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Self-evaluation in home management and its relationship to achievement motivation was investigated . The discrepancy between student self-evaluation and adviser evaluation was correlated with achievement motivation. The sample consisted of 33 female students, residents of -the Home Management House during Spring Quarter of the 1968-69 school year and Fall and Winter Quarters of the 1969-70 school year. The instruments used were: (1) a background questionnaire; (2) Management Resource Scale, and (3) Litwin Decision-Making Test. The statistical test used was the Pearson r (correlation coefficient). No significant relationship was found between absolute discrepancy between student self-evaluation in home management, and adviser evaluation and achievement motivation. However, when directionality of evaluation-deviation scores was considered, a significant relationship was found at the .05 level. Subjects who received positive evaluation-deviation scores were lower in achievement motivation than were subjects who received negative evaluation-deviation scores.

Thesis advisor: Arthur Lewbel / Thesis advisor: S Anukriti / In this dissertation, I attempt to better understand the inner workings of the household: Do parents favor certain types of children? When do parents decide to have their children work? How can we identify inequality within the household? These issues are fundamental to economic development and closely related to individual welfare. However, studying these questions is difficult since the household is in many ways a blackbox to economists; consumption data is typically collected at the household level, and concepts like bargaining power are not observable. My research examines these questions in a variety of different contexts in the developing world. In Chapter 1, I test for consumption inequality between foster and non-foster children in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Chapter 2, I examine the relationship between child labor and fertility in Nigerian households. Lastly, I study the identification of intrahousehold inequality in collective households in Chapter 3. Chapter 1: In “Consumption Inequality Among Children: Evidence from Child Fostering in Malawi", I study how resources are allocated among foster and non- foster children in Malawi. Child fostering is widespread in parts of Africa and the wellbeing of these children, who may be particularly vulnerable to impoverishment, is not well known. However, identifying individual-level consumption is difficult, since goods are shared and consumption is measured at the household level. Recent work on intrahousehold resource allocation has inferred child consumption from household- level spending on child-specific goods (e.g., child clothing). This literature is often dependent on the existence of goods in the data that are consumed exclusively by a particular type of person in the household. These studies are therefore limited by the level of assignability of goods within the consumption survey. Stated differently, to identify inequality between foster and non-foster children using existing techniques, I would need to observe expenditure on a good that is consumed separately by foster and non-foster children. Because I do not, I develop a new methodology using the collective framework to measure consumption inequality between foster and non-foster children. I find little evidence of inequality between foster and non-foster children. I then divide foster children by whether the child is orphaned, and I find that orphan-foster child consumption is 23 percent less than non-orphan foster child consumption. The results of this paper suggest that policymakers should design programs to improve the relative standing of orphan-foster children in the household. The methodological contribution of this paper is applicable to other contexts as intrahousehold inequality among children is widespread. Chapter 2: In “Child Labor Laws and Household Fertility Decision: Evidence from Nigeria" I study the Child Rights Act of Nigeria (CRA). In 2003, the Nigerian National Assembly implemented this law, which codified existing child labor standards and dramatically increased the penalties for employing children. I exploit the Child Rights Act to both understand the employment consequences of a child labor legislation, and to analyze the effect of lowering the economic value of children on fertility rates. Identification comes from variation in the timing of when each Nigerian state adopted the law, and from variation in the law’s age restrictions. Consistent with recent theoretical and empirical evidence, I find the Child Rights Act increased child employment at both the intensive and extensive margins. I then model household fertility decisions to demonstrate that the demand for children is increasing in child wages and therefore influenced by changes in the child labor market. I empirically test the model implications by examining the effect of the Child Rights Act on fertility rates, but find little to no effect. Chapter 3: In “Identification of Resource Shares with Multiple Assignable Goods" (with Caitlin Brown and Rossella Calvi), we study intrahousehold inequality. We develop a new methodology using the collective framework to identify resource shares, defined as the fraction of household resources consumed by each household member. We build upon recent work by Dunbar, Lewbel, and Pendakur (2013) (DLP) who identify resource shares by observing how expenditure on a single private assignable good varies with household income and size. They achieve identification by making semi-parametric restrictions on preferences across either household members or household sizes. Because our data contain multiple private assignable goods, we are able to employ this additional data to weaken the DLP preference restrictions using a different approach, which we call “Differenced-Similar Across People" (D-SAP). Under D-SAP, preferences for the assignable goods are allowed to differ entirely across both household members. However, we introduce a weaker restriction that requires that preferences differ across people in a similar way across goods. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

After discussing the Malawian context and summarising the remittance research, I focus on remittances in rural Malawi. I follow remittances from the giver’s motivations through to the receiver’s view of remittances and how the receiver uses them and finally to their impact as a means of moderating the effect of negative shocks on the receiving household. Results show that parents remit to respondents for altruistic purposes, or for insurance motivations (e.g. to help out the respondent if they are sick). Respondents remit to parents for altruistic motivations and inheritance. There is strong bi-directionality in the remittance flows. Children remit to respondents as an “insurance premium”, and for inheritance motivations. Altruism motivates respondents to give to their children. There is strong evidence of co-insurance between respondents and their siblings with both insurance payouts and premiums being paid. Respondents and their siblings also remit to each other for altruistic motivations. There is strong evidence of “mental accounting” amongst both male and female headed households. Remittances exhibit a much lower MPC than salary and farming income. Male and female headed households differ in their use of income from different sources, however one result is consistent: remittances are used for education. Probit models indicate that households are more likely to receive remittances from local areas if someone in the household is sick (local remittances insure a health shock). Households that suffer from drought are more likely to receive remittances from more distant areas (other districts, a city, abroad). Drought has a major negative impact on consumption levels but distant remittances insure affected households who suffer from these. Local remittances, which make up most remittance flows, are unable to insure these community shocks. Only around 10 per cent of households receive remittances from outside their home district however. Remittances help to insure household consumption against health shocks, but only food consumption is insured.

The timing of work over the day or week is fundamental to the nature of paid work and the interaction between work and leisure. However, due to data limitations, little research has been done on the timing of work in Australia. The Australian Time Use Survey, conducted nationally by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) in 1992 and 1997, provides a unique opportunity to examine actual work timing arrangements in the Australian workforce. (For complete abstract open document)

Thesis advisor: Arthur Lewbel / The dissertation consists of three essays on different aspects of the collective household models in the household economics literature. The first essay estimates a collective household model for evaluating the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) among older households. I use longitudinal Homescan data to identify SNAP-eligible food. I find that husbands have relatively stronger preferences for food than wives, and that household demand is affected by bargaining power (i.e., control over resources) within households. Failure to account for this difference in preferences and control leads to underestimates of older couples' total food demand, and of their implied response (at both intensive and extensive margins) to a counterfactual experiment of replacing SNAP with a cash transfer program. I find that most eligible older households spend more on SNAP-eligible food than would be allowed by their SNAP benefits. Their spending patterns suggest that their poor diet is mainly due to low income rather than tastes. Overall these findings imply that a SNAP comparable cash transfer can be an effective tool to achieve the goals of the SNAP program. The second essay is joint work with my advisor Arthur Lewbel. We first prove identification of coefficients in a class of semiparametric models. We then apply these results to identify collective household consumption models. We extend the existing literature by proving point identification, rather than the weaker generic identification, of all the features of a collective household (including price effects). Moreover, we do so in a model where goods can be partly shared, and allowing children to have their own preferences, without observing child specific goods. We estimate the model using Japanese consumption data, where we find new results regarding the sharing and division of goods among husbands, wives, and children. The third essay is a joint paper with Tomoki Fujii. We study the intra-household inequality in resource allocation and bargaining within Japanese couples without children. We exploit a unique Japanese dataset in which individual private expenditures, savings, and time use information are available. From the data, we find that on average, the husband enjoys 1.5 times more purely private expenditures than the wife. However, the data only provides resource allocation on purely private expenditures, while 68 percent of household expenditures are devoted to the family, i.e., joint expenditures. We refer to the collective household literature in order to recover the unobserved sharing of total household expenditures, including both private and public goods. We find that the model-predicted sharing pattern is moderately consistent with the individual expenditure data. However, the intra-household inequality would be underestimated if we only use the sharing in purely private expenditures from the data. We find that Japanese wives are relatively disadvantaged to their husbands, no matter in purely private expenditures, total household expenditures, or gains from marriage. The findings in this paper provides certain external validity in terms of the collective household model of consumption, which we argue should be widely adopted in analyzing individual welfare in multi-person households. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

The level of savings in South Africa has been described as dismal and on the verge of becoming an economic crisis. Household savings has declined to a level of dissavingand is therefore in need of rectification. Savings can be broken down into household, corporate and government saving. The purpose of this research is to identify measures to improve household savings in South Africa. A critical review of household savings is conducted in chapter two utilising secondary data to examine household savings, identify factors affecting savings as well as establish measures to improve household savings. The study gathers primary data from 10leading economists and financial experts located in South Africa.A qualitative study is undertaken as it helps provide intrinsic information on the thoughts and opinions of the sample group on measures to improve household savings. The research has revealed that South African households are not saving sufficiently and that there are a few key factors affecting households savings. The key factors are indentified and investigated in the literature review and further examined by the respondents for their expert opinions. The respondents have identified thathousehold savings behaviours are insufficiently contributing to savings and there is a lack of a savings culture to encourage positive savings growth. Consumers are caught up in a web of consumerism with easy access to credit as a result of financial liberalisation. These two factors have created a debt trend and left many households in a downward spiral of debt. The respondents have identified the main factors affecting households as: savings culture,financial literacy, consumerism, income levels, education and interest rates. Measures identified to improve household savings are: Tax breaks, government incentives to saving, education, budgeting as well as developing a national culture of saving. These suggestions help outline a path for government, corporations and individuals to follow in achieving greater household savings. The research has outlined measures to improve household savings and stressed that there is no one single measure to rectify the savings dilemma, but rather it is to identify and acknowledge that the savings solution lies in addressing each of the factors affecting saving with a view to improving saving as a whole. / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2011.

Southern women’s greater autonomy versus northern women’s more traditional submission to the husband were hypothesized in 1984 to explain variations in Peruvian women’s fertility desires. An analysis of data from Peru 2004-2008 Continuous Demographic and Family Health Survey supports this hypothesis by showing a significant north-to-south growth of women’s control upon husband’s income and, less consistently, household purchasing decisions. These relationships are not explained by variables also correlated with meridionality, such as aboriginal ethnicity, women’s material/informational power, age difference with the husband’s, or working for cash. Findings suggest new hypotheses, concerning the distribution of assertiveness and warmth in the Peruvian territory. / Mayor autonomía de la mujer sureña versus mayor sometimiento tradicional al marido por la norteña fueron conjeturados en 1984 para explicar variaciones en el deseo fecundatorio de las mujeres peruanas. Un análisis de datos de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar Continua Perú 2004-2008 apoya esta hipótesis al revelar un crecimiento significativo de norte a sur del control de la mujer sobre el ingreso del cónyuge y, menos consistentemente, las decisiones adquisitivas hogareñas. Estas relaciones no son explicadas por variables correlacionadas, como la etnicidad indígena, poder material/informacional de la mujer, diferencia de edad con el marido, o que trabaje por dinero. Los hallazgos sugieren nuevas hipótesis, sobre la distribución de la asertividad y la calidez en el territorio peruano.

Combating infectious diseases and poverty are hot topics on the world development agenda. The vicious cycle of ill health and poverty is reinforced by a “medical poverty trap” relating to households being impoverished due to escalating illness-related out-of-pocket costs, especially in combination with loss of income due to incapacity to work. Evidence-based knowledge on the impacts of ill health on household welfare is essential to design adequate interventions and evaluate their efficiency. This thesis presents the findings of a critical review of studies assessing the impacts of infectious diseases on households’ ability to utilize their resources and generate income in rural Sub-Saharan Africa. The review revealed a dearth of relevant studies (merely 15), poor methodological quality in short-term geographically limited surveys, and large diversity in study design obstructing comparison of results and extraction of general conclusions. Major research obstacles are discussed and recommendations for coordination, standardization and scaling up of data collection that allows adequate impact assessment are suggested. Experimental intervention studies are recommended to improve quality and efficiency of interventions and guide prioritizing processes prior to large scale implementations to avoid waste of time and resources. The linkages between infectious diseases and poverty are complex and multifaceted and thus imply multi- and interdisciplinary research approaches. Collaboration between various disciplines like health sciences, economics, geography and sociology give opportunities of linking data in innovative ways to provide new insights and perspectives that have the potential to analyse the impacts of infectious diseases on poverty in a more comprehensive manner. Methodological standardisation and consensus will enable us to accumulate comparable results and scale up research and thereby contribute to foundation of efficient interventions to accomplish sustainable improvements in health and significant reductions in poverty. / Kampen mot infeksjonssykdommer og fattigdom er høyt prioritert på den globale agenda. Dårlig helse og fattigdom utgjør en ond sirkel som forsterkes av en ”medisinsk fattigdomsfelle” grunnet økende sykdomsrelaterte utgifter kombinert med tap av inntekt fordi sykdom hindrer en i å arbeide. Evidensbasert kunnskap om sykdommenes konsekvenser for husholdenes velferd er påkrevet for å utarbeide adekvate intervensjoner og evaluere deres effektivitet. Denne masteroppgaven presenterer resultatene av en kritisk gjennomgang av publiserte studier som analyserer effekter av infeksjonssykdommer på rurale husholds evne til å nyttiggjøre seg av sine ressurser og generere inntekt i afrikanske land sør for Sahara. Litteraturgjennomgangen avdekket få relevante studier (bare 15), svak metodologisk kvalitet i geografisk begrensede studier og stor diversitet i studiedesign. Diversiteten gjorde det nesten umulig å sammenlige resultater og sammenfatte generelle konklusjoner. De viktigste forskningsmessige hindringene diskuteres og det foreslås anbefalinger for koordinering, standardisering og oppskalering av datainnsamling som muliggjør adekvat konsekvensanalyse. Eksperimentelle intervensjonsstudier anbefales både som ledd i prioriteringsprosesser, for å bedre intervensjoners kvalitet og effektivitet og for å unngå sløsing med tid og ressurser før stor-skala implementeringer. Sammenhengen mellom infeksjonssykdommer og fattigdom er kompleks og mangesidig og innbyr dermed til flerfaglige og tverrfaglige tilnærminger. Samarbeid mellom ulike fagområder som medisin, økonomi, sosiologi og geografi åpner for muligheter til å kombinere data på innovative måter for å frembringe nye perspektiver og innsikter med potensiale til å analysere infeksjonssykdommers effekt på hushold mer omfattende og helhetlig. Metodologisk standardisering og konsensus åpner for oppskalering av forskningen og for akkumulering av sammenlignbare resultater. Slik kan investeringer i forskning bidra til å få kontroll med infeksjonssykdommer og legge forholdene bedre tilrette for økonomisk vekst i utviklingsland / <p>ISBN 978-91-85721-07-8</p>

Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2006.