The gecekondu settlements emerged as a grassroots solution to the housing problem of migrant population in the lack of effective state intervention. Although most of these settlements gained legal status and title deeds in the following decades, they were still considered to be problem to be solved in due process. Starting from the mid-1980s, as a result of the so-called rehabilitation plans, considerable part of the gecekondu areas underwent a rapid redevelopment process through the market mechanism. The gecekondu owners gave their land to individual small scale developers in return for some portion of flats built in the land plot. However in the 2000s this strategy has changed with the introduction of state-led urban transformation projects. Transformation processes have started to consider the large gecekondu areas rather than the individual land plots as the unit of redevelopment. This brought the market model to a halt as well. It is not any more possible for the gecekondu owners to negotiate with the developers. Instead they have to deal with municipalities. Likewise the share of the gecekondu owners from the emerging rent declined dramatically as well. Such a model meets considerable resistance from the gecekondu owners. They see this process highly unfair and many of them decline to sign the agreement documents with municipal authorities. However there are also segments of gecekondu owners who accept the offer of the public authorities. The main aim of this thesis is to analyse the urban transformation projects with regard to the attitudes of the gecekondu dwellers. The question intended to be answered by the thesis is as to why some of the owner accept the offers while the others decline. While doing this, thesis also raise some further issues beyond the distribution of emerging rents such as the destruction of local communities and their life styles.

This thesis investigates the transformation of cities under the influence of globalization and the socio-spatial impacts of the process. The thesis asserts that global processes, with their neo-liberal agenda, influence the creation of new urban environments and new conditions of living and working in cities by triggering new dynamics in the functioning of certain urban mechanisms such as labour and land markets, which are conceptualized in the study as &lsquo / urban interface mechanisms&rsquo / . The thesis also asserts that as well as the ongoing functioning of urban interface mechanisms, the resilience of urban inhabitants is also an important determinant of the socio-spatial outcomes of the experienced urban transformation. The influence of new dynamics in labour and land markets are discussed for understanding how the changes in the conditions of living and working for urban inhabitants are created, how the different types of vulnerabilities and opportunities for urban inhabitants are created within this process and what is the role of social resilience, measured by the adaptive capacity of the inhabitants, in the determination of the socio-spatial effects of the urban transformation process. In order to answer these questions a research study had been conducted in a growing business centre in Istanbul, the Levent &ndash / Maslak axis, and in the surrounding neighbourhoods, which have different physical, functional and socio-economic patterns. The experience of different inhabitant groups had been investigated and compared in order to understand the parts played by neo-liberal policies, functioning of interface mechanisms and social resilience in the experienced outcomes of urban transformation.

The aim of this thesis is to explore the different forms of global integration and artistic and economic performance factors in order to explain their contribution to the development of film industry as one of the &ldquo / core cultural industries&rdquo / (Hesmondhalgh, 2007, s. 12) accepted as &ldquo / the driver of local economic development at selected locations like cosmopolitan cities&rdquo / (Scott, 2004a, p. 463). In this regard, this thesis attempts to explore globalization process of film industry within different forms of integration and artistic and economic success factors for films and film companies. The main hypothesis of the thesis is that globally integrated film industry is the outcome of artistic and economic successes at film, firm, and organizational level and the function of strong local and global networks, different forms of production strategies and social network structures as well as the high level of social, human, and material capital. Thus, while film, firm and organization specific variables and their effects are tried to be examined for economic performances / human, social, and economic capitals are explored for artistic performances. For the identification of the level of global integration and artistic and economic successes for Istanbul film industry both qualitative and quantitative methods are employed together with social network analysis throughout the thesis. In this way, this thesis describes the types and levels of integration for the case study area and evaluates its relative successes gained in the domestic market with the perspective of global film market. The analyses show that it is a fast growing industry in Istanbul and has managed to succeed in global market at different levels with different strategies. However, the findings demonstrate that production organization of film industry, which is generating economic growth in domestic market / remain incapable against the changing dynamics of film industry in global market. It is still small scale industrial activity and located on the periphery of global film market. For the global integration and sustainable economic growth, it seems very difficult to maintain the existing dynamics of film production in Istanbul.

With the industrial revolution, the world was acquainted with the concept of speed. &bdquo / Speed

This thesis examines the economic effects of cultural diversity; it focuses on recent experience in British cities, and on links between migrant and minority communities, diversity and innovation. Like many western societies Britain is becoming more culturally diverse, a largely urban process driven by net immigration and growing minority communities. Despite significant public interest we know little about the economic impacts. This PhD aims to fill these major gaps. First, I explore connections between diversity, immigration and urban outcomes. I ask: does diversity help or hinder urban economic performance? Initial cross-sectional analysis finds positive associations between ‘super-diversity’ and urban wages. Using panel data and instruments to establish causality, I find that net immigration helps raise native productivity, especially for high-skilled workers, but may help exclude lower-skill natives from employment opportunities. De-industrialisation and casualization of entrylevel occupations partly explain the employment results. Next I investigate links between co-ethnic groups, cultural diversity and innovation. I explore effects of co-ethnic and diverse inventor groups on individual members’ patenting rates, using patents microdata and a novel name classification system. Controlling for individuals’ human capital, I find small positive effects of South Asian and Southern European co-ethnic membership. Overall group diversity also helps raise individual inventors’ productivity. I find mixed evidence of effects on majority patenting. I then explore the case of London in detail, using a unique survey of the capital’s firms. I ask: does organisational diversity or migrant/ethnic ownership influence firms’ product and process innovation? Results show small positive effects of diverse managements on ideas generation. Diverse firms are more likely than homogenous firms to sell into London’s large, cosmopolitan home markets as well as into international markets. Migrant entrepreneurship helps explain the main result. Together, these papers make important contributions to a small but growing literature on diversity, innovation and economic development

This thesis aims to answer the following question: How do environmental movement networks sustain collective action in order to influence forest tenure reforms in Indonesia? In doing so, it expressly relies on a relational approach to social movement studies that recognizes the interaction between the social structure and agency and the role of culture in shaping social movement networks. It relies on a mixed methods research design to study the forms and features of networks as well as the context, the meaning and the ongoing social processes that underlie environmental networks. The first paper provides a macro-level analysis of the changing political context and of the forces internal to the environmental movement that have led to reforms in forest tenure policies in the last decade in Indonesia. The second paper presents the research design of the thesis and discusses how specific theoretical approaches to social movement networks affect the choice of analytical methods and how relational approaches call for the use of mixed methods. The rest of the thesis analyzes meso-level features of inter-organizational networking among environmental movement organizations (EMOs) and between EMOs and state actors. The third paper examines the role communication networks among EMOs in coalition work and illustrates how environmental values and common discursive practices can be important coalescing forces. The fourth paper investigates the role of external institutionalization, contention and cooperation in relational forms of activism with state actors. It analyzes how the environmental movement, despite the use of moderate tactics, has avoided co-optation. The fifth paper investigates the contingency of political opportunities at the mesolevel. It suggests that at the inter-organizational level access to the state is dependent on the type of actors involved, their behavior and experiences, and the issue of contention, and it shows that EMOs can in part shape political opportunities

This thesis is about inter-generational relationships and the reproduction of culture in the family lives of Hong Kong Chinese people in Scotland. It is based on fifteen months of ethnographic fieldwork and informal interviews in family homes, Chinese language schools and community organizations in Edinburgh. A central question is that of ethnicity and how people learn to “be ethnic” while living in a Western, multicultural society. The first part asks what Scottish-born Chinese children learn about ethnicity through growing up in families who work in the ethnic catering trade. Chapter 1 introduces the themes of ambition and achievement, and the mixed emotions associated with this sometimes-stigmatized occupation. Chapter 2 focuses on ideas about the duties of parents, drawing on life stories of three generations of Chinese Scots to describe their decisions concerning childcare and schooling. The second section concerns the learning of specific cultural practices – language and handicrafts – in the institutional context of Chinese complementary schools. Chapters 3 and 4 show that these are important spaces where people feel part of a group with shared moral responsibility for the maintenance and transmission of culture. The question of “authenticity” in both cultural practice and interpersonal relationships is discussed. Chapters 5 and 6 explore how Hong Kong Chinese Scots are responding to the rise of China as a global economic and cultural power. Ethnographic data from Chinese New Year celebrations in Edinburgh, and Mandarin language classes for Cantonese-speaking children suggest that people may engage in “inauthentic” cultural practices for strategic economic or political reasons. However, these articulations of ethnic identity are also important for the nurture of inter-generational relationships. The thesis concludes with the argument that Chinese Scots take a futureorientated approach to family and community life, drawing selectively on the resources of inter-ethnic ties and language to prepare their children for a changing economic and social environment

Much has been written about the need to involve communities in efforts to reduce HIV stigma. However less is known about the psycho-social pathways between participation and stigma reduction or the most appropriate strategies for ensuring such participation. Drawing on Campbell’s social psychological conceptualisation of social capital and the ‘HIV competent community’, this study explores how community groups in eastern Zimbabwe, and in particular churches--the most established formal social network in the area--tackle HIV stigma, drawing on data collected between 2005 and 2009. The thesis explores four issues: the effect of participation in community groups on stigmatizing attitudes; the extent to which church groups perpetuate or reduce stigma; possible differences between the role played by the Protestant, Apostolic and Catholic churches in relation to stigma and the potential for using the ‘community conversations’ (CCs) approach to develop more effective responses to stigma amongst the three churches. The quantitative analysis from over 15,000 respondents used multivariable logistic regression modelling to explore relationships between participation and stigmatizing attitudes. Fewer of the individuals who participated in community groups than those who did not were found to report stigmatising attitudes towards people living with HIV (PLHIV). The qualitative research involved a total of 30 individual interviews and 24 CCs and explored how church groups respond to PLHIV. Participants discussed the strategies to combat HIV stigma and suggested that the church facilitated unhelpful attitudes, as well as helpful attitudes and actions. CCs workshops provided participants with opportunities to formulate a range of creative plans to tackle stigma in their communities. However over time it emerged that various obstacles stood in the way of putting these plans into action in their lives beyond the context of workshop discussions. l conclude that CCs have an important role to play in promoting reflection and action planning amongst participants. However, external constraints limit the extent to which people are able to turn this reflection and planning into action. To address these constraints I argue for the need to create sustainable bridges with external support agencies.

Late eighteenth-century Britain was dominated by two features of economic life that were a major departure from previous eras, the economic growth of the Industrial Revolution and almost constant warfare conducted on a previously unprecedented scale. One consequence of this was the rapid expansion, diversification and development of the professions. Sociologists and economists have often argued that economic development and modernisation leads to increasing rates of social mobility. However, historians of the army and professions in the eighteenth-century claim the upper levels of the army were usually isolated from mobility as the highest ranks were dominated by sons of the aristocracy and landed elite. Some claim social status was more important for career success in the late eighteenth-century army compared to its earlier counterpart, which if true may have led to declining rates of social mobility for the upper levels of the army. This PhD thesis investigates the limits of social mobility during this period by examining the social origins and career patterns of the highest professional rank in the army, generals. This study finds that generals were not isolated from social mobility. Modernisation did lead to increasing rates of social mobility among generals. However, mobility was limited in some respects. The rates of social mobility for generals were much lower than ordinary officers. In addition, most moves up the social hierarchy were fairly shallow. Generals usually came from relatively high levels of society and hence they were generally only moving from a high social position to a slightly higher one.

This thesis is an ethnographic study of the implementation of the Zero-Hunger Programme (PFZ), the Brazilian government’s main development project, in its pilot community, the rural village of Guaribas in Northeast Brazil. It examines the economic, political, and social impact of project policies on local institutions and practices, highlighting the discrepancy between PFZ’s stated goals and its achievements five years after its inception. Despite the conspicuous shortcomings of project initiatives, PFZ intervention has yielded instrumental “side effects” for the Brazilian government, such as the expansion of state capacity and bureaucratic power, and the conversion of social policy into political capital for propaganda. Recent scholarship on development attributes to these “instrumental effects”, which enhance state jurisdiction and social control, the systematic reproduction of development projects in spite of their perceived failures. Similarly, I argue that PFZ is linked to a specific project of governance whose object is ultimately the shaping of human capacities for the production of cooperative subjects. Through the expansion of public education, the calculated use of mass media artefacts, and workshops in “citizenship education”, self-esteem, beauty, and hygiene, PFZ aims at a major reform of its beneficiaries’ skills, attitudes, aspirations, and psychological dispositions. In this sense, PFZ can be described as the instrument of a civilizing enterprise tied to a project of governance. This thesis contributes to the literature on development, which has typically focused on development projects in South Asia, Africa, and Southeast Asia as vehicles for sociopolitical control, by describing novel strategies of a recent development project in a region understudied by development scholarship.