<p>We have in this study preformed a quantitative examination on how hooligans use film and new technologies to spread private videos on the Internet. With today´s technologies it is very easy for hooligans to publish their videos. In this study, we have choosen to do a questionnaire poll based on seven questions about what people think of hooliganviolence on online video sharing sites. We have also conducted an online interview with a former swedish hooligan. The people who participated in our study are all anonymous, and therefore we have no age or gender included in our study. Most of the videos discussed here are used as entertainment, according to their publishers/viewers, but also as a method of advertising the supporterclubs of different teams. Following our study we can conclude that new technologies have a huge importance for the spread of these videos.</p>

We have in this study preformed a quantitative examination on how hooligans use film and new technologies to spread private videos on the Internet. With today´s technologies it is very easy for hooligans to publish their videos. In this study, we have choosen to do a questionnaire poll based on seven questions about what people think of hooliganviolence on online video sharing sites. We have also conducted an online interview with a former swedish hooligan. The people who participated in our study are all anonymous, and therefore we have no age or gender included in our study. Most of the videos discussed here are used as entertainment, according to their publishers/viewers, but also as a method of advertising the supporterclubs of different teams. Following our study we can conclude that new technologies have a huge importance for the spread of these videos.

Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních věd / Smetanovo nábřeží 6, 110 01 Praha 1 info@fsv.cuni.cz, tel: 222 112 111 www.fsv.cuni.cz Dle čl. 4 Opatření rektora č. 6/2010 o Zpřístupnění elektronické databáze závěrečných prací http://www.cuni.cz/UK-3470.html a čl. 1 Opatření děkana 29/2010 se z časového hlediska závěrečné práce dělí do tří skupin: a. "nové práce", tj. práce odevzdávané k obhajobě počínaje 29. 9. 2010, b. "starší práce", tj. práce odevzdané k obhajobě od 1. 1. 2006 do 28. 9. 2010, c. "práce před rokem 2006", tj. práce odevzdané k obhajobě před 1. 1. 2006. V tomto případě jde o "starší práci" odevzdanou k obhajobě od 1. 1. 2006 do 28. 9. 2010. Omlouváme se, ale dokument není v elektronické verzi k dispozici.

The diploma thesis "Football Supporters as a Part of Civil Society" deals with the phenomenon of football supporterism from the perspective of the relationship between fan groupings and civil society. After the introduction and the aims of the thesis, where the main aim is the basic description and classification of various forms of grouping of football fans, follows the theoretical part focusing on three main topics: civil society, social movements and subcultures and the world of football supporters. In the empirical part the author presents the results of her qualitative research using particularly methods of participant as well as non- participant observation, informal interviews and the study of documents. The author introduces her own typology of fan groups and organizations and describes their activities within the civil society. In the final part she summarizes the answers to the research questions. The thesis is supplied with a summary, a list of sources, an index, a glossary and three appendices.

The Diploma thesis focuses on examination of real interconnection between political extremism and hardcore fans of Bohemians 1905, Slavie Praha and Sparta Praha. The research itself is therefore concentrated primarily on people associated with political extremism and their relation to groups of ultras and hooligans and furthermore their influence on these groups. The theoretical part of the thesis introduces theory of political extremism, typology groups of people attending football games, their development and the reasons of their politicization. The analytical part elaborates particulary the different Prague football clubs and their fans. Part of the data is applied from fourteen half-structured interviews with ultras and hooligans representatives of these clubs. The goal of the thesis is to clarify the real scale of interconnection between political activists and hardcore fans on the one hand, and on the other hand to point out and explain the attempts of political extremist to penetrace into this enviroment and assess the degree of their success.

I den här kvalitativa studien har två reklamfilmer granskats och analyserats utifrån en semiotisk analysmetod med denotation, konnotation och myter som huvudfokus. Efter analysen har även en jämförelse mellan reklamfilmerna genomförts. Studiens huvudsakliga teoretiska ramverk är baserat på just semiotiken och tidigare nämnda begrepp, men fokus har även legat på kontext, symboler, ikoner och index. Materialet som har undersökts är producerat av det statliga företaget Svenska Spel. Det är två reklamfilmer och båda gör reklam för samma spel, nämligen Stryktipset. I studien har filmerna undersökts för att dels analysera de manifesta budskapen men även för att lyfta fram de latenta budskap som finns i bakgrunden. Syftet med att göra analysen var att undersöka hur myten om fotbollssupportrar såg ut i reklam för ett spel om pengar med stark koppling till fotbollen. Myten om supportrar som har funnits i de olika reklamfilmerna har sedan jämförts för att se hur den har förändrats mellan åren 2009 och 2017. Eftersom Svenska Spel är ett statligt företag är det viktigt att deras egen policy om att lyfta fram de positiva effekter sporten och deras supportrar har i samhället syns i reklamfilmerna. Studiens resultat visar att myten om fotbollssupportrar som framställs skiljer sig mellan de olika reklamfilmerna. Framför allt ser man skillnad i vart supporterskapet är riktat, mot laget eller mot sporten. Myterna som framställs har likheter och båda passar in i den generella mytbildning som finns kring fotbollssupportrar idag. Det förekommer även tecken som har koppling till huliganism men den har inte en stor roll i reklamfilmerna. / In this study, two commercials have been reviewed and analyzed with a semiotic analysis method, where denotation, connotation and myths have the main focus. After the analysis, the two commercials where compared. The main theoretical framework used in this study is based on semiotics and previously mentioned terms, but focus has also been on context, symbols, icon and index. The two commercials, who have been analyzed, are both produced by the state company Svenska Spel. The commercials both advertise the same product, Stryktipset. In the study the commercials have been reviewed partly to analyze the manifest messages but also to bring forward the hidden messages underneath. The purpose for doing the analysis was to look into how the myth about football supporters was produced in commercials for gambling with a strong connection to football. Later, the myth presented in the different commercials are compared to each other to see how it has changed between 2009 and 2017. Since Svenska Spel is a state company it’s important that their own policy about showing all the good sides that comes with sport and its supporters are noticeable in the commercials. The result of the study shows that the presented myth differs between the two commercials. The main difference is in where the focus of the supporters is, on the team or on the sport itself. The myth presented also have some similarities and they both fit into the general myth about football supporters in society today. There are also signs that are connected to hooliganism but they don’t play a big role in the commercials.

In December 22, 2010, the hockey clubs AIK and Djurgården played against each other in front of an audience of more than 11 000 people in Ericsson Globe Arena, Stockholm. Although it was one of the biggest games of the year, afterwards no one was talking about the actual game on the ice. The reason; several times during the game, hooligans from both sides started big quarrels and the hockey dome felt more like a war scene than a place for a hockey game. From a branding point of view, and along with similar incidents from the past, the night in December did not create a good situation for AIK and their image.   Therefore, in this essay I want to investigate how AIK communicated through the crisis. I also want to evaluate whether their communication was good or bad from the perspective of different crisis communication theories. The essay’s research questions are: How did media describe the crisis and AIK´s part in it? What effect did AIK´s previous history of similar problem have on the ongoing crisis? How did AIK communicate through the crisis? How was AIK´s image affected by the crisis? What did AIK do well/what could AIK have done better? To be able to answer these questions, several news articles from the sports paper “Hockeyexpressen” has been analyzed as well as a text from AIK itself. The answers from the analysis has then been weighed against Hearit´s and Benoit´s theories on apologia as well as Coombs theory on the impact from previous crisis. An important conclusion is that AIK protects its image during the crisis by using the strategy “shifting the blame”. AIK also redefines the picture of a true supporter by questioning the acts of some of their so called “fans”. AIK´s redefinition also serve to correct the news papers misleading use of different epithets on the same category of people. However, although their image stays more or less intact AIK fail to communicate the need of a broader responsibility from the society when it comes to the problems caused by sports related hooliganism.