Thesis (M.Phil.) - University of Queensland, 2003. / Includes bibliography.

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Orientadora: Christina de Rezende Rubim / Resumo: Esta pesquisa analisa o universo da compra e do consumo de alimentos no Mercado Municipal de São Paulo, tendo em vista as transformações socioculturais que interferem na escolha dos produtos e remetem a representações simbólicas envolvidas nesse ato. Foram utilizados como arsenal teórico os conceitos de processo civilizador (Elias, 1994) e de invenção das tradições (Hobsbawm, 1997) para compreender as trajetórias de vida de 11 permissionários do Mercado. Por meio da análise qualitativa das entrevistas realizadas, bem como das reflexões geradas a partir do diário de campo, com registro de observações e conversas estabelecidas com funcionários, turistas e consumidores, debateram-se os significados atribuídos às práticas de comércio. O Mercado paulistano foi classificado em três principais espaços - tradicional, popular e moderno - a fim de analisar de que maneira é praticada a venda de produtos alimentícios e de que maneira são interpretados esses espaços pelos que os frequentam. Há percepção não só das transformações de gostos e de preferências por determinados alimentos, mas também de mudanças comerciais que refletem as transformações sociais, culturais e econômicas da cidade, do país e do mundo, em que as dicotomias - novo e velho, indivíduo e sociedade, natureza e cultura - coexistem e se complementam no cotidiano das pessoas que compõem o cenário do Mercadão. / Abstract: This research analyzes the universe of purchase and food consumption in São Paulo Municipal Market, considering the social and cultural transformations that affect the choice of products and refer to symbolic representations involved in this act. It was used as theoretical arsenal the concepts of civilization process (Elias, 1994) and the invention of traditions (Hobsbawm, 1997) to understand the life trajectories of 11 licensees Market. Through the qualitative analysis of interviews carried out, as well as the reflections generated from the field diary, with record of observations and conversations conducted with employees, tourists and consumers, it was debated the meanings attributed to trade practices. São Paulo market was classified into three main areas - traditional, popular and modern - in order to analyze how the sale of food products is practiced and how these spaces are interpreted by the ones that attend them. There is perception not only of the changes in tastes and preferences for certain foods, but also of commercial changes that reflect the social, cultural and economic transformations of the city, the country and the world, in which the dichotomies - young and old, individual and society, nature and culture - coexist and complement each other in the daily life that make up Mercadão scene. / Resumen: Esta investigación analiza el universo de la compra y del consumo de alimentos en el Mercado Municipal de Sao Paulo, considerando las transformaciones sociales y culturales que afectan a la elección de los productos y llevan a representaciones simbólicas que intervienen en este acto. Se utilizó como arsenal teórico los conceptos de proceso civilizador (Elias, 1994) y de invención de las tradiciones (Hobsbawm, 1997) para comprender las trayectorias de vida de 11 licenciatarios del Mercado. A través del análisis cualitativo de las entrevistas realizadas, como también de las reflexiones generadas a partir del diario de campo, con registro de observaciones y conversaciones establecidas con empleados, turistas y consumidores, se debatió los significados atribuidos a las prácticas comerciales. El mercado paulistano fue clasificado en tres áreas principales - tradicional, popular y moderna - con el fin de analizar de qué manera se practica la venta de productos alimenticios y cómo estos espacios son interpretados por los que lo asisten. Existe la percepción no sólo de los cambios en los gustos y preferencias por ciertos alimentos, sino también de los cambios comerciales que reflejan las transformaciones sociales, culturales y económicas de la ciudad, del país y del mundo, en que las dicotomías - nuevo y viejo, individuo y sociedad, naturaleza y cultura - coexisten y se complementan en el cotidiano de las personas que componen la escena del Mercadão. / Doutor

Orientador: Aloísio Costa Sampaio / Banca: Izabel Cristina Takitane / Banca: Terezinha de Fatima Fumes / Banca: Nobuyoshi Narita / Banca: Marco Antonio Tecchio / Resumo: A romã (Punica granatum L.) é uma frutífera exótica bastante antiga, havendo descrições de seu uso na bíblia e em escritos da mitologia grega e persa. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a fenologia; avaliar o custo de produção e a rentabilidade da cultura; e delimitar a cadeia produtiva de romã na região oeste do estado de São Paulo, pontuando a ocorrência de produção, quanto aos aspectos agronômicos e tecnologias utilizadas em seu cultivo, bem como fornecer informações aos integrantes desta cadeia produtiva e possíveis interessados em investir no ramo. O conhecimento das fases fenológicas e a possibilidade de produção durante todo o ano viabilizam o escalonamento de acordo com as atividades da propriedade, manutenção de renda diluída ao longo do ano e negociação de acordo com o melhor preço; da gema reprodutiva até a maturação completa, a romã leva 111 dias no inverno e 105 dias no verão. Há, porém na cadeia produtiva, forte intermediação e comercialização difusa com logística prejudicada pelo distanciamento dos centros de produção e consumo. O principal fornecedor de romã ao Ceagesp é o estado de São Paulo com participação de 53,48% e preço médio de R$10,52.kg-1, destacando os municípios de São Paulo e Taquaritinga; por esta mesma via, tem sido introduzido novos cultivares, como o caso da romã 'Wonderful', importada dos Estados Unidos ao qual é considerada referência de qualidade e repercutido em forte concorrência ao produto paulista. Novembro a janeiro são os m... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an old exotic fruit, with descriptions of its use in the Bible and in the writings of Greek and Persian mythology. Therefore, this paper aims to study the phenology, assess the cost of production and profitability of the crop, delimit the production chain of pomegranate in the western region of São Paulo, pointing out the occurrence of pomegranate production, agronomic aspects and technologies used in its cultivation, as well as provide information to members of this production chain and possible interested in investing in the business. The possibility of production throughout the year makes it viable to staggering according to the activities of the property, diluted income maintenance throughout the year and trading in accordance with the best price; reproductive bud to full maturity, the pomegranate takes 111 days in winter and 105 days in the summer. There is however the production chain, strong intermediation and diffuse with marketing logistics harmed distanced from the production and consumption centers. The main pomegranate supplier to Ceagesp is the state of São Paulo with a share of 53.48% and average price R$10,52.kg-1, of particular note being the municipalities of São Paulo and Taquaritinga; the same path, it has been introduced new cultivars, as the case of the United States imported pomegranate which is considered a quality reference and reflected in strong competition to the Paulista product. November to January are the m... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 P74 / Master of Science

Thesis (M.Sc. (Horticulture)) --University of Limpopo, 2007 / Bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC) has been used for many years by the people of South Africa for medicinal purposes. The herbs was only harvested from the wild, therefore data on the effects of mineral nutrition on total antioxidant activity had not been established. The objective of this study was to determine the seasonal effect of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) nutrition on total antioxidant activity (TAA) in cultivated bush tea leaves. Treatments consisted of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 or 500 kgha-1 N, P or K in a randomized complete block design with four replications under 50 % shade nets. Three (N, P and K) parallel trials were conducted per season (autumn, winter, spring and summer). TAA was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) method and analyzed in a spectrophotometer. Results of this study demonstrated that regardless of season, the application of N, P and K fertilizers increased quadratically levels of TAA in bush tea with most of the increase occurring between 0 and 300 N, 300 P and 200 K kgha-1. Therefore, for improved total antioxidant content in bush tea leaves, 300 N, 300 P and 200 K kgha-1 N are recommended. / National Research Foundation (NRF), Agricultural Research Council(ARC-LNR)

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The declaration of Namibia’s independence from South Africa in 1990 has seen the Namibian government aim to plan and implement development programmes that enhance a growing agricultural sector. The new government is facing challenges regarding the addressing of inequalities of income and the allocation and distribution of resources, which have resulted in implementation of the land reform programmes. On the international front, Namibia is a member country of various trade arrangements, such as the WTO, the SADC and SACU. The main driving force behind Namibia’s joining the international communities chiefly has been market access and trade policy reforms. The country’s agricultural sector, in particular the horticultural industry, in regards to table grape production, has been significantly affected by both domestic and regional policies, as well as by the WTO rules. The aim of this study is to determine the environmental factors that create a competitive advantage for the Namibian table grape industry in the international market. A detailed supply-chain analysis, augmented by Porter’s ‘diamond’ model, is used in this study to assess the determinants of the competitiveness of fresh table grapes. Interviews were conducted in informal, semi-structured questions. The questionnaires were mailed to several producers within the table grape-growing industry. Secondary information was obtained from reports, articles and research publications, among other sources. An expert assessment was used to verify information based on the reference methods. Consultations took place in the form of office visits and, in some cases, telephone interviews were held with different experts. The finding of the study shows that Namibia can supply the European markets during the northern hemisphere off-season with quality fresh table grapes. However, industry growth in the European Union (EU) market is constrained by limited free import quotas and high tariffs, specifically as regards seeded fresh table grapes, which are not exempt from such duties. Such constraints are in place despite Namibia’s meeting of international set quality standards, such as EUREPGAP. Moreover, there is potential for increasing supplies to the regional and Asian markets as well as the US market albeit to the lesser extent. Finally, Namibian fresh table grapes profitability is significantly affected by the high production and transaction costs incurred, as well as by the decline in business and the depreciation of the US Dollar against the Namibian Dollar. The study makes the general recommendation that producers should significantly reduce their transaction costs within the chain, by means of vertical co-ordination and integration. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die verklaring van Namibië se onafhanklikheid van Suid-Afrika in 1990 het die Namibiese regering hulle dit ten doel gestel om ontwikkelingsprogramme te beplan en in werking te stel ten einde daardie land se groeiende landbousektor te versterk. Die nuwe regering moet tans uitdagings met betrekking tot inkomsteongelykhede en die toekenning en verspreiding van hulpbronne die hoof bied wat tot die inwerkingstelling van grondhervormingsprogramme aanleiding gegee het. Internasionaal is Namibië 'n lidland van verskeie handelsreëlings soos die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie (WHO), die Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (SAOG) en die Suider-Afrikaanse Doeane-unie (SADU). Die twee hooffaktore wat daartoe gelei het dat Namibië hom by die internasionale gemeenskappe skaar, is marktoegang en handelsbeleidhervormings. Die land se landbousektor, in besonder die tuinboukundige bedryf met die klem op tafeldruifproduksie, is aansienlik deur binnelandse en streeksbeleid asook deur die WHO-reëls geraak. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die omgewingsfaktore te bepaal wat in die internasionale mark aan die Namibiese tafeldruifbedryf 'n mededingende voordeel gee. Derhalwe gebruik die navorser 'n gedetailleerde aanvoerkettingontleding, ondersteun deur Porter se “diamantmodel”, om die beslissende faktore vir die mededingendheid van vars tafeldruiwe te evalueer. Onderhoude is met behulp van informele, semigestruktureerde vrae gevoer. Die vraelyste is aan verskeie produsente op die gebied van tafeldruifboerdery gepos. Sekondêre inligting is ook onder andere uit verslae, artikels en navorsingspublikasies verkry. Met behulp van 'n kundige evaluering is inligting op grond van die verwysingsmetodes geverifieer. Oorlegpleging met verskeie kundiges het in die vorm van kantoorbesoeke en in sommige gevalle deur middel van telefoononderhoude plaasgevind. Die studiebevinding toon dat Namibië die Europese markte gedurende die noordelike halfrond se tussenseisoen van gehalte- vars tafeldruiwe kan voorsien. Die uitbreiding van die bedryf in die Europese Unie (EU-) mark word egter deur beperkte gratis invoerkwotas en hoë tariewe aan bande gelê, in besonder met betrekking tot pitlose, vars tafeldruiwe wat nie van invoerbelasting vrygestel is nie. Hierdie beperkinge word opgelê ten spyte daarvan dat Namibië aan vasgestelde internasionale gehaltestandaarde soos EUREPGAP voldoen. Die moontlikheid bestaan boonop om lewering aan die streeks- en Asiatiese markte asook die VS-mark te verhoog, hoewel in 'n mindere mate. Laastens word die winsgewendheid van Namibiese vars tafeldruiwe beduidend deur hoë produksie- en transaksiekoste, asook deur die afname in sake en die waardevermindering van die Amerikaanse teenoor die Namibiese dollar geraak. Die studie maak die algemene aanbeveling dat produsente hulle transaksiekoste binne die ketting aansienlik met behulp van vertikale koördinering en integrasie moet verminder.

Orientadores: Paulo Sergio Graziano Magalhães, Franco Giuseppe Dedini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T09:10:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Figueiredo_PauloRobertoAbreude_D.pdf: 7171295 bytes, checksum: a0f319762e346dbfe32e92de2f1f36fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Este estudo procurou reunir as informações e metodologias utilizadas na modelagem do papelão ondulado pelo método dos elementos finitos com o objetivo de realizar sua modelagem usando-se o programa de elementos finitos ANSYS, assim como identificar as vantagens e restrições encontradas em cada forma de modelagem, com a finalidade de se obter um modelo de embalagem, com aberturas, destinadas aos produtos hortícolas. Das informações existentes na literatura foram identificadas três formas de representação das estruturas pelo método dos elementos finitos, ou sejam: o modelo de papelão ondulado com miolo estrutural (ME); o modelo de placa ortotrópica homogênea em camadas com miolo como forma de sanduíche (Ms); e o modelo de placas ortotrópicas homogêneas de camada única idealizada (M1). Os resultados mostraram que as estruturas modeladas na forma ME tiveram os valores correspondentes aos ensaios práticos quando se acrescentou aos miolos uma camada adesiva. Para os modelos de elementos finitos em forma de camadas tipo sanduíche (Ms), a aproximação aos valores obtidos nos ensaios experimentais foi possível obter um ajuste muito bom, desde que os valores atribuidos para os módulos de cisalhamento e torcionais tivessem uma redução que os aproximasse dos valores reais. Seguindo este mesmo procedimento, para os módulos de cisalhamento e torcionais, foram ajustados os modelos de placas ortotrópicas homogêneas de camada única idealizada (MI) / Abstract: This work tried to assembled the informations and the methodologies for the modeling of the corrugated paperboard by the finite element method with the objective of realize the modeling in the program ANSYS and identify the advantages and restrictions of this method. Get a package modeling with opening destined for horticultural products. Of extant information in literature were identify three shapes of structures representing by the finite element method, they were: The corrugated paperboard with structural crumb modeling (ME); The homogenize orthotropic plaque in layers with crumb as sandwich shape modeling (Ms) and The homogenize orthotropic plaque in unique idealized layer modeling (MI). The results showed that the structures modeled in ME shape had the practice rehearsal corresponding values when were added in the crumbs a sticker layer. For the fmite element method in shape of sandwich layer (Ms), the approximation of the obtained values in the experimental rehearsal was possible to get a real good adjust, since the assign values for the chiseling and twisting modules had a reduce that approach then with the real values. Following this same procedure, for the chiseling and twisting modules, were adjusts the homogenize orthotropic plaque in unique idealized layer modeling (MI)' / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Active packaging systems can offer significant advantages in preventing quality loss in horticultural products through control of microbial and/or physiological activity. By delivering and sustaining volatile active agents at effective levels in a package atmosphere, significant shelf life extension can thus be achieved. Design of these systems is complicated by the number of possible package, product, active agent and carrier combinations that can be employed and the significant interactions that may occur between these components. Mathematical modelling can be used to simplify system design and reduce the number of experimental trials required to achieve optimal active packaging systems. In this study a generalised modelling methodology was developed and validated to facilitate the design of active controlled volatile release packaging systems for horticultural products. The modelling methodology was developed using an example system which comprised tomatoes packed under a modified atmosphere (MA; 5 % (v/v) CO2 and 10 % (v/v) O2) in a LDPE bag with a polymer film sealed sachet containing silica gel pre-saturated with the antifungal agent hexanal. Experimental trials showed that for this system a target sustained hexanal concentration of 40-70 ppm was required. This was shown to be (i) the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for controlling Botrytis cinerea growing on tomatoes stored at 20°C and ~99%RH, (ii) to have only a relatively minor influence on the postharvest quality of tomatoes under these active MA conditions, and (iii) to promote only a small apparent uptake of hexanal from the atmosphere by the tomatoes. The effective hexanal permeabilities of Tyvek , LDPE and OPP sachet films were characterised using the isostatic method and shown to exhibit a dependence on both temperature (10 and 20°C) and concentration (over a range of 0.01-0.22 mol m[superscript -3). Average permeabilities decreased in the order of Tyvek > LDPE > OPP, respectively, at all temperatures at comparable hexanal partial pressures. Hexanal sorption isotherms for silica gel at both 10 and 20ºC were determined using the gravimetric method and were reasonably well described by the Langmuir equation. The equilibrium amount adsorbed was significantly reduced at the higher temperature but the pre-adsorption of water vapour on hexanal uptake on silica gel showed no uniform trend on the sorption characteristics suggesting that multicomponent sorption is complex. A generalised modelling methodology was developed through conceptualising key mass transfer processes involved in these active MA packaging systems. Quantitative methods for deciding the relative importance of each process were established together with guidelines for when simplifying assumptions could be made. This information was formalised into a decision tree to allow appropriate assumptions to be made in model formulation without unacceptable loss of model accuracy. Methods to develop generalised equations from these assumptions to describe changes in the sachet, package headspace and outer bag film with respect to an active agent and MA gases were then identified. The mathematical modelling methodology was applied to the example hexanal release active MAP tomato packaging system. For these systems there was a high initial peak in package headspace concentration during the first 24 h which declined to a quasi steadystate concentration over a period of days. The quasi steady-state headspace concentrations were generally in the MIC range and were well predicted by the model. Interactions between water vapour and silica gel may have been responsible for the relatively higher hexanal concentration at the onset of release from the Tyvek sachet (a highly porous material). However the influence of water vapour (>95% RH in the MA bag containing tomatoes) during the quasi steady-state period appeared to be insignificant for all sachet films. The model was successfully applied to a range of packaging configurations and storage temperatures. A lack of fit was evident between model predictions and experimental trials during the initial (unsteady-state) stages of the release pattern for both headspace vapour concentrations and adsorbed mass on the silica gel. These differences were attributed to (i) model input uncertainties, chiefly with regard to the estimated coefficients of both the Langmuir isotherm equation and film permeability, and (ii) overestimated effective permeability values predicted by extrapolation of the concentration dependence of film permeability beyond the conditions for which the permeability was measured. These results suggest improved models for the effective permeabilities of the films, quantified under a range of vapour concentrations and concentration gradients, are required for better describing fluxes across the sachet film. Despite these limitations, the model did describe the general release pattern. The model was then used to pose a range of ‘what-if’ scenarios investigating the release patterns predicted for different active packaging designs. This analysis gave useful insights into how sorption isotherm shape and package/sachet design parameters can be manipulated to achieve different volatile release platforms. The work clearly demonstrated the importance of accurate data for permeability of volatile compounds through polymer films and for sorption of the active agent on the carrier phase. More work on characterising these systems is recommended to further improve modelbased design methods for active MAP systems. Overall the generalised methodology developed can be confidently adopted for constructing a mathematical model that provides sufficient accuracy and simplicity to be implemented for designing active packaging systems for horticultural and food products.

Oregon's nursery and greenhouse industry has ranked the first in the State's agricultural for 18 years. The majority of nursery sales from the Pacific Northwest come from Oregon. Due to data limitations, empirical study of the Oregon nursery industry is rare. The present dissertation consists of three essays that analyze the demand and supply of inputs and outputs and the relationship between producers and retailers in the Oregon nursery industry. Chapter 2 identifies the major factors affecting farm labor supply and demand and evaluates their relative importance in the Oregon nursery industry from 1991 to 2008. Empirical results show that border control effort doesn't have an influential role in labor supply, while the Oregon and Mexican minimum wage do. It is because of the substantial gap between the U.S. and Mexican economies, reflected for an example in the minimum wage gap, which attracts a continual flow of immigrants. Risk of border apprehension is not great enough to prevent the flow. Increases in Oregon minimum wage is more effective than border apprehension policies in boosting the average wage and in reducing the number of hours that illegal immigrants work in the nursery sector. Chapter 3 investigates producers' and retailers' choices of, and reactions to, various contract types in the Oregon nursery industry from 2005 to 2010. As new and fast-growing retailers in the industry, big-box stores are less likely than independent retailers to make pre-order contracts with the producer. However, once a pre-order contract is chosen, big-box stores demand more days of pre-order interval than independent retailers do. Transactions with independent retailers exhibit – on average over the sample range – scale economies and scope diseconomies. Boosting per-transaction revenue scale and the number of species sold to big-box stores enhances transaction efficiency. Chapter 4 examines the interaction between supply and demand in Oregon nursery products. The result indicates that the production and transaction costs are major drivers on the supply side, while transportation costs and consumer demand for nursery products play important roles on the demand side. At the genus level, the supply elasticities of coniferous plants are larger than those of deciduous plants, which in turn are higher than those of flowering plants. The demand elasticities are the lowest in coniferous trees followed by deciduous plants, then flowering plants. Price discounts on plants with high demand elasticities would significantly boost sales and enlarge the market, while those on plants with low demand elasticities would have less sales impact. Empirically, patenting seems to bring no direct signs of greater profitability. The wholesale nursery may wish to reconsider the pricing and marketing policies of its patented plants to differentiate them more effectively from its non-patented plants. / Graduation date: 2013