No description available.

Diarrheal diseases are a global public health burden, killing 1.8 million people annually. Diarrhea disproportionately affects children and those in poverty. Most diarrheal cases can be prevented through safe drinking water, basic hygiene and/or sanitation measures, with drinking water interventions having the most impact on reducing diarrheal disease. There is no generally agreed-upon field method for determining biosand water filter effectiveness that is usable in low-resource communities. A pilot study was conducted of potential field use indicators, including the Colilert coliform presence/absence (P/A) test, hydrogen sulfide, alkalinity, hardness, pH, and fluorescently labeled latex microspheres. The study included both laboratory and field testing. The Colilert P/A test had the highest correlation to the United States Environmental Protection Agency standard method (IDEXX Quanti-trays), but more data are needed before making a recommendation. This study adds to understanding about evaluation of biosand water filters and provides preliminary data to address the need for a field use indicator for biosand water filters.

No description available.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem that affects approximately 2.4 million individuals in the United States each year. Race, age, gender, and household income are established correlates of criminal victimization and diverge across various victimization experiences for these individuals. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between IPV victimization and the demographic variables of race, age, gender, and household income using race, class, and gender theory as a framework. Logistic regression analyses on data from 3,492 adult male and 3,637 adult female IPV victims obtained from the 2013 National Crime Victimization Survey showed that race was not significantly associated with IPV, while age, gender, and household income were significantly associated. Respondents 65 years or older reported less victimization and men were 2.09 times at lower odds to experience IPV than women. Respondents in the household income category of less than $7,500 were 1.62 times at higher odds to experience IPV than were those in the $75,000 or greater income category. Positive social change could result from an increased awareness of circumstances related to IPV victimization so public health practitioners can work to reduce its incidence impacting individuals, families, and communities.

This paper investigates factors that affect gender-based differences in intra-household bargaining power that are reflected in consumption decisions regarding the adoption of green technology. Using data from the Indian Human Development Survey-II and a probit regression analysis, I find that increasing the level of a woman’s education (a proxy for increasing bargaining power) increases the likelihood of her household adopting LPG, the cleanest fuel option available. I also create an experimental design to serve as a next step for future research and target data collection on individual-level factors and environmental outcomes. The setup is for a potential intervention that assesses whether there are gender-based differences in the propensity for men and women to purchase improved cookstoves, given increased access to credit as a means to increase bargaining power in the household.

The theme of the diploma thesis is "Progressive tax burden on households on income from individuals". The aim of this work is to examine the progressive burden on households of personal income tax, using model households. The purpose is also to determine which taxpayers and in which households have the greatest tax burden. The study is conducted using an average tax rate. The analysis is performed in years 2016, 2017 and 2018 on four taxpayers (which are different by the amount of gross wage), which are in five different types of households (according to their composition, taxpayers apply different types of discounts or tax advantages). The results of the thesis show that the higher the gross wage, the higher the average tax rate (the higher the tax burn on the taxpayer), which is also more balanced than the poorer taxpayers. There is a minimal difference between rates year-on-year. Personal income tax is progressive.

Poor diet quality is a source of morbidity and mortality within the United States. Previous researchers have examined psychosocial influences on diet; however, the relationship between life chaos, a psychosocial measure, and diet quality was not known. The purpose of this cross-sectional survey study was to use the Life Chaos Scale and the Healthy Eating Index-2010 to collect data on life chaos and diet quality, consistent with the biopsychosocial model of health, from a sample of 103 U.S. adults. Regression analysis was used to construct a predictive model. According to the study results, life chaos was not a significant predictor of diet quality (p = .699), although household income, when added to the model, was a predictor of diet quality (p = .011). Although there was no relationship between life chaos and diet quality, life chaos could be found universally throughout household income levels. Additionally, diet quality had a negative correlation with household income. Life chaos was not a significant predictor of diet quality, while confirming the role of income in diet quality. As inequalities of health and nutrition continue to be better understood through studies such as this, social change efforts can be targeted in an evidence-based way to bring the health benefits of a high quality diet to more Americans starting with greater outreach to low-income individuals.

Depuis plus de deux décennies, après une difficile rupture et transition du régime communiste, l’espace rural de l’Albanie et les ménages ruraux connaissent de multiples et rapides transformations. Alors que l’agriculture est confrontée à de nombreuses limites (exploitations minuscules et fortement fragmentées, question irrésolue de la propriété foncière, insuffisance et précarité des infrastructures, faible accessibilité aux circuits commerciaux, etc.), les attentes des ménages en termes d’accès aux produits et de services, de bien-être et de qualité de vie, ont donné lieu à l’émergence de différentes formes d’adaptation économique, notamment à travers la mise en place des stratégies de diversification d’activités et de sources de revenus. Sous forme de valorisation directe des ressources agricoles ou de mise en œuvre d’alternatives à l’extérieur du cadre agricole, à travers des activités entrepreneuriales, des emplois ou encore des mobilités, ayant comme fondement d’organisation et de opération la structure familiale, les trajectoires des ménages ruraux sont analysées dans leur diversité et contexte local. Tout se traduit par l’émergence et la consolidation d’un modèle agri-rural basé sur une vaste gamme de ressources agricoles et extra-agricoles. / After more than two decades and following a difficult rupture and transition from communist regime, Albanian rural area and rural households have undergone multiple rapid transformations. While agriculture is facing several limits (the extremely small and fragmented farms, the unresolved issue of land property, the insufficiency of infrastructure, the low access to commercial circuits, etc.), the expectations of rural households in terms of product and service accessibility, well-being and life quality have lead to the emergence of different forms of economic adaptation, mostly through the implementation of activity and income diversification strategies. The trajectories of rural households based on the valorization of agricultural resources or non agricultural alternatives, are analyzed according to their diversity and local context. Family structure represents the organizing and operational foundation of these trajectories. An agri-rural model based on a large specter of agricultural and non-agricultural resources materializes and constantly consolidates.

The purpose of this study was to investigate children's contributions to household work and to determine what factors affected the amount of time children spent in household work activities. Data for the study came from the Utah portion of the "Interstate Comparison of Urban/Rural Families' Time Use" which involved 210 two-parent/two-child families in Utah. Data were collected through interviews with the homemakers in each family using time diaries and an information questionnaire.Time use was recorded for two 24 hour days for all family members over the age of five . For the present study an analysis was made of the time contributions to household work by 200 children (87 girls/113 boys) from 114 families. Ninety- s ix of the children were from rural families and 104 were from urban families. Factors considered included sex; place of residence; children's time in school, paid employment, and organizational activities; children's time in social and recreational activities; hours of parental employment; and parents; time in household work. Statistical analysis was done using either a partial correlation coefficient to control for age or a "t" test of the differences between means. Findings revealed that the amount of time children contribute to household work activities varies widely. Some children contribute little or no time to household work while others put in several hours per day. Rural children were found to contribute more time to household work than urban children. Girls did not contribute a significantly greater amount of time to household work than boys, but boys and girls did contribute time to different types of household work activities. Girls were more likely to spend time performing traditionally feminine household tasks and boys were more likely to spend time performing traditionally masculine household tasks . Hours of parental employment and parents' time in household work did not make much impact on children's contributions to work in the home, but it does seem clear that children's time in household work does not substitute for that of adult family members.

acase@tulane.edu