The aim of the research is to find relationships that explain co-operative housing institutions through understanding the institution, management board and their decision making preferences. In the process of achieving the explanatory relationship, an analysis and overview of co-operative housing institutions is conducted with reference to the individual board member’s understanding of the institution. Individuals are reviewed in context of their contractual relationship within the management structure using a principal-agent continuum conceptualized from agency theory. Individual board members are subsequently required to make a practical decision based on their now defined understanding of the co-operative institutional context. This decision records individuals’ degree of self-interest behaviour as opposed to the institutional interest and individuals’ responsibility of equitable distribution of common pooled resources. Significant relationships were found to explain the degree of self-interest portrayed by board members for the cooperative institution and a relationship construct was devised to illustrate the various aspects. Recommendations were made to reduce the degree of self-interest behaviour that board members portray in favour of behaviour that is within the best interest of the institution. / Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / zkgibs2015 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / Unrestricted

In the current situation in the housing market and in particular the inner city much attention is directed towards achieved prices per square meter in sales. The indicator is as a principle an appropriate measure of the housing market’s health and development, and can to some extent be used to make approximations of the general economic health status of municipalities and counties. It occurs occasionally that questions about whether prices are based on fundamentals at all times.The thesis questions that very issue, not from a macro accompanying financial perspective but rather from a microeconomic perspective, where each tenant ownership in the study is a micro-object. Are the observed prices per square meter rational relative to housing cooperative’s assets or is there a lack in the observed prices anchoring the respective association's finances. A result that does not enhance the image that the observed prices are rational in relation to housing cooperative’s assets should be seen as a warning signal that the macro-economic part of the housing market in the area may be subject to irrational pricing, and as a consequence one might argue that the market as a whole is unbalanced. The result is that there are variations in the observed square meter prices and net assets. In most cases, the net asset is not huge, the average is just over 3000 sek per square meter, which means that the market is definitely not completely out of balance. But in this study, an image that reinforces the theory that the market would be rational has not been found. The link between the square meter price and net asset is not linear, in fact there is little to no correlation. The correlation between the fee and net assets, however is stronger, although it is not fully capitalized. The difference is that net assets is a key that shows how strong economy housing cooperative has, and as such it is directly connected to have large fee the cooperative has to charge its members to retain a sustainable economy. It has been shown in previous studies that the fee capitalization on housing prices is not very strong, at least not in Stockholm's inner city, especially Östermalm 1. With that conclusion in mind it is not entirely surprising that the net asset would have even smaller capitalization effect. There are some measures that reasonably ought to change the way the market is acting. Greater financial accountability of developers and estate agents and a better understanding and deeper insight into the economic factors that are directly related to the ownership of the housing cooperative sought. The market is not out of balance, but it would be more rational if the market looked beyond prices per square meters. / I dagens situation på bostadsmarknaden och i synnerhet innerstan riktas stor fokusering på uppnådda kvadratmeterpriser vid försäljningar. Nyckeltalet är som princip ett lämpligt mått på hur bostadsmarknaden utvecklas och mår, och kan i viss mån användas för att göra generellare ekonomiska hälsostatusar på kommuner och län. Det uppkommer emellanåt frågetecken kring om priserna är baserade på fundamenta alla gånger. Examensarbetet ifrågasätter just denna fråga, inte ur ett makroekonomiskt perspektiv utan snarare ur ett mikroekonomiskt perspektiv, där varje bostadsrätt i studien utgör ett mikro-objekt. Är de faktiska kvadratmeterpriserna rationella i förhållande till föreningars tillgångar och låneskulder eller saknar de observerade priserna koppling till respektive förenings ekonomi. Ett resultat som inte stärker bilden av att de observerade priserna är rationella i förhållande till föreningens ekonomiska situation bör ses som en varningssignal att den makro ekonomiska bostadsmarknaden för området inte är i balans. eftersöks. Marknaden är inte ur balans, men den skulle kunna bli mer rationell om marknaden tittade längre än kvadratmeterpriset Resultatet är att det finns variationer i de observerade kvadratmeter priserna och respektive objekts nettotillgångar. I de flesta fall är substansvärdena inte enorma, den genomsnittliga netto tillgången är drygt 3000 kronor per kvadratmeter, vilket innebär att marknaden definitivt inte är helt ur balans. Men i denna studie har en bild som som förstärker bilden av att marknaden skulle vara rationell inte funnits. Kopplingen mellan priset per kvadratmeter och netto tillgångar är inte linjär, i själva verket finns det liten eller ingen korrelation mellan dessa. Korrelationen mellan avgiften och nettotillgångar är starkare, även om det inte är helt kapitaliserad. Skillnaden mellan de två korrelationerna är att nettotillgångarna är en faktor som visar hur stark ekonomi bostadsrättsföreningen har, och som sådan är direkt ansluten till hur stor avgift föreningen måste belasta sina medlemmar med för att upprätthålla en hållbar ekonomi. Det har visats i tidigare studier att avgiftens kapitalisering på bostadspriserna inte är särskilt stark, åtminstone inte i Stockholms innerstad, särskilt beträffande Östermalm. Med den slutsatsen i åtanke är det inte helt förvånande att nettotillgångarna har ännu mindre kapitaliserings effekt. Ökad finansiell redovisningsskyldighet för föreningar och en bättre förståelse och djupare insikt i de ekonomiska faktorer som är direkt relaterade till ägandet av bostadsrättsföreningen borde eftersträvas. Marknaden är inte ur balans, men det skulle vara mer rationellt om marknaden såg bortom priserna per kvadratmeter.

Today, housing in Sweden is facing major maintenance needs, particularly those built during the Million Program. Many of these properties are owned by housing cooperatives that have to carry out extensive maintenance, to ensure that future generations have the opportunity to have attractive and sustainable housing. This requires maintenance planning that involves what and when maintenance will be performed, and how much it will cost. An important tool for maintenance planning is a plan that can maintain the properties’ quality and value. However, there is a lack of knowledge about maintenance plans and their importance in the long term property management. This candidate's work illuminates maintenance plans and examines how housing cooperative works with and follows up their plan in practice. Because many property owners neglect their maintenance plan, this study is meant to analyze improvements that make optimal plan to work with in the long term. Based on conducted interviews, the study has shown that the housing cooperative is actively working with their maintenance plan which involves annual inspection-rounds of all properties, and also has a budgetary provision for future maintenance. One key point is that the union is actively working to make the plan more manageable, which is done by transformation from CD to Excel based files. The study also shows that the main basis for long term optimal work with a maintenance plan is to make it easier to manage, which can be achieved by creating or transforming the plan to digitized data systems. / Idag står Sveriges bostadsbestånd inför ett stort underhållsbehov och framförallt inom bostäder som uppfördes under miljonprogrammet. Många av dessa bostäder ägs av bostadsrättsföreningar som måste genomföra omfattande underhållsinsatser för att säkerställa att framtida generationer har möjlighet till attraktiva och hållbara bostäder. Detta kräver underhållsplanering som innebär vad och när underhållsinsatser ska utföras samt hur mycket det kommer kosta. Ett viktigt verktyg för underhållsplanering är en underhållsplan som vidmakthåller fastigheternas funktioner och värde. Det finns emellertid brist i kunskap om underhållsplaner och deras betydelse i den långsiktiga fastighetsförvaltningen. Detta kandidatarbete belyser underhållsplaner och undersöker hur en bostadsrättsförening arbetar med och följer upp sin underhållsplan i praktiken. Eftersom många fastighetsägare inte arbetar med sin underhållsplan är denna studie tänkt analysera fram förbättringar som gör planen optimal att arbeta med ur ett långt perspektiv. Genom intervjuer har studien visat att bostadsrättsföreningen arbetar aktivt med underhållsplanen vilket innebär årliga kontrollronder av fastighetsutrymmen och budgetavsättning för framtida underhållsinsatser. En central tyngdpunkt är att föreningen jobbar med att göra planen enklare och tydligare genom omformning från en CD skiva till en Excel-fil. Studien visar att den främsta förutsättningen för ett långsiktigt optimalt arbete med en underhållsplan är att göra den enkel att hantera, vilket kan uppnås genom att skapa eller omforma underhållsplaner till digitaliserade datasystem.

Adequate and affordable housing for low-income residents is essential for the well being of the community. In the City of Vancouver, the majority of available low-income housing is located in the inner city and, in particular, the area around the Downtown Eastside neighborhood. The continued loss of units due to redevelopment and conversion is a serious concern in relation to the lagging replacement of units. This study explores the relationship between inner city gentrification and social housing provision. It looks at current gentrification trends in Canadian inner cities and uses the case example of the Four Sisters Housing Cooperative in the Downtown Eastside neighborhood to illustrate a possible model for future housing. Gentrification is shown to be a major factor behind the increased pressure for residential development and the conversion of existing units in the inner city. A second contributing factor is the planned redevelopment of large parts of the inner city. Both are considered by-products of the restructuring of the urban economy from manufacturing to the service industries, which increases competition for and around the central business district. The study provides a cursory examination of current theory on gentrification with an emphasis on the impact on social housing provision. A number of factors are shown to influence the demand for residential accommodation in Vancouver’s inner city. These are: -the favourable central location of the inner city relative to suburban locations; -the shift of the economy to the service sector, which has resulted in the growth of residential opportunities to capture the growing market of downtown workers; -the increase in tertiary and quaternary employment; -new consumer preferences which value the inner city lifestyle; -significant demographic changes related to the age, household size and composition, employment profile, and income of inner-city population; -the continued economic dominance of the downtown. Research carried out in various Canadian cities indicates that gentrification is becoming more complex, often moderate or gradual, and potentially chaotic. The observed encroachment of development activity, growth in the number of families, and the prognosis for new residents with a higher socioeconomic status, is a concern in terms of the future ability to develop housing for local residents and establish policy for the protection of existing private housing. The study shows that the Four Sisters Cooperative has achieved both practical and political goals by providing secure, long-term accommodation for Downtown Eastside residents, providing further economic stability in the area, and adding to the needed stock of family housing. Through its income base, the Four Sisters also caters to a rising demand for low-end market housing in the inner city. The new advocacy for family accommodation in the inner city on the part of the Vancouver Planning Department is evidence of the success of the project. The findings suggest that, as the Canadian inner city becomes more economically and socially diverse, initiatives like the Four Sisters are uniquely suited to respond effectively to the future need for long-term, low-income accommodation. However, the Four Sisters model is unlikely to be readily replicated in the difficult economic times ahead, particularly given the deep level of subsidy that it requires and the current fiscal constraints which all levels of government are under. This implies that future housing solutions must be formulated through government leadership and in cooperation with the community, all levels of government, the non-profit sector, and the private sector.

Adequate and affordable housing for low-income residents is essential for the well being of the community. In the City of Vancouver, the majority of available low-income housing is located in the inner city and, in particular, the area around the Downtown Eastside neighborhood. The continued loss of units due to redevelopment and conversion is a serious concern in relation to the lagging replacement of units. This study explores the relationship between inner city gentrification and social housing provision. It looks at current gentrification trends in Canadian inner cities and uses the case example of the Four Sisters Housing Cooperative in the Downtown Eastside neighborhood to illustrate a possible model for future housing. Gentrification is shown to be a major factor behind the increased pressure for residential development and the conversion of existing units in the inner city. A second contributing factor is the planned redevelopment of large parts of the inner city. Both are considered by-products of the restructuring of the urban economy from manufacturing to the service industries, which increases competition for and around the central business district. The study provides a cursory examination of current theory on gentrification with an emphasis on the impact on social housing provision. A number of factors are shown to influence the demand for residential accommodation in Vancouver’s inner city. These are: -the favourable central location of the inner city relative to suburban locations; -the shift of the economy to the service sector, which has resulted in the growth of residential opportunities to capture the growing market of downtown workers; -the increase in tertiary and quaternary employment; -new consumer preferences which value the inner city lifestyle; -significant demographic changes related to the age, household size and composition, employment profile, and income of inner-city population; -the continued economic dominance of the downtown. Research carried out in various Canadian cities indicates that gentrification is becoming more complex, often moderate or gradual, and potentially chaotic. The observed encroachment of development activity, growth in the number of families, and the prognosis for new residents with a higher socioeconomic status, is a concern in terms of the future ability to develop housing for local residents and establish policy for the protection of existing private housing. The study shows that the Four Sisters Cooperative has achieved both practical and political goals by providing secure, long-term accommodation for Downtown Eastside residents, providing further economic stability in the area, and adding to the needed stock of family housing. Through its income base, the Four Sisters also caters to a rising demand for low-end market housing in the inner city. The new advocacy for family accommodation in the inner city on the part of the Vancouver Planning Department is evidence of the success of the project. The findings suggest that, as the Canadian inner city becomes more economically and socially diverse, initiatives like the Four Sisters are uniquely suited to respond effectively to the future need for long-term, low-income accommodation. However, the Four Sisters model is unlikely to be readily replicated in the difficult economic times ahead, particularly given the deep level of subsidy that it requires and the current fiscal constraints which all levels of government are under. This implies that future housing solutions must be formulated through government leadership and in cooperation with the community, all levels of government, the non-profit sector, and the private sector. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The diploma project looks at founding of housing cooperatives caused by residential housing privatization. Privatization process and housing cooperatives evolvement in Czech Republic since 1989 year are outlined in the project. The project covers housing cooperatives aspects, establishment and specifics of housing cooperatives legal entity. Ways to privatize the community housing fund according to the community housing policy are explored and explained. Specifically the project studies the privatization process of the city of Prostejov residential housing fund.

The goal of my diploma thesis is to describe the problems of financing housing in flats owned by housing cooperatives, impact of economic on the price of flats or influence of the cooperative ownership on the selling price of the flat. In this work there are examined other factors which might motivate or demotivate new team members to join the cooperative in order to ensure their own housing.

By-laws of a cooperative Abstract My Master's degree thesis contents of seven chapters, each of them dealing with the by-laws of a cooperative, but each of them different preview. Reason, why I decided wrote this thesis, is that this area of law allows many different modifications. These modification are important for existence a cooperative, member of a cooperative and other people, which act with a cooperative. Other reason, why I decide wrote this thesis, is that a cooperatives are different from other companies. The aim of first chapter of my thesis is introducing a cooperative such as the term - a cooperative is company business entity, where usually member's personal liability is limited by amount of contribution, his history and principles, which are bases of a cooperative. The second chapter explaines that by-laws are contract concluded between members of cooperative and this concludation is process "sui generis". They have nature such as "constitution" for the cooperative and as Memorandum of Association for other companies. The chapter number three describes basic characters of by-laws of a cooperative. These characters consist especially on subchapter. Special subchapters deal with the force by- laws, invalidity by-laws, establishing or change by-laws. Following two chapters compares provisions...

The goal of this thesis is to evaluate and analyse legislation of membership rights and responsibilities transfer in cooperatives in Czech Republic. The legislation of this institution is quite austere and ambiguous leading to various problems in practice. This thesis is divided into five parts. The first part defines main sources of legislation on which current cooperatives are based on. The second part defines basic concepts of cooperative law, e.g. a cooperative, membership, membership share, membership rights and responsibilities and their relations. This part presents cooperative principles and outlines basic structure of each type of cooperative. The third one is the main part of the thesis and deals with legislation of membership rights transfer and responsibilities in general. It contains analysis of the specifics of membership rights and responsibilities among cooperative members and transfer between a cooperative member and a third person - a non-member. In addition, peculiarities of membership transfer in housing cooperatives are discussed. The next chapters focus in detail on legislation applied to the rights and responsibilities agreement, its content formalities, characteristics of the parties, issues of (non)corruption and its form. The fourth part contains a detailed explanation of...

The transfer of ownership of cooperative apartments The thesis deals with the issue of the transfer of property of cooperative apartments which is a topic frequently approached due to a large number of members of the cooperatives who still haven't settled their legal claims against the housing cooperatives. The housing cooperatives will keep their importance even with the new civil code being applicable. The purpose of the thesis is to analyze legal regulation concerning transfers of ownership of apartments from the housing cooperatives to their members, concentrating especially on the conditions, fulfilling of which establishes an obligation for the cooperative to conclude the contract with their members in order to transfer the ownership of cooperative units. The thesis also attempts to describe some changes brought into the legal system by the new civil code. The thesis is composed of four chapters which are further divided into subchapters. Chapter One is dedicated to the definition of the essential concepts used in the thesis. Considering the transfer of ownership, it is necessary to denominate the parties of the relationship which are the housing cooperative on one side and the member the housing cooperative, and the subject to the property right or claim - cooperative apartment. Chapter Two...