nÃo hà / This study evaluates the indicators of soil and water and its implications for the public supply of Juazeiro system pollution from interactions between aquifers and soils that makes up part of the drainage area of the stream of the Apes. For this, a characterization of the soils of the area as the physical, chemical and biological aspects was conducted through qualitative indicators of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, basal respiration and C / N ratio. Surface waters were also characterized in terms of COD and BOD parameters and groundwater for the parameters of Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate and chloride. The data obtained in the characterization of the soils of the study area were analyzed using multivariate statistical methods Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis Hierarchical Agglomerative; and those obtained in the characterization of surface water were contrasted with the framework set out by the CONAMA Resolution No. 357 for classes of freshwaters. Data from qualitative monitoring of groundwater, provided by CAGECE, were analyzed regarding the classification according to the predominant uses, by Resolution No. 396 of CONAMA and how to meet potability standards, by Ordinance No. 9214 MS. It was found that the soils of the drainage area of ​​the stream of the Apes are degraded by human interference in the area, standing surface water polluted by sewage to the fullest extent analyzed, not fitting into any of the classes of freshwater, based the parameters analyzed. Of groundwater supply wells included in the study area meet the required legal standards, but already show signs of pollution by domestic sewage. / Este trabalho procura avaliar os indicadores de poluiÃÃo de solos e Ãguas e suas implicaÃÃes no sistema de abastecimento pÃblico de Juazeiro do Norte, a partir das interaÃÃes entre os aquÃferos e os solos que compÃe parte da zona de drenagem do riacho dos Macacos. Para isso, foi realizada uma caracterizaÃÃo dos solos da Ãrea quanto os aspectos fÃsicos, quÃmicos e biolÃgicos, atravÃs dos indicadores qualitativos de carbono orgÃnico total, nitrogÃnio total, respiraÃÃo basal e relaÃÃo C/N. Foram caracterizadas tambÃm as Ãguas superficiais quanto aos parÃmetros de DQO e DBO e as Ãguas subterrÃneas quanto aos parÃmetros de AmÃnia, Nitrito, Nitrato e Cloreto. Os dados obtidos na caracterizaÃÃo dos solos da Ãrea de estudo foram analisados atravÃs dos mÃtodos de estatÃstica multivariada AnÃlise de Componentes Principais e AnÃlise de Cluster Aglomerativa HierÃrquica; e os obtidos na caracterizaÃÃo das Ãguas superficiais foram contrastados com o enquadramento previsto pela ResoluÃÃo n 357 do CONAMA para classes de Ãguas doces. Os dados de monitoramento qualitativo das Ãguas subterrÃneas, fornecidos pela CAGECE, foram analisados, quanto ao enquadramento segundo os usos preponderantes, pela ResoluÃÃo n 396 do CONAMA e quanto ao atendimento aos padrÃes de potabilidade, pela Portaria MS n 9.214. Constatou-se que os solos da Ãrea de drenagem do riacho dos Macacos encontram-se degradados pelas interferÃncias antrÃpicas na Ãrea, estando as Ãguas superficiais poluÃdas por esgotos em toda a extensÃo analisada, nÃo se enquadrando em nenhuma das classes de Ãgua doce, com base nos parÃmetros analisados. As Ãguas subterrÃneas dos poÃos de abastecimento inseridos na Ãrea de estudo atendem aos padrÃes legais exigidos, mas jà apresentam indÃcios de poluiÃÃo por esgotos domÃsticos.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / The generation of large volumes of solid and liquid wastes in urban and periurban areas of Ghana is a big problem for the people and government of Ghana. It contributes to the outbreak of many diseases in the country such as malaria, diarrhoea and typhoid fever. In managing the situation, a new concept called ecological sanitation (ecosan), which focuses on reuse of waste, has been introduced in the country. The objectives of the thesis were to criticise the environmental sanitation policy by analysing its content in relation to policy implementation arrangements, to discuss programmes and projects identified under the policy, to critically examine the implementation of an ecosan project as a way of achieving the goal and objectives by outlining its implementation processes, prospects and challenges, and to make appropriate recommendations. The analysis and discussion of the thesis were based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data, on one hand, were collected on the prospects and challenges that exist in the implementation of ecosan projects from Kumasi metropolis. The secondary data, on the other hand, were from books, journals and websites. From the research analysis, it emerged that the policy allows the implementation of many sanitation projects including ecosan. Secondly, stakeholders see ecosanto be a good approach to reduce waste generation in the country. However, the main challenges that exist in promoting the concept are inadequate financial support, unavailability of implementation guidelines and lack of knowledge about concept details. It is therefore argued that financial support, implementation guidelines and awareness-creation activities should be available in the implementation of ecosan in the metropolis. Government, private organisations, companies and individuals should each contribute their quota in the support and processes. / South Africa

São Roque situa-se a 60 km de São Paulo, em uma região composta por serras e morros. A hidrografia do município é composta por bacias tributárias do Rio Tietê. A cidade se desenvolveu às margens dos córregos Aracaí e Carambeí, cujos leitos fluem em margens canalizadas até o deságue no Ribeirão Guaçu. Estes córregos, bem como o Ribeirão do Marmeleiro, encaminham resíduos, detritos e todo o volume de águas pluviais ao Ribeirão Guaçu. Em 2017, foi instalada no município uma estação de tratamento de esgoto visando a melhoria das condições de saneamento na região. Diante disso, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as relações hidroquímicas quanto ao estado de trofia e demais impactos antrópicos na qualidade das águas do Ribeirão Guaçu, São Roque, SP, de modo espacial e temporal, mediante abordagem integrada de multitraçadores ambientais, situando a qualidade da microbacia hidrográfica pré e pós instalação de um sistema de coleta e tratamento de esgoto. Para avaliar a qualidade das águas dos corpos hídricos, foram efetuadas amostragens bimestrais de água superficial, obedecendo às épocas de chuva e de seca. Foram selecionados sete locais estrategicamente escolhidos e georreferenciados. As análises foram realizadas de acordo com os métodos analíticos baseados no Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. Foram analisados parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos, sendo os resultados comparados com os valores permitidos por lei. O IQA foi empregado a fim de se obter um panorama sobre a qualidade hídrica da microbacia em função da sazonalidade e um comparativo entre o período pré e pós-operação da ETE. Os pontos Marmeleiro e Guaçu 4 apresentaram maior influência antrópica. Todos os pontos analisados demonstraram-se comprometidos com contaminantes microbiológicos. Em relação aos físicos e químicos, diversos pontos apresentaram inconformidades. / São Roque is located 60 km from São Paulo, in a region composed of hills. The hydrography of the municipality is composed of tributary basins of the Tietê River. The city developed on the margins of the streams of Aracaí and Carambeí, whose channels channeled flows until the drain in the Guaçu River. These streams, as well as Marmeleiro River, send waste, debris and all the volume of rainwater to the Guaçu River. In 2017, a sewage treatment plant was installed in the municipality aiming to improve the sanitation conditions in the region. The objective of this work was to evaluate the hydrochemical relationships regarding trophic status and other anthropic impacts in the water quality of the Guaçu River, São Roque, SP, in a spatial and temporal way, through an integrated approach of environmental multipliers, placing the quality of the hydrographic microbasin pre and post installation of a sewage collection and treatment system. In order to evaluate the water quality of the water bodies, bimonthly sampling of surface water was carried out, obeying rain and dry seasons. Seven strategically chosen and geo-referenced sites were selected. The analyzes shall be carried out in accordance with analytical methods based on the Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. Physical, chemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed, and the results were compared with the values allowed by law. The WQI was used in order to obtain an overview of the water quality of the microbasin according to the seasonality and a comparison between the pre and post-operation period of the STS. The collect points Marmeleiro and Guaçu 4 presented greater anthropic influence. All analyzed points were shown to be compromised with microbiological contaminants. Regarding physicochemicals, several points presented nonconformities.

O saneamento ambiental é um dos mais importantes meios de prevenção de doenças, mas infelizmente não é uma realidade em todos os setores da população, gerando uma situação preocupante para os profissionais de Saúde Pública.A problemática relativa à saúde e meio ambiente revela-se particularmente importante para as pessoas que vivem em favelas, ficando expostas a possíveis riscos de contaminação, devido à carência de infra- estrutura de saneamento. Neste estudo, de caráter descritivo-exploratório, utilizou-se métodos quali-quantitativos de investigação, visando o diagnóstico das condições da água para consumo humano em uma favela do município de Ribeirão Preto-SP, considerando-se a forma para obtenção e armazenamento da água, bem como a percepção dos moradores sobre a relação água e saúde. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 14 sujeitos, em seus domicílios, representando 24,5% das 57 moradias existentes, tendo sido ordenadas utilizando-se o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Também foi realizada análise bacteriológica de 20 amostras de água provenientes do local de estudo. Paralelamente foi feito um levantamento dos prontuários médicos dos moradores dos 14 domicílios incluídos na investigação. Os discursos, montados a partir das falas das entrevistadas, revelaram que, apesar de parte dos moradores ter consciência sobre a importância da qualidade da água para a saúde humana, ainda utilizam a captação clandestina e o armazenamento inadequado, do ponto de vista sanitário, o que, provavelmente pode ser o fator impactante que interfere na qualidade da água disponível na área do estudo. O resultado da análise bacteriológica indicou a contaminação por coliformes em 25% das amostras analisadas e dentre os parasitas detectados nos exames parasitológicos de fezes, destacam-se Enterobius vermicularis e Ascaris lumbricoides, presentes em 54,5% dos 11 exames realizados. Consideramos importante o planejamento de ações, em conjunto com os profissionais de saúde e a população, que favoreçam a conscientização dos moradores em relação à melhoria das condições de saúde a partir de medidas simples para o manuseio e armazenamento da água, visando não só a prevenção de doenças infecto-parasitárias, mas também melhores condições de higiene e bem estar, mesmo que essas ações sejam limitadas pela precariedade da situação que enfrentam em seu cotidiano. / Environmental sanitation is one of the most important means of illness prevention but, unfortunately, it is not a reality in all sectors of the population, which creates a preoccupying situation for Public Health professionals. The health and environmental problem reveals to be particularly important for those people living in slums, who are exposed to possible contamination risks due to the lack of environmental sanitation infrastructure. In this descriptive and exploratory study, qualitative and quantitative research methods were used with a view to diagnosing the conditions of water for human consumption in a slum of Ribeirão Preto-SP, considering the form of obtaining and conserving water, as well as the inhabitants perception about the relation between water and health. Semi-structured interviews were made with 14 subjects, at their homes, representing 24.5% of the 57 existing residences; interviews were organized by means of the Collective Subject Discourse. Also a bacteriological analysis was realized in 20 samples of local water. In parallel, a surveyed the medical files of the inhabitants of the 14 residences included in the research. The interviewees’ discourse revealed that, although part of the inhabitants is aware of the importance of water quality for human health, they still use illegal captation and inadequate storage from the sanitary viewpoint, which may probably be the factor of impact that interferes in the quality of available water in the studied area. The result of a bacteriological analysis indicated the contaminacion by total coliforms in 25% of the analyzed samples and among the parasites detected in the parasitological faeces tests, Enterobius vermicularis and Ascaris lumbricoides stand out, which were present in 54.5% of the 11 tests that were realized. We consider it important to plan actions, together with the health professionals and the population, which favor the inhabitants’ becoming aware of the improvement in health conditions on the basis of simple measures for treating and storing water, not only with a view to the prevention of infectious-parasital diseases, but also to better hygiene conditions and well-being, even if these actions are limited due to the precarious situations they face in their daily life.

São Roque situa-se a 60 km de São Paulo, em uma região composta por serras e morros. A hidrografia do município é composta por bacias tributárias do Rio Tietê. A cidade se desenvolveu às margens dos córregos Aracaí e Carambeí, cujos leitos fluem em margens canalizadas até o deságue no Ribeirão Guaçu. Estes córregos, bem como o Ribeirão do Marmeleiro, encaminham resíduos, detritos e todo o volume de águas pluviais ao Ribeirão Guaçu. Em 2017, foi instalada no município uma estação de tratamento de esgoto visando a melhoria das condições de saneamento na região. Diante disso, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as relações hidroquímicas quanto ao estado de trofia e demais impactos antrópicos na qualidade das águas do Ribeirão Guaçu, São Roque, SP, de modo espacial e temporal, mediante abordagem integrada de multitraçadores ambientais, situando a qualidade da microbacia hidrográfica pré e pós instalação de um sistema de coleta e tratamento de esgoto. Para avaliar a qualidade das águas dos corpos hídricos, foram efetuadas amostragens bimestrais de água superficial, obedecendo às épocas de chuva e de seca. Foram selecionados sete locais estrategicamente escolhidos e georreferenciados. As análises foram realizadas de acordo com os métodos analíticos baseados no Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. Foram analisados parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos, sendo os resultados comparados com os valores permitidos por lei. O IQA foi empregado a fim de se obter um panorama sobre a qualidade hídrica da microbacia em função da sazonalidade e um comparativo entre o período pré e pós-operação da ETE. Os pontos Marmeleiro e Guaçu 4 apresentaram maior influência antrópica. Todos os pontos analisados demonstraram-se comprometidos com contaminantes microbiológicos. Em relação aos físicos e químicos, diversos pontos apresentaram inconformidades. / São Roque is located 60 km from São Paulo, in a region composed of hills. The hydrography of the municipality is composed of tributary basins of the Tietê River. The city developed on the margins of the streams of Aracaí and Carambeí, whose channels channeled flows until the drain in the Guaçu River. These streams, as well as Marmeleiro River, send waste, debris and all the volume of rainwater to the Guaçu River. In 2017, a sewage treatment plant was installed in the municipality aiming to improve the sanitation conditions in the region. The objective of this work was to evaluate the hydrochemical relationships regarding trophic status and other anthropic impacts in the water quality of the Guaçu River, São Roque, SP, in a spatial and temporal way, through an integrated approach of environmental multipliers, placing the quality of the hydrographic microbasin pre and post installation of a sewage collection and treatment system. In order to evaluate the water quality of the water bodies, bimonthly sampling of surface water was carried out, obeying rain and dry seasons. Seven strategically chosen and geo-referenced sites were selected. The analyzes shall be carried out in accordance with analytical methods based on the Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. Physical, chemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed, and the results were compared with the values allowed by law. The WQI was used in order to obtain an overview of the water quality of the microbasin according to the seasonality and a comparison between the pre and post-operation period of the STS. The collect points Marmeleiro and Guaçu 4 presented greater anthropic influence. All analyzed points were shown to be compromised with microbiological contaminants. Regarding physicochemicals, several points presented nonconformities.

A partir da Constituição de 1988, quatro áreas específicas foram impulsiona-das: área ambiental, área de desenvolvimento urbano, área de saneamento ambien-tal (sendo estas promovidas pelo município) e a de recursos hídricos - gerenciada pela União ou Estados dependendo da dominialidade das águas da Bacia Hidrográ-fica. Deste modo, competiu à União criar Políticas em âmbito Nacional para estas áreas, que estão relacionadas entre si através da gestão territorial. Essas diretrizes nacionais reforçaram a importância do município em legislar sobre assuntos de inte-resse local, especialmente através da elaboração do Plano Diretor, instrumento fun-damental no planejamento das cidades. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo central Analisar os Planos Diretores dos municípios de Canoas, Esteio, Sapucaia do Sul, São Leopoldo, Novo Hamburgo e Nova Santa Rita, verificando nestes instrumentos a ocorrência de disposições legais pertinentes exclusivamente ao trinômio: meio ambiente, saneamento ambiental e recursos hídricos, conforme a evolução das polí-ticas e das legislações vigentes, no âmbito Federal e do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O estudo empírico deste trabalho ocorreu com base nas informações socioam-bientais e econômicas dos municípios pesquisados, assim como na contextualização da sub-bacia do Baixo Sinos, pertencente a Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio dos Sinos, pois a relação do local (municípios) com o regional (Bacia Hidrográfica) ganhou mai-or relevância neste contexto, especialmente pela formação de uma conurbação, ins-tituída a partir da união das áreas urbanas destes municípios, que concentram mais de 55% da população desta Bacia, ou seja, aproximadamente 750 mil pessoas, de um universo de 1,3 milhões de pessoas, vivem nesta grande área urbana. Assim, tornou-se possível uma leitura menos compartimentada das cidades e a construção de uma visão mais voltada para as questões regionais, principalmente as relaciona-das com a poluição do Rio do Sinos, situação na qual inseriu este rio entre os dez mais poluídos do Brasil, segundo o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, 2013). A revisão bibliográfica ressaltou a evolução das políticas e legislações de desenvolvimento urbano, da área ambiental, da área de saneamento ambiental e de recursos hídricos, em âmbito Federal e Estadual – Rio Grande do Sul e a relação destas com o conteúdo do Plano Diretor. A metodologia deste estudo fundamentou-se na análise de 100 legislações das áreas estudadas. Desta forma, foi possibilitada a construção de um roteiro de avaliação, composto por 31 indicadores de conteúdo mínimo, que possibilitaram a analise destes Planos Diretores e a conclusão de que a maioria dos indicadores da área ambiental foram atendidos, mas, no que tange os indicadores das áreas de saneamento ambiental e recursos hídricos, esses não fo-ram contemplados em sua maioria. Neste sentido estes instrumentos precisam ur-gentemente passar por uma atualização e revisão, visto que a inclusão dos indicado-res de conteúdo mínimo, segundo a legislação vigente, não é uma ação facultativa aos Planos Diretores, mas sim, uma obrigação legal. As considerações finais deste estudo permitiram concluir que há uma fragilidade na efetivação dos Planos Direto-res dos municípios estudados, especialmente pelos cenários encontrados na Bacia do Baixo Sinos e que ilustram um processo de urbanização das áreas improprias para a moradia e habitação, como as áreas de várzeas, as áreas de inundação do Rio dos Sinos e as áreas de preservação permanente dos cursos de água superfici-ais que cortam o território da zona urbana destas cidades. / Since 1988, after and by the Brazilian Constitution, four specific areas were driven: environmental, urban development, environmental sanitation (these being promoted by the municipality) and water resources – managed by the Union or the States, de-pending on the ownership of water of the hydrographic basin. The Union has the re-sponsibility to createpolicies in the national framework for these areas, which are re-lated to each other through the territorial management. These national guidelines stressed the importance of the city to legislate on matters of local interest, especially through the development of the Master Plan, that is the key instrument in the plan-ning of cities. This research was mainly aimed to analyze the Master Plans of the cities of Canoas, Esteio, Sapucaia do Sul, São Leopoldo, Novo Hamburgo and Nova Santa Rita, in order to verify on these instruments the execution of provisions associ-ated exclusively for the trinomial: environment, environmental sanitation and water resources, according to the evolution of policies and current legislation in the Federal extent and in the specific context of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The empirical study was based on social, environmental and economic information of the munici-palities surveyed, as well as considering the context of the sub-basin of the Baixo Sinos, part of the Hydrographic Basin of the river Rio dos Sinos, as the interface be-tween local (municipalities) with regional (hydrographic basin) gained relevance, es-pecially by the presence of a conurbation, established from the union of the urban areas of these municipalities, which concentrate over 55% of the population of this basin, approximately 750,000 people, part of a universe of 1.3 million people living in this great urban area. In this way, it became possible a less compartmentalized un-derstanding of the cities and the construction of a systemic vision more focused on regional issues, especially those relating to the pollution of the Rio dos Sinos, con-sidering that this river is included in the list of the ten most polluted in Brazil, accord-ing to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The literature review highlighted the evolution of policies and legislation of urban development, environ-mental, environmental sanitation and water resources, at the federal and state level - Rio Grande do Sul, and their relationship with the content of the Master Plan. The methodology of this study was based on the analysis of 100 legislations for thequad-rennial studied and thus made possible the construction of an evaluation script, com-posed of 31 indicators of minimum content, which allowed the analysis of Master Plans and the conclusion that most environmental area indicators were met, but in terms of the indicators for the areas of environmental sanitation and water resources, these were not considered, in the majority. Thus, these instruments urgently need to be updated and reviewed, as the inclusion of the indicators of minimum content, ac-cording to the current legislation, is not an optional activity to master plans, but a le-gal obligation. The final considerations of this study allowed us to conclude that there is a fragility in the implementation of the Master Plans of the studied municipalities, especially the scenarios found in the “Baixo Sinos” watershed, which illustrate a pro-cess of urbanization of areas that are not suitable for housing, such as flooding areas of the Sinos River and the permanent preservation of surface watercourses that cut the territory of these urban areas.

The environmental sanitation situation in Kampala’s peri-urban areas was reviewed and investigated through field studies, structured interviews with personnel from key institutions and administration of questionnaires to households in a selected peri-urban settlement (Bwaise III Parish).  In this settlement, specific field and laboratory measurements were undertaken so as to create a better understanding of the environmental sanitation situation, anthropogenic pollution loads and their transport and impact (with a focus on Phosphorus) in Kampala’s Peri-urban areas in pursuit of interventions for improving the environmental sanitation and protecting the shallow groundwater resource there. The review revealed that the urban poor in Kampala, like elsewhere in developing countries, are faced with inadequate basic services caused by a combination of institutional, legal and socio-economic issues and that the communities’ coping strategies are in most cases detrimental to their health and well-being. Field surveys showed that excreta disposal systems, solid waste and greywater are major contributors to the widespread shallow groundwater contamination in the area. Field measurements revealed that the water table responds rapidly to short rains (48 h) due to the pervious (10-5-10-3 m/s) and shallow (<1 mbgl) vadose zone, which consists of foreign material (due to reclamation). This anthropogenically influenced vadose zone has a limited contaminant attenuation capacity resulting in water quality deterioration following rains. The only operational spring in the area is fed by regional baseflow meaning a wider protection zone. The spring discharge exhibited microbial quality deterioration after rains primarily as a result of poor maintenance of the protection structure. Subsurface phosphorus (P) transport mechanisms appeared to be a combination of adsorption, precipitation, leaching from the soil media and through macropore flow with the latter two playing an important role in the wet season. The Langmuir isotherm described the phosphorus sorption data well (R2³ 0.95) and the best prediction of Langmuir sorption maximum (Cmax) had organic carbon, Ca and available phosphorus and soil pH as significant predictors. Loosely bound P (NH4Cl-P) was the least fraction (<0.4% of total P) in all layers indicating a high binding capacity of P by the soils implying that the soils have a capacity to adsorb additional P loads. Simulation results from the preliminary numerical model built in this study based on field and laboratory measurements indicate that rainfall infiltration rates > 7x10-3 mm/s drive shallow groundwater contamination with higher intense rains of relatively longer duration (³ 70 mm within 48 h) reducing phosphorus transport. Sensitivity analysis of the model input with respect to how long it takes to pollute the subsurfacehad the phosphorus sorption coefficients as being more influential than the pore size and air entry values. There are however, key contrasts between the model simulations and field observations which are useful in guiding new efforts in data collection. The study reveals that intervention measures to improve the environmental sanitation and protect the shallow groundwater in the peri-urban settlements are of a multidisciplinary nature necessitating action research with community participation. / QC 20100917

<p>The generation of large volumes of solid and liquid wastes in urban and periurban areas of Ghana is a big problem for the people and government of Ghana. It contributes to the outbreak of many diseases in the country such as malaria, diarrhoea and typhoid fever. In managing the situation, a new concept called ecological sanitation (ecosan), which focuses on reuse of waste, has been introduced in the country. The objectives of the thesis were to criticise the environmental sanitation policy&nbsp / by analysing its content in relation to policy implementation arrangements, to discuss programmes and projects identified under the policy, to critically examine the implementation of an ecosan project as a way of achieving the goal and objectives by outlining its implementation processes, prospects and challenges, and to make appropriate recommendations. The analysis and discussion of the thesis were based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data, on one hand, were collected on the prospects and challenges that exist in the implementation of ecosan projects from Kumasi metropolis. The secondary data, on the other hand, were from&nbsp / books, journals and websites. From the research analysis, it emerged that the policy allows the implementation of many sanitation projects including ecosan. Secondly, stakeholders see ecosanto be a good approach to reduce waste generation in the country. However, the main challenges that exist in promoting the concept are inadequate financial support, unavailability of implementation guidelines and lack of knowledge about concept details. It is therefore argued that financial support, implementation guidelines and awareness-creation activities should be available in the implementation of ecosan in the metropolis. Government, private organisations, companies and individuals should each contribute their quota in the support and processes.</p>

Access to clean and safe drinking water is a fundamental human requirement. However, in many areas of the world natural water sources have been impacted by a variety of biological and chemical contaminants. The ingestion of these contaminants may cause acute or chronic health problems. To prevent such illnesses, many technologies have been developed to treat, disinfect and supply safe drinking water quality. However, despite these advancements, water supply distribution systems can adversely affect the drinking water quality before it is delivered to consumers. The primary aim of this research was to investigate the effect that water distribution systems may have on household drinking water quality in Christchurch, New Zealand and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Water samples were collected from the source water and household taps in both cities. The samples were then tested for various physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters. The data collected was also used to determine if water samples complied with national drinking water quality standards in both countries. Independent samples t-test statistical analyses were also performed to determine if water quality measured in the samples collected from the source and household taps was significantly different. Water quality did not vary considerably between the source and tap water samples collected in Christchurch City. No bacteria were detected in any sample. However, the pH and total iron concentrations measured in source and tap water samples were found to be significantly different. The lower pH values measured in tap water samples suggests that corrosion may be taking place in the distribution system. No water samples transgressed the Drinking Water Standards for New Zealand (DWSNZ) MAVs. Monitoring data collected by the Christchurch City Council (CCC) was also used for comparison. A number of pH, turbidity and total iron concentration measurements collected by the CCC in 2011 were found to exceed the guideline values. This is likely due to structural damage to the source wells and pump-stations that occurred during the 2011 earthquake events. Overall, it was concluded that the distribution system does not adversely affect the quality of Christchurch City’s household drinking water. The water quality measured in samples collected from the source (LTP) and household taps in Addis Ababa was found to vary considerably. The water collected from the source complied with the Ethiopian (WHO) drinking water quality standards. However, tap water samples were often found to have degraded water quality for the physical and chemical parameters tested. This was especially the case after supply interruption and reinstatement events. Bacteria were also often detected in household tap water samples. The results from this study indicate that water supply disruptions may result in degraded water quality. This may be due to a drop in pipeline pressure and the intrusion of contaminants through the leaky and cross-connected pipes in the distribution network. This adversely affects the drinking water quality in Addis Ababa.

<p>The generation of large volumes of solid and liquid wastes in urban and periurban areas of Ghana is a big problem for the people and government of Ghana. It contributes to the outbreak of many diseases in the country such as malaria, diarrhoea and typhoid fever. In managing the situation, a new concept called ecological sanitation (ecosan), which focuses on reuse of waste, has been introduced in the country. The objectives of the thesis were to criticise the environmental sanitation policy&nbsp / by analysing its content in relation to policy implementation arrangements, to discuss programmes and projects identified under the policy, to critically examine the implementation of an ecosan project as a way of achieving the goal and objectives by outlining its implementation processes, prospects and challenges, and to make appropriate recommendations. The analysis and discussion of the thesis were based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data, on one hand, were collected on the prospects and challenges that exist in the implementation of ecosan projects from Kumasi metropolis. The secondary data, on the other hand, were from&nbsp / books, journals and websites. From the research analysis, it emerged that the policy allows the implementation of many sanitation projects including ecosan. Secondly, stakeholders see ecosanto be a good approach to reduce waste generation in the country. However, the main challenges that exist in promoting the concept are inadequate financial support, unavailability of implementation guidelines and lack of knowledge about concept details. It is therefore argued that financial support, implementation guidelines and awareness-creation activities should be available in the implementation of ecosan in the metropolis. Government, private organisations, companies and individuals should each contribute their quota in the support and processes.</p>