposal systems. The difference in resources compared to developed regions, has been evident to the correlation of the increase neonatal mortality rates. Method: An electronic, systematic review of four databases were used to retrieve 209 articles initially, later filtered to 42 articles utilized in this review. The following databases used are as listed: CINAHL Plus with Full Text; APA PsycInfo; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; and MEDLINE. Articles had to solely refer to developing regions and neonatal mortality. Key Issues: Developing countries continue to report the highest neonatal mortality rates. The leading etiologies for increased neonatal mortality rates (NMR) differ in these regions compared to developed countries. Causes and factors must be understood to allow for the appropriate interventions to be implemented in the plan of care. Conclusions: Home-based interventions and community care have shown to significantly aid in the reduction of neonatal mortality rates in developing countries. Evidence based studies have also concluded that interventions are often presented in packages. Packages targeting individual households with home-based intervention; packages improving communities with health workers; and packages aiming to strengthen the trust between facilities and communities via referrals and recommendations.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / The ANC government relaxed a great many restrictions enforced by the apartheid regime. The restrictions included the illegal status of the spaza shops which operated in the townships. Faced with the challenge of unemployment, the present government crafted policies and programmes to support and promote the creation of Small, Medium and Micro-sized Enterprises or SMMEs. However, despite all of these initiatives, the small grocery shops which are commonly known as spaza shops, and particularly those owned by South Africans, are faced with a number of obstacles with respect to the establishment, operation and growth. This study was undertaken in order to determine the factors which affect the startup and growth of locally owned spaza shops in the Gugulethu and Nyanga townships in Cape Town, and to identify the support strategies necessary to assist these shops to grow into sustainable businesses. The study was motivated by the growing informal economy which, if it is effectively taken advantage of and made use of, can, to some extent, create employment opportunities, particularly for the previously disadvantaged people in both the Gugulethu and the Nyanga townships. The study employed an exploratory and descriptive research design, and a quantitative empirical research approach, through the use of a self-administered questionnaire. The findings of the research study revealed that there are significant challenges which adversely affect South African-owned spaza shops, and that obstacles are encountered during the startup and growth phases. Although the factors which affect the spaza shops adversely are many, it is important to single out the most significant ones. The significant factors evidence from the study were a lack of startup and expansion capital, load shedding, the lack of a network to buy cheaply in bulk, competition from non-South African entrepreneurs, crime, costs incurred by transportation of stock, a lack of collateral security to obtain finance from lenders, inadequate ability to handle financial records, a lack of management skills and a lack of information concerning government services.

Le diagnostic de sclérose en plaques (SEP) a d’importantes répercussions pour les personnes affectées en raison de son caractère incurable et dégénératif. Vu les pertes fonctionnelles, la SEP nécessite fréquemment une implication des professionnels des centres locaux de services communautaires. Depuis quelques années, l’approche palliative s’est développée afin de soutenir les professionnels dans leur accompagnement en regard de la fin de vie. Cependant, aucun écrit identifié ne fait le lien entre la SEP et l’approche palliative en milieu communautaire. Cette étude qualitative descriptive a pour but de connaître les perceptions de professionnels œuvrant au soutien à domicile à l’égard de l’introduction d’une approche palliative dans la trajectoire de soins des personnes vivant avec la SEP au stade avancé. Structurés par le modèle infirmier de gestion des maladies chroniques basé sur la théorie des trajectoires de Corbin et Strauss (1991), des groupes de discussions et des entretiens individuels ont été effectués avec des ergothérapeutes, des infirmières et des travailleurs sociaux. L’analyse des données s’appuie sur la méthode d’analyse par questionnement analytique de Paillé et Mucchielli (2012). En somme, cette analyse des données permet de décrire que les professionnels oeuvrant au soutien à domicile considèrent l’approche palliative comme 1) faire preuve de soutien, 2) ouvrir la discussion avec la personne soignée et sa famille sur ses besoins et désirs entourant sa fin de vie et 3) adapter ses interventions professionnelles aux besoins et aux objectifs de la personne et sa famille. Bien qu’ils considèrent obligatoire d’introduire l’approche palliative, ils ne se sentent pas à l’aise de l’initier systématiquement dans la prestation de leurs soins. Les professionnels rapportent aussi plusieurs difficultés à amorcer une discussion à ce sujet considérant les caractéristiques de la maladie, l’âge des personnes atteintes, l’absence de pronostic ou la crainte de perte d’espoir. Des recommandations pour la gestion, la pratique, la formation et la recherche en sciences infirmières ont été émises à la suite de cette étude. / The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) has important implications for people affected by its incurable and degenerative nature. MS, resulting in significant functional losses, often requires the involvement of professionals from local community service centres. In recent years, the palliative approach has been described for professionals in their end-of-life support. However, no identified literature links MS to the community-based palliative approach. This qualitative descriptive study has been designed to describe the perceptions of professionals working at home with regard to the introduction of palliative approach in the care trajectory of people living with advanced MS. Based on the nursing model for chronic disease management based upon the trajectory framework of Corbin and Strauss's (1991), focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with occupational therapists, nurses and social workers. The method of analysis by analytical questioning of Paillé and Mucchielli (2012) was used for data analysis. In summary, the data analysis has allowed us to describe the professionals' views of introducing a palliative approach into their care of people with MS as 1) being supportive, 2) opening the discussion with the person and his family about their needs and their desires at the end of life and 3) adapting professional interventions to people and families’ needs and objectives. However, professionals had several difficulties introducing these elements, considering the characteristics of the disease, the absence of prognosis and the risk of loosing hope. They described a duality in which they consider it mandatory to introduce the palliative approach, but do not feel comfortable integrating it systematically into the delivery of their care. Recommendations for nursing management, practice, education and research were issued as a result of this study.

Institute for Rural Development / PhDRDV

<p>Over the last three decades, there has been a precipitous rise in curiosity regarding the clinical use of mindfulness meditation for the self-management of a broad range of chronic health conditions. Despite the ever-growing body of evidence supporting the use of mindfulness-based therapies for both medical and psychological concerns, data on the active ingredients of these mind-body interventions are relatively scarce. Regular engagement in formal mindfulness practice is considered by many to be requisite for generating therapeutic change; however, previous investigations of at-home practice in MBIs have produced mixed results. The equivocal nature of these findings has been attributed to significant methodological limitations, including the lack of standardized, systematic practice monitoring tools, and a singular focus on practice time, with little attention paid to the nature and quality of one’s practice. The present study used a prospective, observational design to assess the effects of home-based practice on dispositional mindfulness, self-compassion, and psychological functioning in twenty-eight people enrolled in an MBSR or MBCT program. To address some of the aforementioned limitations, the present study collected detailed weekly accounts of participants’ home-based practice engagement, including information about practice time (i.e., frequency and duration), exercise type, perceived effort and barriers to participation, and practice quality. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to examine the relative contribution of practice time and practice quality on treatment outcomes, and to explore possible predictors of adherence to at-home practice recommendations. As anticipated, practice quality and perceived effort improved with time; however, rather unexpectedly, practice quality was not a significant predictor of treatment-related improvements in psychological health. Home practice engagement, however, was predictive of change in dispositional mindfulness, in the expected direction. Results of our secondary analyses demonstrated that employment status was predictive of home practice engagement, with those who were unemployed completing more at-home practice on average. Mindfulness self-efficacy at baseline and previous experience with meditation or other contemplative practices were independently predictive of mean practice quality. The results of this study suggest that home practice helps generate meaningful change in dispositional mindfulness, which is purportedly a key mechanism of action in mindfulness-based interventions.</p> / Dissertation