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Ce travail décrit les logiques et les processus des contributions des salariés sur les médias sociaux, pour analyser les relations et les enjeux entre la présence numérique des salariés et celle de l'entreprise. La thèse fait appel à un cadre conceptuel pluridisciplinaire : théorie du don et les théories du capital social et du capital symbolique pour analyser la logique sous-jacente de la contribution, les notions d’ordre de l’interaction et de genres de contribution pour appréhender le processus de la contribution et enfin, les notions de présence numérique et de gouvernementalité pour aborder les enjeux de la contribution. La posture interprétativiste justifie une méthodologie de recherche qui repose sur trois approches complémentaires : une étude exploratoire, six études de cas et une étude Delphi. Les résultats desdifférentes études menées montrent que la contribution des salariés aux médias sociaux repose principalement sur une logique de légitimation de la "figure du contributeur", que le processus de contribution se concrétise dans un répertoire des "genres de contributions" et que les "traces numériques" définissent les enjeux de la présence numérique des salariés et de l'entreprise. / This work describes the logic and the processes of employees’contributions on social media in order to analyze the relationships and issues between their own numerical presence and that of their company. Our thesis is based on a multidisciplinary framework: we mobilized the the gift theory as well as the theories of social and symbolic capital in order to understand contribution logic, the notions of interaction order and contribution genres in order to understand the contribution process and, finally, the concepts of numerical presence and governmentality in order to address the contribution issues.Our research methodology adopts an interpretativist approach, based on three complementary studies: an exploratory study, six case studies and a Delphi study. The results show that employees’ contribution to social media is primarily based on a logic of legitimizing the "figure of the contributor", the contribution process materialized in a repertoire of "contributions genres" and that "digital traces" define the challenges of the numerical presence of employees and that of their company.

Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Brian C. Briggeman / Farmer cooperatives have contributed to the vitality and sustainability of many communities across rural America. Since the passage of the Capper-Volstead Act in 1922, cooperatives have not only served the needs of members, but also provided economic support, employment, and wages in rural communities. The objective of this research is to measure the total economic contribution of grain and farm supply cooperatives to the Kansas economy. Economic contribution results are often calculated utilizing the Input-Output and/or Social Accounting Matrix framework. IMPLAN, an economic analysis software, provides necessary data and the framework to quantify economic and employment contributions. The software enables total contribution to include the direct effects of farmer cooperatives, the indirect effect of the industry’s economic relationships, and the additional spending of wages and income by households and governments. This analysis utilized survey results of Kansas cooperatives, the CoBank Risk Analyst database, and the Kansas Department of Labor’s quarterly census of employment and wages. Modeling considered both local ownership and single-level taxation, two characteristics of cooperative businesses. Two economic contribution analyses depict industry variation based on degree of local ownership. The sample of cooperative survey respondents confirm a relatively high level of Kansas ownership. The actual contribution of the Kansas cooperative sector is likely closer to the upper bound total contribution results. The total direct, indirect, and induced results for the Kansas cooperative sector assuming completely localized ownership includes 9,940 jobs, $631.7 million in labor income, $1.1 billion in total income and $1.8 billion in output. Valuing the economic contribution of cooperatives to the Kansas economy can provide useful insights into the industry and its contribution to rural economic welfare. As consolidation and rapid growth has characterized the grain marketing and farm supply cooperative landscape, the results can inform discussion related to market influence, community support, and public policy.

4 pp. / The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension SNAP-Ed program contributes to the Arizona economy by bringing funds from outside the state and utilizing them to encourage healthy eating and active living for people in low-income households. Purchases made for conducting this work generate a ripple of economic activity in other Arizona industries. Economists call these the indirect and induced multiplier effects. This report summarizes the total economic contribution of SNAP-Ed spending, including multiplier effects, on the Arizona economy for the years 2011 and 2012.

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Nous traiterons successivement des circonstances de l'émergence du Panama depuis la période précolombienne, les premières expéditions espagnoles à la recherche d'un détroit vers les Indes, de l'indépendance du Panama. Dans la première partie, nous traiteront de l'Isthme du Panama comme terre de passage et de son Canal de1880 à 1914, du rêve séculaire à la réalité où, successivement, nous étudierons son destin français, sa position entre intérêts français et aspirations américaines. Les États-Unis et le Panama nous conduiront à traiter de l'installation des Américains, la construction du Canal (1904-1914) ; les traités Carter-Torrijos, entre compromis et ambiguïtés. La deuxième partie traitera des stratégies de développement du Panama; l'importance des facteurs socioéconomiques et la dynamique des structures sociopolitiques seront mises en exergue. L'intégration des Antillais de Guadeloupe et de Martinique dans le cercle communautaire panaméen de 1914 à nos jours. Àcet égard, nous traiterons des apports de la culture antillaise dans la représentation panaméenne, un brassage culturel. En troisième lieu, leur contribution à l'essor de la nation. Il s'agira ici d'étudier les arts et la culture, la musique et les danses, la littérature et la linguistique de même que les revendications culturelles des minorités ethniques. Enfin, nous orienterons nos recherches sur la question de l'unité panaméenne à l'aube du Ille millénaire, l'organisation des diverses communautés et l'installation européenne au Panama. / We will successively deal with the circumstances of the emergence of Panama since the pre-Colum bian period, the first Spanish shipping expeditions in search of a strait towards India, and the independence of Panama. ln the first part, we shall deal with the Isthmus of Panama as a land of passage and with its Channel from 1880 to 1914, from the secular dream to reality where, successively, we shall study its French fate, its position in regards to French interests and American aspiration. The relationship between the United States and Panama will lead us to deal with the settling of the Americans, the construction of the Channel (1904-1914), the "Carter-Torrijos" treaties, between compromises and ambiguities. The second part will deal with strategies of development for Panama; the importance of socioeconomic factors and the dynamics of the sociopolitical structures will be highlighted. The integration of the people of Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Panamanian community circle from 1914 to nowadays. In this respect, we shall treat contributions of the French West Indian culture within the Panamanian representation; the cultural admixture. In the third part, their contribution at the development of the Panamanian nation. The issue will be to study arts and culture, music and dances, Iiterature and Iinguistics as weil as the cultural demands from ethnic minorities. Finally, we shall direct our researches towards the question of Panamanian unity at the dawn of the third millennium, the organization of the diverse communities and the European settling in Panama

Thesis advisor: Alicia H. Munnell / Retirement plans for state employees have over $2 trillion in assets, a significant portion of the U.S. retirement market. In the last 10 years, seven states have transitioned their employee retirement plans from traditional annuity-providing defined benefit pensions to individual account-style defined contribution plans. While private-sector employers save money in transitioning to a defined contribution plan, states actually lose money when switching. Why state governments choose to sponsor retirement plans that cost both the state and its employees money is the central question of this study. Several financial and demographic variables are considered; the only variable that cannot be ruled out is political ideology. The probit panel regression finds that states with Republican-controlled governments are far more likely to switch to a defined contribution plan than states with mixed or Democrat-controlled governments. This conclusion illuminates the central importance of unions in the political process of public plan decision-making and reveals the importance of potential economics losses that result from sponsoring defined contribution plans. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2006. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

Thesis advisor: Jacqueline V. Lerner / Youth contribution is important to the development of a healthy society (Lerner, Dowling et al., 2003; Schmid & Lopez, 2011). As youth develop on positive trajectories, they engage in higher rates of contribution to self, family, community, and civil society (Lerner, 2004). Many youth believe it is important to participate in contribution-oriented activities, but not many are involved in personally meaningful forms of contribution (Hershberg et al., 2014; Zeldin et al., 2013). In order to engage youth in contribution, and thereby increase the likelihood that they will continue to contribute into adulthood, it is important to understand the processes involved in contribution, the ways in which adolescents experience contribution, and how they conceptualize their role in giving back to the community. In the present research, I addressed the following questions: 1) How do adolescent girls experience contribution in their lives? (a) In which contribution-related activities are they involved? (b) What beliefs do they have about contribution? (2) How do adolescent girls direct their contribution goals or efforts? To whom do they contribute, or want to contribute? (3) What motivations are associated with contribution goals or efforts for adolescent girls? Through in-depth semi-structured qualitative interviews, I investigated adolescent contribution in nine adolescent girls in high school. This subsample of participants is drawn from the Connecting Adolescents’ Beliefs and Behaviors (CABB) Study (Lerner & Johnson, 2014), a longitudinal investigation of youth character development in adolescent students in the New England area. I analyzed the interviews using the Listening Guide (Gilligan, Spencer, Weinberg, & Bertsch, 2006), a method for analysis of qualitative texts. I derived many themes from these texts to address my research questions. Youth expressed a range of contribution experiences, including how they conceptualize what counts as making a contribution. Participants directed their contributions in accordance with their personal social identifications, their future career goals, and people seen as generally “less fortunate.” Youth expressed multiple intrinsic and extrinsic motivators for contributing and wanting to contribute in the future. Implications for future research, programming and policy will be discussed. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology.

Since any education institution is judged in terms of what it contributes to its students and to the welfare of society, it is almost certain that a follow-up study of the students will provide information that could aid in evaluating and improving the school's guidance and instructional programs; identifying needs and problems of graduates for future service by the school; and bringing the school and community closer together by promoting common understanding. Follow-up studies are considered one of the most reliable methods of determining the effectiveness of educational programs. It is believed that this follow-up study can provide the Cache School District with information that will aid them in evaluating their high school curriculum in terms of strengthening the future high school programs, and thereby meeting the needs of the students and the community.

This project investigates the experiences of a small group of social service practitioners as they consider the question of what it means to be Pakeha in Aotearoa New Zealand in 2004. Specifically this study considers the contribution of Māori cultural knowledges to Pakeha identity. It also explores whether therapeutic practices that participants have available, are relevant to their current claims of Pakeha identity. This study highlights the complexity of experience and multiple stories that inform constructions of identity. In approaching the topic I was aware that many important stories of people's lived experience are not often told. People are often silenced due to the difficulty of 'telling'. In this exploration, space was created for the telling of stories, which are often not easily told: stories of struggle and pain; stories of compassionate witnessing; stories of rule-breaking; stories of stepping into territory beyond binaries and stories of richness and delight. Knowledges have been produced that indicate the need for carefully crafted space for often very difficult identity conversations to occur and for voices to be heard. Further, the study has produced knowledges for scaffolding for respectful and honouring conversations . The stories of this project indicate that the conversations required, have their foundation through engagement with the value of fairness. Findings also indicate that forums, where mutual contribution to identity for both Māori and Pakeha can be acknowledged, are a critical to establishing ongoing honourable relationships between Pakeha and Māori New Zealanders. Throughout this project participants acknowledge and honour the rich contribution of Māori knowledges and language to their Pakeha identity.