Introdução: Apesar da melhoria dos indicadores da saúde materno infantil, os valores ainda são elevados, com a mortalidade neonatal respondendo pela mortalidade infantil e a mortalidade fetal pela perinatal. Apesar da melhoria da cobertura e qualidade dos dados dos sistemas de informação sobre nascidos vivos e mortalidade, esses não tem informação sobre a morbidade materna e do recém-nascido, disponíveis no Sistema de Informação Hospitalar do SUS e possíveis de serem vinculadas. Objetivo geral: Descrever e analisar o seguimento da gestação, do parto e dos desfechos dos nascimentos das gestantes usuárias do SUS residentes no município de São Paulo no período de 12/08/2011 a 27/01/2013. Objetivos específicos: Obter uma coorte de gestantes SUS com dados secundários. Identificar internações anteriores ao parto por complicações obstétricas, prevalência das gestações de alto risco, tipo de saída após o parto (alta, internação e uso de UTI e óbito materno) e tempo de permanência da internação do parto, no período de 12 de agosto de 2011 a 31 de dezembro de 2012. Caracterizar e estimar a razão de morte fetal e a mortalidade neonatal precoce dos nascidos vivos extraídos da coorte de gestantes SUS no município de São Paulo no período de 01 de junho de 2012 a 27 de janeiro de 2013. Identificar se há diferença da sobrevida dos óbitos neonatais segundo peso ao nascer e uso de UTI neonatal. Identificar potenciais fatores de risco para a mortalidade fetal e neonatal precoce para os nascimentos da coorte de gestante SUS. Metodologia: Tratou-se de um estudo do tipo coorte retrospectiva de população fixa das gestantes cujos nascimentos (nascido vivo e óbito fetal) ocorreram em hospitais da rede SUS no município de São Paulo no período de 01 de junho de 2012 a 31 de dezembro de 2012. Foram investigadas as internações e as readmissões hospitalares das gestantes atendidas nos hospitais SUS ocorridas no período de 12 de agosto de 2011 a dezembro de 2012. Como também, as internações dos recém-nascidos ocorridas no período de 01 de junho de 2012 a 27 de janeiro de 2013. Foram realizadas vinculações pelo método determinístico e probabilístico dos documentos base dos sistemas de informação em saúde (SIS). Foram conduzidas análises de regressão de Cox e regressão logística. Resultados: Foram vinculados 98,3 por cento das declarações de nascidos vivos (DNV) à autorização de internação hospitalar (AIH), 93,8 por cento dos óbitos fetais às AIHs, 93 por cento das AIHs dos recém-nascidos internados ao par anterior e 99,4 por cento dos óbitos neonatais a sequencia de eventos ditas anteriores. 4,3 por cento das gestantes foram internadas prévio ao parto por complicações obstétricas. Maior mortalidade neonatal, razão de morte fetal e internação dos RNs após o nascimento ocorreram em gestantes que internaram por complicações obstétricas. No estudo de sobrevida, houve aumento da sobrevida com o aumento do peso ao nascer. RNs internados em UTIN após o nascimento tiveram menor sobrevida que os RNs não internados. Os fatores de risco para a mortalidade neonatal foram: o número insuficiente de consulta de pré-natal, nascer em hospital de baixo volume de parto, prematuridade, baixo peso ao nascer, APGAR 5º < 7, presença de anomalia congênita e internação após o nascimento. Não realizar consulta de pré-natal, prematuridade extrema (<32 semanas), baixo peso ao nascer (<2499 gramas) e presença de malformação congênita foram fatores de risco comuns aos óbitos fetais e aos neonatais precoces. Raça/cor da mãe não branca e idade materna igual ou superior a 35 anos foram fatores de risco somente para os óbitos fetais. Nascimentos em hospitais com baixo e médio volume de parto foram associados à maior mortalidade neonatal precoce. Conclusão: Gestantes que apresentaram complicações obstétricas tiveram desfechos mais desfavoráveis da gestação, como internação pós-parto e mortalidade materna. Foi identificada também nesse grupo maior readmissão hospitalar dos RNs, maior prevalência de prematuridade e de baixo peso ao nascer, maior mortalidade fetal e neonatal. Internação na gestação e readmissão hospitalar do RN deve ser considerada como eventos sentinelas no monitoramento da assistência ao parto e ao recémnascido na população SUS. A concentração dos óbitos nos primeiros dias de vida refletem as fragilidades na assistência aos recém-nascidos, a gravidade das doenças dos recém-nascidos, as más condições de nascimento e a presença de malformações incompatíveis com a vida. Óbitos fetais e neonatais precoces são influenciados pelas mesmas características proximais dos recém-nascidos. Esforços devem ser direcionados para o aumento da adesão às consultas de pré-natal nas unidades básicas de saúde, com atenção especial para as gestantes não brancas / Introduction: Despite the improvement in maternal and child health indicators, values are still high, with neonatal mortality accounting for infant mortality and perinatal fetal mortality. Despite improved coverage and data quality of information systems on live births and mortality, these do not have information on maternal and newborn morbidity, available in the SUS Hospital Information System and possible to be linked. General objective: Describe and analyze the follow-up of gestation, delivery and outcomes of the births of pregnant women users of SUS residents in the city of São Paulo from August 12, 2011 to January 27, 2013. Specific objectives: Obtain a cohort of SUS pregnant women with secondary data. Identify hospitalizations prior to delivery for obstetric complications, prevalence of high-risk pregnancies, type of delivery after childbirth (discharge, hospitalization and use of ICU and maternal death) and length of hospital stay during the period of August 12, 2011 to December 31, 2012. Characterize and estimate the fetal death rate and early neonatal mortality of live births extracted from the cohort of pregnant women SUS in the city of São Paulo from June 1, 2012 to January 27, 2013. Identify if there is difference in survival of neonatal deaths according to birth weight and neonatal ICU use. Identify potential risk factors for early fetal and neonatal mortality for the births of the SUS pregnant cohort. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of the fixed population of pregnant women whose births (live birth and fetal death) occurred in hospitals of the SUS network in the city of São Paulo from June 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012. The hospitalizations and the hospital readmissions of the pregnant women attended in the SUS hospitals were investigated during the period from August 12, 2011 to December 2012. As well as the hospitalizations of the newborns that occurred in the period from June 1, 2012 to 27 Of January of 2013. Links were made through the deterministic and probabilistic method of the basic documents of the health information systems (SIS). Cox regression and logistic regression analyzes were performed. Results: 98.3 per cent of live birth certificates (DNV) were linked to hospital admission authorization (AIH), 93.8 per cent of fetal deaths to AIHs, 93 per cent of AIHs of newborns hospitalized at the previous pair, and 99, 4 per cent of neonatal deaths in the sequence of events mentioned above. 4.3 per cent of pregnant women were hospitalized prior to delivery due to obstetric complications. Higher neonatal mortality, fetal death rate and hospitalization of newborns after birth occurred in pregnant women hospitalized for obstetric complications. In the survival study, there was an increase in survival with an increase in birth weight. RNs hospitalized at the NICU after birth had lower survival rates than the non-hospitalized NB. The risk factors for neonatal mortality were: insufficient number of prenatal visits, hospital birth with low birth volume, prematurity, low birth weight, APGAR 5 <7, presence of congenital anomaly and hospitalization after birth. Preterm consultation, extreme prematurity (<32 weeks), low birth weight (<2499 grams) and presence of congenital malformation were common risk factors for fetal deaths and early neonatal deaths. Race / color of non-white mother and maternal age equal to or greater than 35 years were risk factors only for fetal deaths. Births in hospitals with low and medium volume of delivery were associated with higher preterm neonatal mortality. Conclusion: Pregnant women who presented obstetric complications had more unfavorable outcomes of pregnancy, such as postpartum hospitalization and maternal mortality. Also in this group, greater readmission of the newborns of the newborns, greater prevalence of prematurity and of low birth weight, greater fetal and neonatal mortality were also identified. Nursing admission and hospital readmission of the newborn should be considered as sentinel events in the monitoring of delivery care and the newborn in the SUS population. The concentration of deaths in the first days of life reflects weaknesses in the care of newborns, the severity of newborn diseases, poor birth conditions and the presence of malformations incompatible with life. Early fetal and neonatal deaths are influenced by the same proximal characteristics of newborns. Efforts should be directed towards increasing adherence to prenatal consultations in basic health units, with special attention to non-white women. Key Words: Linkage, hospital admissions for obstetric complications, neonatal mortality, fetal mortality

Introdução: Apesar da melhoria dos indicadores da saúde materno infantil, os valores ainda são elevados, com a mortalidade neonatal respondendo pela mortalidade infantil e a mortalidade fetal pela perinatal. Apesar da melhoria da cobertura e qualidade dos dados dos sistemas de informação sobre nascidos vivos e mortalidade, esses não tem informação sobre a morbidade materna e do recém-nascido, disponíveis no Sistema de Informação Hospitalar do SUS e possíveis de serem vinculadas. Objetivo geral: Descrever e analisar o seguimento da gestação, do parto e dos desfechos dos nascimentos das gestantes usuárias do SUS residentes no município de São Paulo no período de 12/08/2011 a 27/01/2013. Objetivos específicos: Obter uma coorte de gestantes SUS com dados secundários. Identificar internações anteriores ao parto por complicações obstétricas, prevalência das gestações de alto risco, tipo de saída após o parto (alta, internação e uso de UTI e óbito materno) e tempo de permanência da internação do parto, no período de 12 de agosto de 2011 a 31 de dezembro de 2012. Caracterizar e estimar a razão de morte fetal e a mortalidade neonatal precoce dos nascidos vivos extraídos da coorte de gestantes SUS no município de São Paulo no período de 01 de junho de 2012 a 27 de janeiro de 2013. Identificar se há diferença da sobrevida dos óbitos neonatais segundo peso ao nascer e uso de UTI neonatal. Identificar potenciais fatores de risco para a mortalidade fetal e neonatal precoce para os nascimentos da coorte de gestante SUS. Metodologia: Tratou-se de um estudo do tipo coorte retrospectiva de população fixa das gestantes cujos nascimentos (nascido vivo e óbito fetal) ocorreram em hospitais da rede SUS no município de São Paulo no período de 01 de junho de 2012 a 31 de dezembro de 2012. Foram investigadas as internações e as readmissões hospitalares das gestantes atendidas nos hospitais SUS ocorridas no período de 12 de agosto de 2011 a dezembro de 2012. Como também, as internações dos recém-nascidos ocorridas no período de 01 de junho de 2012 a 27 de janeiro de 2013. Foram realizadas vinculações pelo método determinístico e probabilístico dos documentos base dos sistemas de informação em saúde (SIS). Foram conduzidas análises de regressão de Cox e regressão logística. Resultados: Foram vinculados 98,3 por cento das declarações de nascidos vivos (DNV) à autorização de internação hospitalar (AIH), 93,8 por cento dos óbitos fetais às AIHs, 93 por cento das AIHs dos recém-nascidos internados ao par anterior e 99,4 por cento dos óbitos neonatais a sequencia de eventos ditas anteriores. 4,3 por cento das gestantes foram internadas prévio ao parto por complicações obstétricas. Maior mortalidade neonatal, razão de morte fetal e internação dos RNs após o nascimento ocorreram em gestantes que internaram por complicações obstétricas. No estudo de sobrevida, houve aumento da sobrevida com o aumento do peso ao nascer. RNs internados em UTIN após o nascimento tiveram menor sobrevida que os RNs não internados. Os fatores de risco para a mortalidade neonatal foram: o número insuficiente de consulta de pré-natal, nascer em hospital de baixo volume de parto, prematuridade, baixo peso ao nascer, APGAR 5º < 7, presença de anomalia congênita e internação após o nascimento. Não realizar consulta de pré-natal, prematuridade extrema (<32 semanas), baixo peso ao nascer (<2499 gramas) e presença de malformação congênita foram fatores de risco comuns aos óbitos fetais e aos neonatais precoces. Raça/cor da mãe não branca e idade materna igual ou superior a 35 anos foram fatores de risco somente para os óbitos fetais. Nascimentos em hospitais com baixo e médio volume de parto foram associados à maior mortalidade neonatal precoce. Conclusão: Gestantes que apresentaram complicações obstétricas tiveram desfechos mais desfavoráveis da gestação, como internação pós-parto e mortalidade materna. Foi identificada também nesse grupo maior readmissão hospitalar dos RNs, maior prevalência de prematuridade e de baixo peso ao nascer, maior mortalidade fetal e neonatal. Internação na gestação e readmissão hospitalar do RN deve ser considerada como eventos sentinelas no monitoramento da assistência ao parto e ao recémnascido na população SUS. A concentração dos óbitos nos primeiros dias de vida refletem as fragilidades na assistência aos recém-nascidos, a gravidade das doenças dos recém-nascidos, as más condições de nascimento e a presença de malformações incompatíveis com a vida. Óbitos fetais e neonatais precoces são influenciados pelas mesmas características proximais dos recém-nascidos. Esforços devem ser direcionados para o aumento da adesão às consultas de pré-natal nas unidades básicas de saúde, com atenção especial para as gestantes não brancas / Introduction: Despite the improvement in maternal and child health indicators, values are still high, with neonatal mortality accounting for infant mortality and perinatal fetal mortality. Despite improved coverage and data quality of information systems on live births and mortality, these do not have information on maternal and newborn morbidity, available in the SUS Hospital Information System and possible to be linked. General objective: Describe and analyze the follow-up of gestation, delivery and outcomes of the births of pregnant women users of SUS residents in the city of São Paulo from August 12, 2011 to January 27, 2013. Specific objectives: Obtain a cohort of SUS pregnant women with secondary data. Identify hospitalizations prior to delivery for obstetric complications, prevalence of high-risk pregnancies, type of delivery after childbirth (discharge, hospitalization and use of ICU and maternal death) and length of hospital stay during the period of August 12, 2011 to December 31, 2012. Characterize and estimate the fetal death rate and early neonatal mortality of live births extracted from the cohort of pregnant women SUS in the city of São Paulo from June 1, 2012 to January 27, 2013. Identify if there is difference in survival of neonatal deaths according to birth weight and neonatal ICU use. Identify potential risk factors for early fetal and neonatal mortality for the births of the SUS pregnant cohort. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of the fixed population of pregnant women whose births (live birth and fetal death) occurred in hospitals of the SUS network in the city of São Paulo from June 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012. The hospitalizations and the hospital readmissions of the pregnant women attended in the SUS hospitals were investigated during the period from August 12, 2011 to December 2012. As well as the hospitalizations of the newborns that occurred in the period from June 1, 2012 to 27 Of January of 2013. Links were made through the deterministic and probabilistic method of the basic documents of the health information systems (SIS). Cox regression and logistic regression analyzes were performed. Results: 98.3 per cent of live birth certificates (DNV) were linked to hospital admission authorization (AIH), 93.8 per cent of fetal deaths to AIHs, 93 per cent of AIHs of newborns hospitalized at the previous pair, and 99, 4 per cent of neonatal deaths in the sequence of events mentioned above. 4.3 per cent of pregnant women were hospitalized prior to delivery due to obstetric complications. Higher neonatal mortality, fetal death rate and hospitalization of newborns after birth occurred in pregnant women hospitalized for obstetric complications. In the survival study, there was an increase in survival with an increase in birth weight. RNs hospitalized at the NICU after birth had lower survival rates than the non-hospitalized NB. The risk factors for neonatal mortality were: insufficient number of prenatal visits, hospital birth with low birth volume, prematurity, low birth weight, APGAR 5 <7, presence of congenital anomaly and hospitalization after birth. Preterm consultation, extreme prematurity (<32 weeks), low birth weight (<2499 grams) and presence of congenital malformation were common risk factors for fetal deaths and early neonatal deaths. Race / color of non-white mother and maternal age equal to or greater than 35 years were risk factors only for fetal deaths. Births in hospitals with low and medium volume of delivery were associated with higher preterm neonatal mortality. Conclusion: Pregnant women who presented obstetric complications had more unfavorable outcomes of pregnancy, such as postpartum hospitalization and maternal mortality. Also in this group, greater readmission of the newborns of the newborns, greater prevalence of prematurity and of low birth weight, greater fetal and neonatal mortality were also identified. Nursing admission and hospital readmission of the newborn should be considered as sentinel events in the monitoring of delivery care and the newborn in the SUS population. The concentration of deaths in the first days of life reflects weaknesses in the care of newborns, the severity of newborn diseases, poor birth conditions and the presence of malformations incompatible with life. Early fetal and neonatal deaths are influenced by the same proximal characteristics of newborns. Efforts should be directed towards increasing adherence to prenatal consultations in basic health units, with special attention to non-white women. Key Words: Linkage, hospital admissions for obstetric complications, neonatal mortality, fetal mortality

Yes / Objectives To pilot a complex intervention to support healthcare and improve early detection and treatment for common health conditions experienced by nursing home (NH) residents. Design Pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. Setting 14 NHs (7 intervention, 7 control) in London and West Yorkshire. Participants NH residents, their family carers and staff. Intervention Complex intervention to support healthcare and improve early detection and treatment of urinary tract and respiratory infections, chronic heart failure and dehydration, comprising: (1) ‘Stop and Watch (S&W)’ early warning tool for changes in physical health, (2) condition-specific care pathway and (3) Situation, , Assessment and Recommendation tool to enhance communication with primary care. Implementation was supported by Practice Development Champions, a Practice Development Support Group and regular telephone coaching with external facilitators. Outcome measures Data on NH (quality ratings, size, ownership), residents, family carers and staff demographics during the month prior to intervention and subsequently, numbers of admissions, accident and emergency visits, and unscheduled general practitioner visits monthly for 6 months during intervention. We collected data on how the intervention was used, healthcare resource use and quality of life data for economic evaluation. We assessed recruitment and retention, and whether a full trial was warranted. Results We recruited 14 NHs, 148 staff, 95 family carers and 245 residents. We retained the majority of participants recruited (95%). 15% of residents had an unplanned hospital admission for one of the four study conditions. We were able to collect sufficient questionnaire data (all over 96% complete). No NH implemented intervention tools as planned. Only 16 S&W forms and 8 care pathways were completed. There was no evidence of harm. Conclusions Recruitment, retention and data collection processes were effective but the intervention not implemented. A full trial is not warranted.

INTRODUÇÃO: As doenças relacionadas ao saneamento ambiental inadequado (DRSAI) continuam presentes em áreas metropolitanas no Brasil. OBJETIVO: Analisar as hospitalizações por DRSAI na rede pública da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre (RMPA)/RS de 2010 a 2014. MÉTODOS: Análise das hospitalizações com diagnóstico principal dos códigos CID-10 correspondente às DRSAI a partir do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares SIH/SUS, disponíveis publicamente. RESULTADOS: Do total de 13.929 hospitalizações por DRSAI de residentes na RMPA, no período de 2010 a 2014, a maioria relaciona-se às doenças de transmissão feco-oral como diagnóstico principal. Dentre as internações, o maior número (20,4%) corresponde ao de crianças de 1 a 4 anos de idade (28,1 hospitalizações/10.000 hab./ano). As internações por 10.000hab./ano variam de 1,4 em Glorinha e Nova Santa Rita a 27,6, em Triunfo. A taxa de letalidade hospitalar pode ser avaliada como baixa, pois a cada 100 internações ocorrem 2,2 óbitos, mas se considerarmos que esse tipo de doença é evitável e que não deveria gerar internação temos um número expressivo. Dentre as causas de óbito segundo CID-10, as mais frequentes foram as doenças de transmissão feco-oral. A utilização de UTI atingiu 2,0% (284), cujo destaque foram as hospitalizações por leptospirose, com uso de UTI em 13,2%. O gasto total com as internações foi cerca de R$ 6,1 milhões. O valor médio de internação mais elevado foi no município de Viamão (R$ 626,82) e o mais baixo em Alvorada (R$ 258,36). Entre todos os municípios da RMPA, São Sebastião do Caí foi o município com maior percentual (100%) de internações dos próprios residentes no total de internações por DRSAI. CONCLUSÃO: Ainda hoje as DRSAI são um importante problema para saúde pública e, por meio de trabalhos como este, é possível mapear a situação para promoção de ações para seu devido enfrentamento e melhor alocação de recursos. / INTRODUCTION: Diseases Related to Inadequate Environmental Sanitation (DRSAI, in Portuguese) still represent a burden in metropolitan areas in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the hospitalizations for DRSAI in the public health network of the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre (MRPA)/RS during 2010-2014. METHODS: Analysis of hospitalizations with primary diagnosis of ICD-10 codes corresponding at DRSAI of a national public hospitalization basis (SIH / SUS). RESULTS: We found 13,929 hospitalizations for DRSAI of the MRPA´s residents during 2010-2014, most related to feco-oral transmission diseases as first-listed diagnosis. The largest number (20.4%) among the admissions corresponded to children 1 to 4 years old (28.1 hospitalizations / 10,000 inh/year). The admissions (10.000 inh/year) ranged from 1.4 in Glorinha and Nova Santa Rita up to 27.6 in Triunfo. The hospital mortality rate was low, for each 100 admissions deaths occur in 2.2, but if we consider that this kind of disease is preventable and should not generate hospitalization, it may represent a significant number. Among death causes according to ICD-10, feco-oral transmission disease was the most frequent. Use of Intensive Care Unity (ICU) reached 284 hospitalizations (2.0%) and Leptospirosis with ICU use was the highest (13.2%). Total expenditure on hospital admissions was approximately R$ 6.1 million. The average hospital stay cost was higher in Viamão (R $ 626.82) and lowest in Alvorada (R$ 258.36). Among all municipalities of MRPA, Sao Sebastião do Cai had the highest percentage (100%) of admissions of residents own a total of hospitalizations for DRSAI. CONCLUSIONS: DRSAIs are still today a major problem for public health, and that through research like this, it´s possible to map the situation for promoting actions for their proper coping and better resource allocation.

INTRODUÇÃO: As doenças relacionadas ao saneamento ambiental inadequado (DRSAI) continuam presentes em áreas metropolitanas no Brasil. OBJETIVO: Analisar as hospitalizações por DRSAI na rede pública da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre (RMPA)/RS de 2010 a 2014. MÉTODOS: Análise das hospitalizações com diagnóstico principal dos códigos CID-10 correspondente às DRSAI a partir do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares SIH/SUS, disponíveis publicamente. RESULTADOS: Do total de 13.929 hospitalizações por DRSAI de residentes na RMPA, no período de 2010 a 2014, a maioria relaciona-se às doenças de transmissão feco-oral como diagnóstico principal. Dentre as internações, o maior número (20,4%) corresponde ao de crianças de 1 a 4 anos de idade (28,1 hospitalizações/10.000 hab./ano). As internações por 10.000hab./ano variam de 1,4 em Glorinha e Nova Santa Rita a 27,6, em Triunfo. A taxa de letalidade hospitalar pode ser avaliada como baixa, pois a cada 100 internações ocorrem 2,2 óbitos, mas se considerarmos que esse tipo de doença é evitável e que não deveria gerar internação temos um número expressivo. Dentre as causas de óbito segundo CID-10, as mais frequentes foram as doenças de transmissão feco-oral. A utilização de UTI atingiu 2,0% (284), cujo destaque foram as hospitalizações por leptospirose, com uso de UTI em 13,2%. O gasto total com as internações foi cerca de R$ 6,1 milhões. O valor médio de internação mais elevado foi no município de Viamão (R$ 626,82) e o mais baixo em Alvorada (R$ 258,36). Entre todos os municípios da RMPA, São Sebastião do Caí foi o município com maior percentual (100%) de internações dos próprios residentes no total de internações por DRSAI. CONCLUSÃO: Ainda hoje as DRSAI são um importante problema para saúde pública e, por meio de trabalhos como este, é possível mapear a situação para promoção de ações para seu devido enfrentamento e melhor alocação de recursos. / INTRODUCTION: Diseases Related to Inadequate Environmental Sanitation (DRSAI, in Portuguese) still represent a burden in metropolitan areas in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the hospitalizations for DRSAI in the public health network of the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre (MRPA)/RS during 2010-2014. METHODS: Analysis of hospitalizations with primary diagnosis of ICD-10 codes corresponding at DRSAI of a national public hospitalization basis (SIH / SUS). RESULTS: We found 13,929 hospitalizations for DRSAI of the MRPA´s residents during 2010-2014, most related to feco-oral transmission diseases as first-listed diagnosis. The largest number (20.4%) among the admissions corresponded to children 1 to 4 years old (28.1 hospitalizations / 10,000 inh/year). The admissions (10.000 inh/year) ranged from 1.4 in Glorinha and Nova Santa Rita up to 27.6 in Triunfo. The hospital mortality rate was low, for each 100 admissions deaths occur in 2.2, but if we consider that this kind of disease is preventable and should not generate hospitalization, it may represent a significant number. Among death causes according to ICD-10, feco-oral transmission disease was the most frequent. Use of Intensive Care Unity (ICU) reached 284 hospitalizations (2.0%) and Leptospirosis with ICU use was the highest (13.2%). Total expenditure on hospital admissions was approximately R$ 6.1 million. The average hospital stay cost was higher in Viamão (R $ 626.82) and lowest in Alvorada (R$ 258.36). Among all municipalities of MRPA, Sao Sebastião do Cai had the highest percentage (100%) of admissions of residents own a total of hospitalizations for DRSAI. CONCLUSIONS: DRSAIs are still today a major problem for public health, and that through research like this, it´s possible to map the situation for promoting actions for their proper coping and better resource allocation.

INTRODUÇÃO: As doenças relacionadas ao saneamento ambiental inadequado (DRSAI) continuam presentes em áreas metropolitanas no Brasil. OBJETIVO: Analisar as hospitalizações por DRSAI na rede pública da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre (RMPA)/RS de 2010 a 2014. MÉTODOS: Análise das hospitalizações com diagnóstico principal dos códigos CID-10 correspondente às DRSAI a partir do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares SIH/SUS, disponíveis publicamente. RESULTADOS: Do total de 13.929 hospitalizações por DRSAI de residentes na RMPA, no período de 2010 a 2014, a maioria relaciona-se às doenças de transmissão feco-oral como diagnóstico principal. Dentre as internações, o maior número (20,4%) corresponde ao de crianças de 1 a 4 anos de idade (28,1 hospitalizações/10.000 hab./ano). As internações por 10.000hab./ano variam de 1,4 em Glorinha e Nova Santa Rita a 27,6, em Triunfo. A taxa de letalidade hospitalar pode ser avaliada como baixa, pois a cada 100 internações ocorrem 2,2 óbitos, mas se considerarmos que esse tipo de doença é evitável e que não deveria gerar internação temos um número expressivo. Dentre as causas de óbito segundo CID-10, as mais frequentes foram as doenças de transmissão feco-oral. A utilização de UTI atingiu 2,0% (284), cujo destaque foram as hospitalizações por leptospirose, com uso de UTI em 13,2%. O gasto total com as internações foi cerca de R$ 6,1 milhões. O valor médio de internação mais elevado foi no município de Viamão (R$ 626,82) e o mais baixo em Alvorada (R$ 258,36). Entre todos os municípios da RMPA, São Sebastião do Caí foi o município com maior percentual (100%) de internações dos próprios residentes no total de internações por DRSAI. CONCLUSÃO: Ainda hoje as DRSAI são um importante problema para saúde pública e, por meio de trabalhos como este, é possível mapear a situação para promoção de ações para seu devido enfrentamento e melhor alocação de recursos. / INTRODUCTION: Diseases Related to Inadequate Environmental Sanitation (DRSAI, in Portuguese) still represent a burden in metropolitan areas in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the hospitalizations for DRSAI in the public health network of the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre (MRPA)/RS during 2010-2014. METHODS: Analysis of hospitalizations with primary diagnosis of ICD-10 codes corresponding at DRSAI of a national public hospitalization basis (SIH / SUS). RESULTS: We found 13,929 hospitalizations for DRSAI of the MRPA´s residents during 2010-2014, most related to feco-oral transmission diseases as first-listed diagnosis. The largest number (20.4%) among the admissions corresponded to children 1 to 4 years old (28.1 hospitalizations / 10,000 inh/year). The admissions (10.000 inh/year) ranged from 1.4 in Glorinha and Nova Santa Rita up to 27.6 in Triunfo. The hospital mortality rate was low, for each 100 admissions deaths occur in 2.2, but if we consider that this kind of disease is preventable and should not generate hospitalization, it may represent a significant number. Among death causes according to ICD-10, feco-oral transmission disease was the most frequent. Use of Intensive Care Unity (ICU) reached 284 hospitalizations (2.0%) and Leptospirosis with ICU use was the highest (13.2%). Total expenditure on hospital admissions was approximately R$ 6.1 million. The average hospital stay cost was higher in Viamão (R $ 626.82) and lowest in Alvorada (R$ 258.36). Among all municipalities of MRPA, Sao Sebastião do Cai had the highest percentage (100%) of admissions of residents own a total of hospitalizations for DRSAI. CONCLUSIONS: DRSAIs are still today a major problem for public health, and that through research like this, it´s possible to map the situation for promoting actions for their proper coping and better resource allocation.

Background: A key innovation in the provision of inpatient services to facilitate the care and treatment of women with severe postnatal mental illness was the introduction of joint mother and baby psychiatric hospitalisations, where both the mother and baby are admitted to hospital together. This study examined the history of the practice of joint mother and baby admissions across the UK and critically explored the processes relevant to the diffusion of joint admissions and patterns of service development to identify the possible and probable causes for significant differences in service provision across the United Kingdom (UK). Aims: The study examined the documented history of the development of practice of joint mother and baby psychiatric hospital admissions across the UK and in doing so, a) Identified the pattern of service and practice development and the likely reasons for the pattern of the chronology. b) Identified the processes involved in the diffusion of joint mother and baby admissions in the UK, and explored why the practice was sustained (or not). c) Contributed new information to the continued development of innovation diffusion theory and research, and its application to health care service and practice development. Methods: A historical method was used in the study and was reported through the use of historical narrative and analysis. Data was collated from primary and secondary sources of documented evidence which was used to inform the history of joint mother and baby admissions across the UK. Data was analysed using the theoretical framework of diffusion of innovation (Rogers, 2003). Findings: Two versions of the same innovation were identified: joint admissions to side rooms of general adult psychiatric wards or annexed areas of the wards and joint admissions to specialist mother and baby units. Neither version of the practice followed the normal S-curve pattern of adoption in terms of frequency and rate of adoption. After a period of approximately 63 years there are 24 facilities for the provision of joint admissions in the NHS in the UK. The main influencers to the adoption of the practice was perception of risk, social networks internal and external to the NHS, the presence of clinical and political champions to drive the adoption and implementation of the innovation and policy entrepreneurship by clinicians working in the clinical field of perinatal mental health. The development of specific policy, guidelines and in Scotland, legislation, has resulted in a move during the last decade from joint admissions being diffused naturally to side room admissions being actively withdrawn and specialist psychiatric mother and baby units actively being disseminated. There is strong evidence that the diffusion process for specialist mother and baby units is still in motion at the time of reporting. Conclusion: Two competing versions of the same innovation had unusual patterns of diffusion. The influencers identified as relevant to the diffusion patterns of each version of the innovation were essentially the same influencers but they were used in different ways to affect change: rejection of one version of the innovation in favour of adoption of the other. The main influencers on the diffusion of joint admissions changed over the time line of the adoption pattern. Barriers to diffusion included the absence of evidence of effectiveness, the absence of economic evaluation, the position in service divisions of perinatal mental health as a field of practice and the absence of succession planning across professional groups. Recommendations are made for future research.

AIM The objective of this study is to determine factors that may contribute to hospital admissions in a cohort of medically insured South African patients in the era of HAART. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort of all HIV-positive adult and paediatric patients enrolled on a medical aid disease management programme in South Africa over a period of three years. Patient-specific demographic and clinical information were obtained from the medical aid records. Survival analysis was used to analyse time to first admission looking at admissions occurring after enrolment to the programme, during the study period of between 01 January 2006 and 31 December 2008. Only the right censored cases were included in the analyses. Descriptive analyses were conducted on the key prognostic factors. Variables that were significant in the univariate were considered in the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS A total of 8440 patients were included in the analysis. Half of these patients had at least one admission during the observation periods with 43.28% having had 2 or more admissions. The average admission rate was 2 admissions per patient over the 36 month observation period. Young children, adolescents and the very old (> 60 years) were significantly more likely to be admitted than the middle age groups, HR = 1.30 [95%CI 1.21 -1.40] p<0.01, 1.24 [95%CI 1.10 – 1.41] and 1.13 [95% CI 1.10 – 1.27] p<0.01 respectively. Low CD4 cell counts of < 200 cells/ µL were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of hospitalizations with hazard ratios even greater for CD4 cell counts of less than 100 cells/ µL, HR= 1.34 [95%CI 1.29 – 1.39], p<0.01. Cases were more likely to be admitted by a clinical haematologist or gynaecologist than by other specialist categories.HR =1.58 [95%CI 1.29 –1.94] and 1.17[95%CI 1.08 – 1.27] respectively with p<0.01. CONCLUSION Factors that are associated with hospital admissions in this private sector, medically insured population are a younger and older age, low CD4 cell counts and admission by a clinical haematologist and gynaecologist. These results suggest that disease management strategies should be intensified for the younger and older age groups. All HIV-positive patients should be closely monitored for CD4 deterioration so that treatment is initiated timeously. Routine haematological investigations should be recommended for all HIV-positive patients in order to pick up and treat haematological conditions before they result in a hospital admission. Evidence based guidelines, outlining the place of caesarian section deliveries in the HIV population, should be developed for use by gynaecologists specifically in the private sector. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Clinical Epidemiology / unrestricted

Eine klimawandelbedingte Zunahme von Wetterextremen, die Lebensbedingungen städtischer Agglomerationen, die Zunahme städtischer Bevölkerung, der demographische Wandel, die Zunahme sozioökonomischer Disparitäten und chronischer Erkrankungen erhöhen die Gesundheitsrisiken und Anforderungen an das Gesundheitswesen bereits heute und sehr wahrscheinlich in der Zukunft. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, für die Region Berlin-Brandenburg Assoziationen zwischen Wärme- und Luftschadstoffbelastungen einerseits und Patientenaufnahmen sowie Sterbefällen im Krankhaus andererseits retrospektiv für die Sommermonate Juni - September im Zeitraum 1994 - 2010 anhand von Regressionsmodellen und räumlich epidemiologischen Methoden zu analysieren. Dabei stehen Vergleiche zwischen den Bundesländern Berlin und Brandenburg sowie innerstädtische räumliche Disparitäten in Berlin im Vordergrund. In Berlin und Brandenburg nahmen die mittleren Lufttemperaturen und der mittlere Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) während der Sommermonate stetig von 1994 bis 2010 zu. Die mittleren troposphärischen Ozonkonzentrationen weisen eine hohe Variabilität von 1994 - 2010 und eine stark positive Korrelation mit den Lufttemperaturen und der Wärmebelastung auf. Die mittleren Stickstoffdioxidkonzentrationen nahmen stetig während der Sommer von 1994 - 2010 ab, und die mittleren PM10-Konzentrationen, welche erst seit 2001 in Berlin und 2003 in Brandenburg als Bundeslandmittel vorliegen, korrelieren moderat positiv mit den Lufttemperaturen sowie der Wärmebelastung und können somit, wie im heißen Sommer 2006, erhöhte Werte aufweisen. In Berlin und Brandenburg nimmt das relative Risiko für die Mortalität ab einer starken Wärmebelastung zu. Die Morbidität zeigt nur in Berlin einen Anstieg des relativen Risikos ab einer starken Wärmebelastung. Dies ist ein wichtiger Hinweis für kurzfristige Maßnahmen in der kurativen medizinischen Versorgung von Patienten. / The increase of weather extremes due to climate change, life conditions in urban agglomerations, the increase in urban population, the demographic change, the increases in socioeconomic disparities and in chronic diseases enhance health risks and demands in health care issues already today and very likely in the future. This study aims to analyse retrospectively associations between heat load and air pollution on one side and hospital admissions and in-hospital deaths on the other side for the summer months June - September from 1994 - 2010 using regression models and spatial epidemiological methods in Berlin and Brandenburg. Thereby, the analyses focus on comparisons between the federal states Berlin and Brandenburg as well as inner-city spatial disparities in Berlin. The mean summer air temperatures and the mean Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) temperatures increased continuously from 1994 till 2010. The mean tropospheric ozone concentrations during summer months varied from 1994 till 2010 and show a strong positive correlation with air temperatures and heat loads. The mean nitrogen dioxide concentrations during summer months decreased continuously from 1994 till 2010. The mean PM10 concentrations during summer months, which are available since 2001 in Berlin and 2003 in Brandenburg, show a moderate positive correlation with air temperatures and heat loads and therefore, e.g. in the hot summer 2006, increased summer means. In Berlin and Brandenburg the relative risks of mortality increased with increasing heat load. The relative risks of morbidity increased with increasing heat load only in Berlin. Thus, the differences in summer morbidity risks between Berlin and Brandenburg imply important advises for short-term health care strategies. In essence, the elderly and people with chronic diseases suffer most from heat stress. Respiratory system diseases showed strongest impacts beside cardiovascular system diseases and the total of all diseases.

Hospital admissions for patients close to the end of life are considered ‘inappropriate’ in contemporary English health policy. Hospitals are supposedly unable to offer a ‘good’ death for patients, and dying there is thought to contradict patient choice, since patients are assumed to want to die at home. However, almost half of all deaths in England in 2015 occurred in hospital, and of these, nearly a third died within three days of admission. This thesis seeks to explore why these admissions are considered to be a problem and how they occur. Through a systematic review of UK literature I found that it cannot be stated that most patients want to die at home, because of the extent of missing data (preferences not asked, expressed, reported or absent). This finding challenges the justification that admissions are inappropriate because they contravene patient choice. Similarly inconclusive evidence about the undesirability, cost, and lack of need for patients to be in hospital were also found in a review of policy. Together with analysis of historical trends in hospital and hospice provision, it is apparent that attitudes towards end-of-life admissions reflect existing tensions about the role of hospital as an acute provider, and as a place of death. An analysis of interviews conducted with healthcare staff and next-of-kin involved in the admission of patients (case-patients) who died shortly after being admitted to Meadowbridge, a large English hospital explored these tensions further. I found that whilst hospital was not recognised as a place where ‘good’ deaths typically occurred, it was acknowledged as an emergency place of care. In this context, patients without obvious need for hospital care were nevertheless admitted to the hospital and the environment was subsequently recognised to offer distinct benefits. The need for emergency care reflected the difficulties of providing end-of-life care in the community. For dying to occur appropriately, home had to be adapted and care organised by healthcare staff. Both tasks were complicated by the unpredictability of dying, and family carers helped to absorb much of the uncertainty and support patients to die at home. Ambulance staff became involved when patients had care needs that exceeded care quickly and easily available in the community. When called to the case-patients, ambulance staff instituted familiar practices in transferring them to hospital. Hospital was recognised as a default place of care because ambulance staff struggled to facilitate alternative care and lacked sufficient professional authority to keep patients at home. The admissions of the case-patients represent the best attempts of staff to navigate the tangled practices of end-of-life care. These practices are the result of the actions of the staff, which in turn both constrained and enabled their action in providing care to patients. The term ‘inappropriate’ to describe admissions does not encompass these attempts, and moreover, devalued the significant care provided by healthcare staff in the community and hospital.