Eight cecally fistulated geldings were used in a randomized 4 x 4 Latin square design to observe the effect varying levels of dietary starch had on cecal environment. The 4 treatment rations contained 2 g starch/kg BW (Diet 2), 4 g/kg BW (Diet 4), 6 g/kg BW (Diet 6), or 8 g/kg BW (Diet 8). The rations were comprised of a commercial pelleted feed to meet 2 g starch/kg BW in each treatment, with ground corn used to fulfill the remaining starch requirements in each diet. Soybean meal was added to ensure diets were iso-nitrogenous, and cottonseed hulls were used to equalize dry matter intake. A 21 day adaptation period was allowed before cecal contents were sampled. Samples were drawn 4 hours after the morning meal and were immediately tested for pH. Samples were used to count total anaerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, as well as determine methane activity, ammonia activity, volatile fatty acids, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Stoichiometric calculations were performed to give an indirect measure of fermented hexose, methane, and carbon dioxide. Diet did not influence dry matter intake (DMI), however it did have an effect on starch intake (P < 0.0001) and caused a linear increase in starch consumption as the amount of offered starch increased (P < 0.0001). Diet did not influence the pH of the cecum (P > 0.05), although a tendency for a linear decrease (P < 0.06) in pH from 6.92 ? 6.58 occurred when dietary starch increased. Total anaerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria were unaffected by treatment diets (P > 0.05). Propionate production was affected by dietary treatment (P < 0.05), causing a quadratic increase (P = 0.04) from 8.26 to 14.13 mM as starch in the diets increased. Diet did not affect the production of acetate, butyrate, or ammonia (P > 0.05). Results found that stoichiometric calculations and IVDMD values were not affected by diet (P > 0.05). These results show that starch intake influenced the production of fermentative by-products, which caused decreases in pH, although there was no observed increase in the bacterial populations of the cecum.

This report describes how I worked with a spatial information problem, where the focus was to produce clearer barriers between horses and spectators at equestrian competitions. My background as a competition rider, combined with my knowledge of the spatial design, has caused me to react to how the information on riding and racing facilities deficiencies. Experienced people in the riding know how they should act with the horse. But novices who are unfamiliar with the situation is not aware of the risks it may pose to move among horses. The study was conducted on the national facility Strömsholm which both experienced and novice equestrian visits. The objective of this study was to develop barriers that inform visitors, but also contributing to the direction of motion. How to provide the information in the room as needed to suit both beginners and experienced in equine sports has been an important part of the work. Design part of the work is based on modules with shape, color and size clarifies the direction of movement of the visitors. Along with the fence modules function also as cordons. In The study has the horse been an important source to customize configuration to operate within horse activities. Previous research shows that the horse is able to make generalizations based on their surroundings and can get used to new objects. But the horse's color vision makes it more difficult for it to recognize and interpret new items. For humans it is about designing clear markings in the room to show where the audience must remain. The study also discusses the issue of responsibility and how prior knowledge can help people with experience in the riding. But for beginners, it becomes difficult to decide if the information is not clear enough. The configuration will help beginners to move safely at equestrian competition, without having to possess the same prerequisites as experienced people in equestrian. / I denna rapport beskrivs hur jag arbetat med ett rumsligt informationsproblem, där fokus varit att ta fram tydligare avspärrningar mellan hästar och publik vid hästtävling. Min bakgrund som tävlingsryttare i kombination med min kunskap om att arbetat med rum, har fått mig att reagera på hur informationen på rid- och tävlingsanläggningar brister. Erfarna människor inom ridsporten känner till hur de bör agera med hästen. Men nybörjare som är ovana vid situationen känner inte till de risker det kan innebära att förflytta sig bland hästar. Studien har genomförts på riksanläggningen Strömsholm där både erfarna och nybörjare inom ridsporten besöker anläggningen. Målet med studien har varit att ta fram avspärrningar som informerar besökare men som även bidrar till rörelseriktningen. Att forma informationen i rummet efter behov som passar såväl nybörjare som erfarna inom ridsporten har varit en viktig del av arbetet. Designdelen i arbetet bygger på att moduler med form, färg och storlek förtydligar rörelseriktningen för besökarna. Tillsammans med staket fungerar modulerna även som avspärrningar. I studien har hästen varit en viktig källa för att anpassa gestaltningen till att fungera inom hästverksamhet. Tidigare forskning visar att hästen klarar av att göra generaliseringar utifrån sin omgivning och kan vänja sig vid nya objekt. Men hästens färgseende gör det svårare för den att känna igen samt tolka nya objekt. För människor handlar det om att utforma tydliga markeringar i rummet som visar var publiken skall befinna sig. Studien tar även upp frågan om eget ansvar och hur tidigare kunskap kan underlätta för människor med erfarenhet inom ridsport. Men för nybörjare blir det svårare att fatta beslut om informationen inte är tydlig nog. Gestaltningen ska hjälpa nybörjare att förflytta sig på ett säkert sätt under hästtävling, utan att behöva besitta samma förkunskap som erfarna människor inom ridsporten.

Eight cecally fistulated geldings were used in a randomized 4 x 4 Latin square design to observe the effect varying levels of dietary starch had on cecal environment. The 4 treatment rations contained 2 g starch/kg BW (Diet 2), 4 g/kg BW (Diet 4), 6 g/kg BW (Diet 6), or 8 g/kg BW (Diet 8). The rations were comprised of a commercial pelleted feed to meet 2 g starch/kg BW in each treatment, with ground corn used to fulfill the remaining starch requirements in each diet. Soybean meal was added to ensure diets were iso-nitrogenous, and cottonseed hulls were used to equalize dry matter intake. A 21 day adaptation period was allowed before cecal contents were sampled. Samples were drawn 4 hours after the morning meal and were immediately tested for pH. Samples were used to count total anaerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, as well as determine methane activity, ammonia activity, volatile fatty acids, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Stoichiometric calculations were performed to give an indirect measure of fermented hexose, methane, and carbon dioxide. Diet did not influence dry matter intake (DMI), however it did have an effect on starch intake (P < 0.0001) and caused a linear increase in starch consumption as the amount of offered starch increased (P < 0.0001). Diet did not influence the pH of the cecum (P > 0.05), although a tendency for a linear decrease (P < 0.06) in pH from 6.92 ? 6.58 occurred when dietary starch increased. Total anaerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria were unaffected by treatment diets (P > 0.05). Propionate production was affected by dietary treatment (P < 0.05), causing a quadratic increase (P = 0.04) from 8.26 to 14.13 mM as starch in the diets increased. Diet did not affect the production of acetate, butyrate, or ammonia (P > 0.05). Results found that stoichiometric calculations and IVDMD values were not affected by diet (P > 0.05). These results show that starch intake influenced the production of fermentative by-products, which caused decreases in pH, although there was no observed increase in the bacterial populations of the cecum.

Thesis (M.S.)--California Polytechnic State University, 2010. / Title from PDF title page; viewed on March 18, 2010. Major professor: Hazelwood, Scott, Ph.D. "Presented to the faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo." "In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree [of] Master of Science in Biomedical Engineering." "February 2010." Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-89).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Florida, 2003. / Title from title page of source document. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 31-32). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2006. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (MMedVet (Gyn))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1964. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-165).