This research project investigates black cognitive structuring of their residential environment in the Grahamstown location. A clinical psychological method (repertory grid method) was used to elicit the construct systems of residents. The associative construct theory formulated by Kelly (1955) was used in interpreting the data set from the liberal perspective. The radical perspective demonstrated an alternative interpretation. A focus of the study centres around the possible implications of this type of research for planning action. The results showed that the repertory grid did appear to accurately reflect people's construing systems regarding their circumstances and behaviour. However, Kelly's (1955) Personal Construct Theory proved inadequate as a theory of explanation as to why people construed in the manner they did. To enhance this explanation, the marxist approach to the theory of knowledge was investigated.

M.Com. ( Business Management) / The dire shortage of low cost housing in South Africa has a detrimental effect on both the social and economic welfare of the country. On comparison of the percentage that housing construction comprises of the Gross Domestic Product in South Africa to the international experience, it becomes clear that this country lags behind the international trend for countries on a comparable level of economic development. Given the multiplier effect that construction causes in the economy, the importance of increased expenditure on housing become paramount.The current shortage of low cost housing, especially amongst the black population is partly the legacy of the policy of separate development followed by the National Party since 1948. Because black people were regarded as temporary citizens insufficient funds were allocated by the fiscus in the national budget. The shortage of low cost housing has increased to the point where the backlog of houses is estimate at 188 000 houses.This is beyond the ability of the fiscus to address. The need to mobilise private sector finance in the quest to eradicate this backlog is clear. Efforts by the government to supply low cost housing has met with limited success due to intervention by the mass based organisations, such as the South African National Civics Organisation. The financial institutions has withdrawn from the low cost housing market because of the losses suffered as a result of the bond boycott. A further factor inhibiting low cost housing development is the plethora of rules and regulations governing township development. The high standard of servicing required for a stand has placed the price of a serviced stand outside the affordability of the financially disadvantaged part of the population. The need to apply third world standard to a third world problem is evident. There is a need for holistic approach to the housing problem, an approach based on the co-operation of all the players in the housing field. Such a strategy can be negotiated at a representative forum such as the National Housing Forum. This can ensure the participation of communities, the government, financial institutions, private sector developers and the representatives of the mass based organisations.

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Development Studies in the Department of Anthropology and Development Studies at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2014. / The question of basic housing for the poor majority of the world’s population remains a festering global development challenge given the plethora of housing delivery models which abound. In South Africa, the capital subsidy scheme and the comprehensive plan for the development of sustainable human settlements are the dominant policy models that the post-apartheid government has used to deliver low-cost housing for poor South Africans. While it has recorded some successes, records show between 1994 and 2013, the housing backlog actually doubled and housing targets have never been met. The rapid proliferations of slums and informal settlements as well as widespread protests over housing are indicators of the failures of housing delivery in South Africa. This study therefore sought to critically assess the effectiveness of the existing housing delivery models/mechanisms in KwaZulu-Natal with a view to develop an alternative approach for low-cost housing delivery in the province. Using a triangulation of research approaches, data collection methods and analysis, the study did an extensive review of secondary and primary literature, surveyed 173 respondents and conducted 27 key-person interviews in two District Municipalities (Uthungulu and eThekwini) in the province. The study found that the capital subsidy scheme which is largely market-centered has not only failed to house the poor in the study areas, but has also perpetuated poverty as ownership of houses has not contributed to enhancing and sustaining livelihoods. The comprehensive model which was an improvement over the capital subsidy scheme has also failed in this regard. At the core of this challenge is the top-down nature of these models which exclude the vital contributions of the beneficiaries. The consequence of this exclusion is a misplaced conceptualization of what housing means to the poor in terms of sustainable livelihoods. Generally, the study revealed that non- integration of all capital assets such as individual economy, financial capital, social capital and natural capital in housing delivery projects, will not translate into the growth of the poor. The study therefore highlighted the need for and proposed an alternative housing delivery model that is inclusive, transparent, area-focused and evidence-based. This comprehensive participatory model integrates all capitals necessary to develop and capacitate the poor as it appropriates their economic/financial capital, social capital and natural capitals. It aims to build and enhance poor people’s livelihoods, and therefore address challenges such as poverty and unemployment. The model focuses on enhancing the current delivery systems. Apart from the proposed participatory model, the study makes a number of specific policy recommendations to facilitate the proposed model which include the following; first, participatory processes such as the IDPs at local municipal levels should be used to facilitate people’s participation in the whole process, from conception, planning, implementation and evaluation. Second, participation from site demarcation and in land use allocation and allocation of housing units by the poor themselves is recommended to help curb corrupt practices around allocation. Third, employment creation should be factored into the location of housing. This should be treated as part of the planning process not an after-thought or ‘add-on’ type of activity. Fourth, housing planning and implementation should be evidenced-based to be meaningful. The KwaZulu-Natal Research Forum in collaboration with the Department of Human Settlements and Statistics South Africa conduct regular research into housing needs, requirements and their relationship to sustainable livelihoods before embarking on building and delivering houses. Lastly, the Department of Human Settlements in collaboration with Provincial and Municipal governments should conduct regular post-occupancy evaluation as it

Thesis presented in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Management (in the field of Public Sector Monitoring and Evaluation) to the Faculty of Commerce, Law, and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, March 2018 / The purpose of this research was to assess beneficiaries’ perceptions regarding improvements in their safety and residential quality of life following a housing intervention programme in Itsoseng Informal Settlement. Initially, this study interrogated literature to comprehend assessments carried out in various housing interventions. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs, Quality of Life Theory and Max- Neef Human Needs Theory of Development were the theoretical frameworks used to understand how beneficiaries perceived the upgrading programme. Improvement in their residential quality of life is realised through the possibilities that are available to satisfy their crucial needs. For this reason, this research focused on assessing the beneficiaries’ perceptions on their safety and residential quality of life following the upgrade programme. Univariate analysis, bivariate analysis, paired sample t-test statistics and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilised to analyse the perceptions of beneficiaries following a housing upgrade. The findings showed a good level of agreement between beneficiaries regarding their safety and residential quality of life, and there were no significant difference in the perceptions of male and female beneficiaries. Open-ended questions gave insight on the need to further improve beneficiaries’ satisfaction, particularly regarding services such as electricity, clinics, schools and safety walls. Pulling all these things together, the study highlighted the need to prioritise the preferences of beneficiaries, complemented by a comprehensive improvement on safety and residential quality of life to ensure user satisfaction. Insights from the findings further highlighted that holistic improvement in housing conditions, safety, basic services, building a good sense of belonging and tenure security is crucial and goes a long way towards enhancing improvement in the residential quality of life. This study facilitated the recommendations on improvement in the design of the houses in order to satisfy human needs rather than just focusing on the physical aspects of the house. This further allowed this study to emphasise that development is about people not objects, and that it is vital to steer the development process. / XL2019

<p>In this report, housing development and perticipation of communities are examined. Although houses have been build in certain areas of Khayelitsha , there is a slow delivery and there is a lack of public involvement in housing programme to decide about the future of the community. In order for any development to be sustainable it must be driven by affected people with a sense of ownership being engendered to them. This holistic approach for housing development is in line up with the current government policy on the matter.</p>

M. Tech. Architectural Technology / The provision of affordable housing for poor and previously disadvantaged South Africans is predominantly focused on legislation, and the development and implementation of national and regional housing policies and programs. Although low-income, single, black mothers (identified as the research group for the purpose of this study) are recognised as a marginalised group, their difficulties in acquiring adequate housing have yet to be properly addressed. This study has three main areas of concern. Firstly, it investigates current housing legislation, programs and practices. Secondly, it analyses the historic and cultural traditions, as well as the socio-economic factors that adversely contribute to the inability of low-income, female-headed families gaining access to housing. Thirdly, a questionnaire survey, conducted among a sample group of women, not only highlights the difficulties they face when applying for housing, but also identifies their specific needs.

"A significant number of households in need of housing in South Africa can afford to access housing credit, provided that this is available. Such credit is currently not readily accessible by most of such home seekers. Unlocking housing credit is therefore seen as a fundamental requirement in order to facilitate the ongoing improvement of the housing circumstances of such households" (Housing White Paper, 1994). Restricted access and unavailability of housing end-user finance is one of the critical challenges which faces the government in general, and the Department of Housing in particular. Access to end-user finance is limited due to many reasons which the study will identify. This study primarily looks at the access and availability of housing end-user finance to the low income earners. Basically it attempts to explore the impact of Non-Traditional Lenders in the provision of end-user finance to the poor. Non-traditional lenders refer to any lender who is not a traditional retail finance lender/company. The study looks at the National Housing Finance Corporation (NHFC) and the National Urban Reconstruction and Housing Agency's (NURCHA) attempts to mobilise housing credit. It closely pays special attention to the strategies used to mobilise the much-needed credit, their impact and the problems they encounter. This is done with the sole purpose of establishing whether or not it is possible to extend their scope to cater for the low income housing market. To realise this purpose, the study follows the path undertaken by these two institutions in terms of impacting to the poor. Agishana Credit Company's activities were investigated in order to determine Nurcha's impact, and Ithala Development Finance Corporation for the NHFC. Further, a path will be established to determine the impact of these retail lenders on the poor. Thus, Pioneer Park housing project is surveyed to determine Ithala's lending activities as well as Thembalihle (Glenwood 2) housing project for Agishana. It is paramount to indicate that both the NHFC and Nurcha do not lend to a man on the street, but deal with retail lenders. In essence, the NHFC attempts to open the floodgates of housing credit by funding intermediary lenders that on-lend to individual beneficiaries, while on the other hand, Nurcha guarantees activities by these intermediary lenders. This study is divided into five chapters. Chapter one broadly gives an overview of problems regarding access and availability of housing end-user finance and also outlines the research methodology employed. Chapter two identifies and discusses the different housing delivery systems, as well as gives a vivid picture on the functioning of non-traditional lenders. It provides both international and national experiences that proves that it is feasible to provide housing loans to the poor. Chapter three aims at offering historical background of the four institutions. It identifies their missions, sources of funds, nature of clientele, key activities and the strategies they employ with regards to defaults. Chapter four provides the finding and analysis of the surveys conducted. Firstly, a brief background of the case study areas is outlined. Then findings of the study reveal that it is safe to lend to low income households. This proves that there is a potential to successfully lend to this market without running at a loss. Chapter five is a summary of the research findings, conclusions and recommendations. The findings of the study point out that there is a place for provision of housing credit to the poor. To that end, the study recommends that, what is needed to significantly provide housing loans to this market is the amalgamation of the NHFC and Nurcha's activities; establishment of more lending institutions; encouragement of savings for housing purposes; as well as commitment to innovatively devise and introduce new lending products to cater for this market, which is equally met with strategies to level the play field in terms of legislation so that lending institutions can participate in this housing market at scale. / Thesis (M.Arch.)-University of Natal, 2000.

The study explores the factors hampering the growth of a sustainable lower middle income (LMI) housing market. The LMI group includes members of the working class who earn between R3,500 and R7,000 per month. The motivation for the research followed an observation made in 2003, that the policies of both the Department of Housing and the traditional banking system excluded this income category from accessing housing assistance. However, during the course of the study, the state started extending subsidy assistance to this income group, through the Breaking New Ground (BNG) policy. The study employed oral and written data collection methods. The housing market participants was divided into three broad categories, namely, demand side participants, supply side participants and the housing market facilitators. Interviews were conducted with both supply side participants and facilitators. On the demand side a questionnaire survey was conducted to establish the experiences of households in respect of the home acquisition process. The research findings revealed that LMI households require a housing typology which is described as a two bedroom detached starter house, within close proximity to a public transport system, and other community facilities for ease of accessibility. The data showed that the LMI households required financial education before getting involved in the home acquisition transaction. In addition, it emerged that professional services offered by the estate agents were not being fully utilized by the LMI households simply because the households were not aware of the responsibility of the agents in the home acquisition transaction process. It is maintained that the LMI housing market is inundated with multi-faceted hurdles from both intrinsic and extrinsic sources. The intrinsic sources include household character, past experiences amongst others, while the extrinsic sources comprise housing stock availability, loan approval criteria, etc. These hurdles require both long and short term interventions addressing the convoluted home acquisition process which involves various facilitators and a costly immovable product. In conclusion, it is recommended that demand side home ownership education is necessary, whereby LMI households are prepared for the home acquisition process. On the supply side long and short term interventions are recommended towards creating enabling environments for the supply of starter houses located close to neighbourhood facilities particularly a reliable transport network. / Thesis (M.Housing)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

<p>In this report, housing development and perticipation of communities are examined. Although houses have been build in certain areas of Khayelitsha , there is a slow delivery and there is a lack of public involvement in housing programme to decide about the future of the community. In order for any development to be sustainable it must be driven by affected people with a sense of ownership being engendered to them. This holistic approach for housing development is in line up with the current government policy on the matter.</p>

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / In this report, housing development and perticipation of communities are examined. Although houses have been build in certain areas of Khayelitsha , there is a slow delivery and there is a lack of public involvement in housing programme to decide about the future of the community. In order for any development to be sustainable it must be driven by affected people with a sense of ownership being engendered to them. This holistic approach for housing development is in line up with the current government policy on the matter. / South Africa