OBJETIVOS. Verificar os efeitos da terapia hormonal com derivados estrogênicos e progestogênicos, isolados ou associados à metiltestosterona, na sexualidade e nos sintomas climatéricos em mulheres na pós-menopausa e comparar os dois tipos de terapia hormonal. CASUÍSTICA. Selecionaram-se sessenta mulheres sexualmente ativas, com queixas sexuais, com relacionamento estável com parceiro capacitado para o coito, com idade de 42 a sessenta anos (média etária 52,1 + 4 anos) e tempo de menopausa de um a 28 anos (média 5,6 anos). Excluíram-se mulheres com doenças sistêmicas, doenças psiquiátricas, endócrinas, distopias genitais, tabagistas e usuárias de terapia hormonal ou de medicamentos que apresentavam interferência na sexualidade. METODOLOGIA. Realizou-se estudo de coorte progressiva, duplo-cego, randomizado, com duração de 12 meses. As mulheres foram divididas em dois grupos: EP (n=29), medicadas com estrogênios conjugados (EEC) 0,625 mg + acetato de medroxiprogesterona (AMP) 2,5 mg + placebo, e grupo EP+A (n=31), medicadas com EEC 0,625 mg + AMP 2,5 mg + metiltestosterona 2,0 mg. Para estudar a sexualidade, utilizou-se o Questionário Sexual do Hospital das Clínicas e foram avaliados o desejo sexual, a excitação e a capacidade orgástica nas atividades desenvolvidas com o parceiro, o interesse sexual não vinculado, exclusivamente, às atividades desenvolvidas com o parceiro, a dispareunia, a secura vaginal e a freqüência sexual. Para as análises estatísticas, utilizaram-se Modelos Lineares Gerais para Medidas Repetidas, Análise de Variância (ANOVA), Modelos de Regressão Logística Multinomial e Qui-quadrado de Pearson. O nível de significância foi de 5%. RESULTADOS. Nos grupos EP e EP+A, houve aumento no escore de desejo sexual vinculado, exclusivamente, às atividades desenvolvidas com o parceiro (F=18,334; p<0,001), no escore de excitação sexual (F=14,022; p < 0,001), na capacidade orgástica (F=34,650; p < 0,001) e na freqüência sexual (F=7,687; p=0,008), bem como redução da secura vaginal (?2=44,153; p<0,001), da dispareunia (?2=34,447; p < 0,001) e do índice menopausal de Kupperman (F=158,460; p < 0,001). A análise comparativa entre os grupos EP e EP+A mostrou maior interesse sexual não vinculado, exclusivamente, às atividades com o parceiro (?2=11,551; p=0,021) e mais altos índices de Castelli I (F=8,542; p < 0,001) e índices de Castelli II (F=11,500; p < 0,001) no grupo EP+A. Não se observaram hirsutismo nem alopécia em nenhum dos grupos; acne grau I foi observada em duas mulheres do grupo EP e em 13 do grupo EP+A. CONCLUSÕES. As terapias hormonais com derivados estrogênicos e progestogênicos, isolados ou associados à metiltestosterona, causaram impacto positivo em todos os parâmetros sexuais e nos sintomas climatéricos analisados. A associação de metiltestosterona ao tratamento estro-progestacional aumentou o interesse sexual não vinculado, exclusivamente, às atividades com o parceiro e os índices de Castelli I e II. Nos demais parâmetros estudados, não houve diferença entre os dois grupos / Objectives: To verify the effects of hormone therapy with estrogen and progesterone derivatives when used singly or combined with methyltestosterone, on sexuality and on climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women. Subjects: The series included sixty-sexually active women, with sexual complaints, in a stable relationship with a partner capable of intercourse, ages ranging from 42 to sixty years (average 52,1 + 4) and menopause time from one to 28 years (average 5,6). Excluded were women with systemic diseases, psychiatric and endocrine disorders, genital dystopias, smokers and those on hormone therapy or medications that affect sexuality. Method: A double blind, randomized, progressive cohort study was performed over a twelve month period. The women were divided into two groups: EP (n=29), medicated with conjugated estrogens (EEC) 0,625 mg + medroxyprogesterone acetate (AMP) 2,5 mg + placebo, and group EP+A (n=31), medicated with EEC 0,625 mg + AMP 2,5 mg + methyltestosterone 2,0 mg. For the study of sexuality, the Hospital das Clínicas Sex Questionnaire was utilized, assessing sexual desire linked exclusively to activities developed with the partner; excitation and orgasmic capacity in activities with the partner; sexual interest not linked exclusively to activities developed with the partner; dyspareunia, vaginal dryness and sexual frequency. For statistical analysis, the General Linear Models for Repeated Measures, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Multinomial Logistic Regression Models and Pearson Chi square were employed. A 5% significance level was adopted. Results: In groups EP and EP+A, was observed an increase in the sexual desire score linked exclusively to activities developed with the partner (F=18,334; p<0,001), sexual excitation (F=14,002; p<0,001), orgasmic capacity (F=34,650; p < 0,001) and in sexual frequency (F=7,687; p=0,008), as well as an reduction in vaginal dryness (x2=44,153; p < 0,001), dyspareunia (x2=34,447; p < 0,001) and in the Kupperman menopausal index (F=158,460; p < 0,001). Comparative analysis between groups EP and EP+A revealed a greater sexual interest not linked exclusively to activities with the partner (x2=11,551; p=0,021) and higher Castelli I index (F=8,542; p < 0,001) and Castelli II index (F=11,500; p<0,001) in group EP+A. Neither hirsutism nor alopecia were noticed in either group; Class I acne was observed in two women of group EP and in 13 of group EP+A. Conclusion: Hormone therapy with estrogen and progesterone derivatives used singly or together with methyltestosterone had a positive result on all sexual parameters and on climacteric symptoms analyzed. Association of methyltestosterone to estrogen-progesterone treatment increased sexual interest not linked exclusively to activities with the partner and Castelli I and II indexes. No difference between the two groups in the other parameters studied was demonstrated

Dans le cadre d'une étude transversale menée sur 202 patientes ménopausées et non ménopausées,les objectifs sont de démontrer l'existence d'un lien entre ménopause et altération de l'état de santé buccodentaire. D'évaluer l'action du THM sur la morbidité dentaire et «in fine» sur la mortalité dentaire.De préciser les liens entre santé bucco-dentaire et diverses pathologies générales et d'apprécier les liens entre psychisme et soma chez les femmes ménopausées. D'apprécier l'influence des biphosphonates sur l'état de santé parodontal.De placer l'étude des liens état bucco-dentaire- ménopause dans une optique sociétale et anthropologique.La ménopause a pour conséquence une altération du parodonte (p=0,003).Le THM a une action bénéfique sur le parodonte.L'effet biologique du diabète est drastique quant à la perte des organes dentaires (p=0,050).L'étude souligne l'influence «per se» d'un mauvais état bucco-dentaire pour la pathologie coronarienne (OR=1,214). De plus,évènements stressants,sècheresse buccale,pathologies ostéo articulaires,carence hormonale sont des facteurs diversement liés de la mortalité dentaire durant cette période. Par ailleurs, il est apparu que les femmes ayant été récemment traitées pour un cancer du sein développaient plus de caries dentaires (p=0,031 OR=2,161). L'étude met en évidence les effets des biphosphonates sur l'altération du parodonte (p=0,011) malgré la prise d'un THM (p=0,020).Un milieu socioculturel aisé contribueraient à la médicalisation du phénomène physiologique.Le fait de vivre seule influerait sur la perte des organes dentaires (p=0,035). Enfin,la pratique régulière d'un sport améliorerait l'état de santé orale (p=0,036). / In a cross-sectional study of 202 postmenopausal and premenopausal women,the objectives of this study are to demonstrate a link between menopause and altered state of oral health.To evaluate the action of HRT on dental disease and finally on the tooth mortality. To assess and clarify the relationship between oral health and various general diseases and links between psyche and soma in postmenopausal women.Also discussed was the influence of bisphosphonates on the state of periodontal health.Finally,it was decided to place the study links oral menopausal status in a social and anthropological perspective.It appears then that menopause results in an altered state of oral health,(p = 0.003).HRT has a beneficial effect on the periodontal disease.The biological effects of diabetes are related to dental mortality (p = 0.050). This study emphasize the influence "per se" a bad oral health status for coronary artery disease (OR = 1.214).In postmenopausal women, stressful events, dry mouth, joint and bone diseases, hormonal deficiency are factors variously related dental mortality during this period. Moreover, it was found that women who have recently been treated for breast cancer developed more dental caries (p = 0.031 OR = 2.161).The study related the effects of bisphosphonates on the alteration of periodontal (p = 0.011), despite taking HRT (p = 0.020).In addition,background socio-economic favored contribute to the medicalization of physiological phenomenon. The fact of living alone would affect the loss of dental organs (p = 0.035). Finally, the regular practice of a sport improve the state of oral health (p = 0.036).

Le risque attribuable (RA) mesure la proportion de cas de maladie qui peuvent être attribués à une exposition au niveau de la population. Plusieurs définitions et méthodes d'estimation du RA ont été proposées pour des données de survie. En utilisant des simulations, nous comparons quatre méthodes d'estimation du RA dans le contexte de l'analyse de survie : deux méthodes non paramétriques basées sur l'estimateur de Kaplan-Meier, une méthode semi-paramétrique basée sur le modèle de Cox à risques proportionnels et une méthode paramétrique basée sur un modèle à risques proportionnels avec un risque de base constant par morceaux. Nos travaux suggèrent d'utiliser les approches semi-paramétrique et paramétrique pour l'estimation du RA lorsque l'hypothèse des risques proportionnels est vérifiée. Nous appliquons nos méthodes aux données de la cohorte E3N pour estimer la proportion de cas de cancer du sein invasif attribuables à l'utilisation de traitements hormonaux de la ménopause (THM). Nous estimons qu'environ 9 % des cas de cancer du sein sont attribuables à l'utilisation des THM à l'inclusion. Dans le cas d'une exposition protectrice, une alternative au RA est la fraction préventive (FP) qui mesure la proportion de cas de maladie évités. Cette mesure n'a pas été considérée dans le contexte de l'analyse de survie. Nous proposons une définition de la FP dans ce contexte et des méthodes d'estimation en utilisant des approches semi-paramétrique et paramétrique avec une extension permettant de prendre en compte les risques concurrents. L'application aux données de la cohorte des Trois Cités (3C) estime qu'environ 9 % de cas d'accident vasculaire cérébral peuvent être évités chez les personnes âgées par l'utilisation des hypolipémiants. Notre étude montre que la FP peut être utilisée pour évaluer l'impact des médicaments bénéfiques dans les études de cohorte tout en tenant compte des facteurs de confusion potentiels et des risques concurrents. / The attributable risk (AR) measures the proportion of disease cases that can be attributed to an exposure in the population. Several definitions and estimation methods have been proposed for survival data. Using simulations, we compared four methods for estimating AR defined in terms of survival functions: two nonparametric methods based on Kaplan-Meier's estimator, one semiparametric based on Cox's model, and one parametric based on the piecewise constant hazards model. Our results suggest to use the semiparametric or parametric approaches to estimate AR if the proportional hazards assumption appears appropriate. These methods were applied to the E3N women cohort data to estimate the AR of breast cancer due to menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). We showed that about 9% of cases of breast cancer were attributable to MHT use at baseline. In case of a protective exposure, an alternative to the AR is the prevented fraction (PF) which measures the proportion of disease cases that could be avoided in the presence of a protective exposure in the population. The definition and estimation of PF have never been considered for cohort studies in the survival analysis context. We defined the PF in cohort studies with survival data and proposed two estimation methods: a semiparametric method based on Cox’s proportional hazards model and a parametric method based on a piecewise constant hazards model with an extension to competing risks. Using data of the Three-City (3C) cohort study, we found that approximately 9% of cases of stroke could be avoided using lipid-lowering drugs (statins or fibrates) in the elderly population. Our study shows that the PF can be estimated to evaluate the impact of beneficial drugs in observational cohort studies while taking potential confounding factors and competing risks into account.