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This thesis examines the changes that occurred in the French identity of Huguenot immigrants to colonial Carolina. In their pursuit of prosperity and religious toleration, the Huguenots' identity evolved from one of French religious refugees to that of white South Carolinians. How and why this evolution occurred is the focus of this study. Upon arriving in the colony in the 1680s and 1690s, the Huguenots' identity was based on several common factors: their French language, their Calvinist religion, and their French heritage. As the immigrant group began to build their new lives in Carolina, these identifying factors began to disappear. The first generation's identity evolved from French immigrants to British subjects when they were challenged on the issues of their political and religious rights and, in response to these challenges, requested to become naturalized subjects. The second generation faced economic challenges that pitted planters against the wealthier merchants in a colony-wide debate over the printing of paper currency. This conflict created divisions within the Huguenot group as well and furthered their identity from British subjects to planters or merchants. Another shift in the Huguenots' identity took place within the third generation when they were faced with a slave uprising in 1739. The Huguenots' involvement in finding a legislative solution to the revolt completes this evolutionary process as the grandchildren of the immigrant generation become white South Carolinians. This thesis expands the historical data available on immigrant groups and their behaviors within colonial settlements.

Dans un livre publié en 2014, Marie-Claude Rocher signe une introduction où il est affirmé qu’après la Conquête quelques protestants francophones pratiquaient un culte discret dans la Province de Québec. Dans la préface du même ouvrage, Philippe Joutard invite les jeunes chercheurs à étudier l’hypothèse d’un « marranisme huguenot » en Amérique du Nord. Avant 2014, jamais aucun historien n’avait avancé avec autant de force l’idée d’une continuité sur le territoire du Québec entre les protestants en Nouvelle-France et le protestantisme du 19e siècle. Ce nouveau concept de « marranisme huguenot » n’avait jamais encore fait l’objet d’un projet de recherche. Il convenait donc de s’y lancer. De nature essentiellement historiographique, cette étude tente donc d’éclairer comment a pu se former la thèse du « marranisme huguenot » tout en évaluant aussi sa plausibilité. En plus d’un regard historiographique sur le protestantisme québécois allant de la Nouvelle-France jusqu’au début 20e siècle, cette étude opte pour une comparaison de la thèse du « marranisme huguenot » avec les phénomènes de religiosité souterraine qu’ont été le marranisme juif, le valdéisme et le protestantisme français. / In a book published in 2014, Marie-Claude Rocher signs an introduction where it is stated that after the Conquest some French Protestants practiced a discreet cult in the Province of Quebec. In the preface of the same book, Philippe Joutard invites young researchers to study the hypothesis of a "Huguenot Marranism" in North America. Before 2014, no historian had advanced as far as these two, the idea of continuity in Quebec between Protestants in New France and Protestantism in the 19th century This new concept of "Huguenot Marranism" had never been the subject of a research project. It was therefore necessary to start there. Of an essentially historiographical nature, this study attempts to shed light on how the "Huguenot Marranism" thesis was formed while also assessing the plausibility of the thesis. In addition to a historiographic look at Quebec Protestantism from New France to the beginning of the 20th century, this study opts for a comparison of the thesis of "Huguenot Marranism" with the phenomena of underground religiosity that have been Jewish Marranism, the Waldensians, and French Protestantism.

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Henri de La Tour d’Auvergne (1555-1623), vicomte de Turenne, maréchal et duc de Bouillon, est l’un des principaux lieutenants d’Henri de Navarre pendant les guerres de religion. Jouissant d’une belle longévité, il est impliqué dans la plupart des événements politiques des années 1570, avec la formation du mouvement des Malcontents, à sa mort, en particulier sous la régence de Marie de Médicis et lors du déclenchement de la guerre de Trente ans. L’approche du personnage a longtemps été brouillée par les campagnes de libelles lancées contre lui à la fin de sa vie et par les critiques de Sully, Richelieu et Rohan dans leurs mémoires, qui font de lui un éternel trublion, ingrat à l’égard du roi et prompt à la révolte. Cette dégradation de son image s’explique par le contexte politique des années 1610 au cours desquelles il joue un rôle majeur. Elle constitue une réaction à la spectaculaire affirmation politique et sociale de la maison La Tour d’Auvergne depuis le milieu du XVe siècle, processus dans lequel il joue un rôle décisif. Elle s’explique par la tension dynamique qui apparaît, à partir de son avènement à Sedan en 1591, entre ses fonctions de sujet du roi de France, de chef de file du parti protestant et de prince souverain étranger. Henri de La Tour jouit d’une grande capacité d’action en raison de sa polyvalence – ambassadeur, chef de guerre, prince lettré, bâtisseur, législateur – et des puissants réseaux dans lesquels il s’intègre, et qu’il contrôle parfois, dans le royaume de France et dans l’Europe protestante. / Henri de La Tour d’Auvergne (1555-1623), viscount of Turenne and maréchal-duc de Bouillon, was one of Henri de Navarre’s principal lieutenants during the French Wars of Religion. Having lived a long life, he was involved in most of the political events during the 1570’s, from the creation of the Malcontents, to his death, particularily during the reign of Marie de Medicis and the Thirty years war. Towards the end of his life, satirical writings and criticism from Sully, Richelieu and Rohan, marred understanding of his actions, portraying him as a perpetual troublemaker, ungrateful to the king and quick to revolt. This negative portrait of his character is due to the political context of the 1610’s during which he was one of the main figures. Such a distortion is a reaction to the spectacular political and social ascent of the House of La Tour d’Auvergne from the middle of XVth century onwards in which he played a leading role. It is also due to a dynamic tension starting with his arrival in Sedan in 1591, in his duties as a subject of the King of France, as leader of the Huguenots and as a sovereign prince abroad. His great reactivity is explained by his varied functions – as ambassador, war leader, a well-read prince, builder, legislator – and his participation at the heart of powerful networks, which he sometimes controlled, throughout the Kingdom of France and Protestant Europe.

Il s'agira d'étudier plus précisément le refuge huguenot ‘’nordiste’’' qui s'est créé en Hollande des années 1580 au milieu du XVIIème siècle. Le protestantisme était très actif et dynamique dans les anciens Pays-Bas. Les classes sociales les plus actives étaient souvent protestantes. Suite à la révolte des Pays-Bas qui éclata en 1566, la répression espagnole provoqua des départs forcés vers l'Angleterre et les Pays-Bas. A Leyde, après la levée du siège espagnol et la libération de la ville en 1574 des réfugiés protestants issus des Pays-Bas du sud, encore espagnols, vinrent s'installer dans cette ville. Notre objectif est d’étudier ces réfugiés issus des territoires constituant actuellement le Nord-Pas de Calais et plus particulièrement la châtellenie de Lille, en analysant leur origine sociale, leur migration et leur activité à Leyde. Nous étudierons leur intégration dans la société d'accueil, leur apport au dynamisme des Pays-Bas et de la ville de Leyde en particulier, leur contribution à l’Age d’Or culturel des Pays-Bas. Par ailleurs les Eglises du refuge avaient gardé des liens avec les communautés restées en France. Des réfugiés issus de ces territoires ont eu une destinée exceptionnelle. Certains sont partis de Leyde vers le nouveau monde et ont contribué au peuplement de l'Amérique et de l’Afrique du Sud, créant notamment New-York. Nous chercherons également à dresser un inventaire plus complet de ces destinées exceptionnelles. Compte tenu de l’étendue du sujet nous insisterons principalement sur la châtellenie de Lille. / It is relevant to study more specifically the Huguenot '' northerner '' refuge which was created in Holland on 1580s to the mid-seventeenth century. Protestantism was very active and dynamic in the old Holland. The most active social classes were often Protestant. Following the revolt of the Netherlands which erupted in 1566, the Spanish repression provoked forced departures to England and the Netherlands. In Leiden, after the lifting of the Spanish siege and the liberation of the city in 1574 Protestant refugees from the Netherlands from the south, still Spanish, came to settle in this city. Moreover the end of persecution, stopping persecution in the country had allowed the return of some of them. The aim is to study these refugees from those territories which constitut now the Nord-Pas de Calais and specially the châtellenie of Lille. In doing so, their social origin will be analysed, as well as their migration and the activities in Leiden. It is relevant to study their integration into the host society, their contribution to the vitality of the Netherlands and the city of Leiden in particular, their contribution to the cultural Golden Age of the Netherlands. Besides the churches of refuge had maintained ties with communities remained in France. Some refugees from these territories had an exceptional destiny. Some left Leiden to the New World and contributed to the populating of America and South Africa, including the creation of New York. It will also provide a more complete inventory of these exceptional destinies.

Les opéras de Jean-Baptiste de Lully (1632-1687) ont joui d’une diffusion européenne tant de son vivant que de manière posthume. Parmi les pays où ses opéras suscitèrent un véritable engouement, la Hollande bénéficiait d’une situation particulière. En effet, les opéras ont paru aussi bien dans les théâtres que dans l’édition musicale. Concernant l’édition musicale, la ville d’Amsterdam occupa un rôle primordial, où les opéras de Lully furent publiés non seulement en partitions générales et réduites, mais aussi en extraits vocaux et instrumentaux, dont les derniers ont pu être considérés comme les suites instrumentales. Celles-ci constituent un corpus exceptionnel dans la diffusion de l’opéra de Lully, car elles sont arrangées en 4 parties au lieu des 5 originairement présentées et ont joué un rôle intermédiaire entre l’opéra français et la suite d’orchestre allemande. Parmi les éditeurs contribuant à ce phénomène, il faut notamment distinguer un éditeur ayant exercé le commerce extensif : Estienne Roger (1665/66 - 1722). Au sein des recherches sur Roger, la publication de la musique instrumentale italienne et le commerce international représentaient deux enjeux majeurs. Pourtant, la place de la musique française dans ses éditions n’a pas suffisamment été évaluée, bien qu’elle ait atteint jusqu’à un tiers. Cette thèse traite de la particularité commerciale et éditoriale de ce domaine, en se focalisant sur les suites provenant des opéras de Lully. Trois points seront mis en examen : avantage de Roger en tant que libraire huguenot, son utilisation des catalogues lors de la vente des œuvres de Lully, caractéristiques musicales des suites par le biais de l’arrangement. / The operas of Jean-Baptiste de Lully (1632-1687) enjoyed a European diffusion both during his lifetime and posthumously. Among the countries where his operas aroused a real enthusiasm, Holland enjoyed a special situation. Indeed, the operas appeared both in theaters and in music publishing. Concerning musical publishing, the city of Amsterdam occupied a primordial role, where Lully's operas were published not only in scores, but also in vocal and instrumental extracts, the last of which could be considered as the instrumental suites. These suites constitute an exceptional corpus in the diffusion of Lully's opera, as they are arranged in 4 parts instead of the 5 originally presented and played an intermediate role between the French opera and the German orchestra suite. Among the publishers contributing to this phenomenon, we must distinguish a publisher who has carried out the extensive marketing: Estienne Roger (1665/66 - 1722). In the researches about Roger, the publication of Italian instrumental music and international trade were two major issues. Yet the place of French music in his editions has not been sufficiently evaluated, although it has reached as much as a third. This thesis deals with the commercial and editorial character of this field, focusing on the suites resulting from the Lully’s operas. Three points will be examined: Roger's advantage as a Huguenot bookseller, his use of catalogs in the sale of Lully's works, musical features of the suites through the arrangement.

As French Protestantism emerged in the 1550s, the young community needed charismatic leaders. The main impetus came from native pastors with strong links to Geneva. Antoine de Chandieu was a key figure amongst these men. His writings promoted the values of French Protestantism over three decades and provide insight into how this vulnerable community faced the challenges of the civil war years. This study uses Chandieu’s prose and verse writings to examine how French Protestants defined themselves from the 1550s to the 1590s. Chapter one looks at Chandieu’s life and career, placing his works in the context of the Wars of Religion. Chapter two examines the early structural development of the French Church and the attempt to establish a system independent of that in Geneva. Chapter three concentrates on the Conspiracy of Amboise, and the tension that developed between the political and religious concerns of the movement. Chapters four and five explore the ways in which Chandieu engaged with perceived threats from internal and external sources. Chapter six focuses on the shift towards meditative writing provoked by the Protestants’ losses during the later wars, whilst chapter seven highlights the continuing preoccupation with theological issues throughout Chandieu’s later years of exile. Chandieu’s career provides a personal experience of the French religious wars which underlines how French Protestantism tried to retain its independence. This became increasingly difficult as the wars progressed, and the movement consistently returned to the refuge of Genevan influence. Although his faith was never shaken, the sustained losses suffered by the Protestants caused Chandieu to abandon his hopes of a fully independent French Church, and to reflect deeply on the emotional torment that resulted from years of interconfessional strife. In his works we see the French church’s struggle to find a workable group identity in the face of civil war.

Le terme de guerre de religion apparaissait déjà sporadiquement à la fin du XVIe siècle. Il se trouva de façon accrue dans les imprimés de l’époque de la Guerre de Trente Ans. Cependant, une discussion élargie sur ce phénomène ne s’établit qu’au seuil du XVIIIe siècle. La guerre de religion ne devint qu’à cette époque-là un mot-clé politique. L’idée de guerre de religion ne gagna son importance historiographique que dans le débat politique contemporain. Le but de cette étude est de répondre à la question de savoir comment s’est établie une conception, comment est née une image historique (Geschichtsbild), comment enfin a été délimitée l’époque de la guerre de religion. La présente étude se restreint aux trois foyers de conflits confessionnels essentiels pour le débat sur la guerre de religion : la France, l’Angleterre et le Saint-Empire Romain Germanique. Elle s’élargit en même temps à l’échelle européenne en étudiant l’influence décisive qu’eut la perception des dernières grandes guerres de Louis XIV. Aussi bien la Guerre de Neuf Ans que la Guerre de Succession d’Espagne furent perçues comme des guerres de religion. La propagande imprimée de Louis XIV et des alliés ses ennemis y contribua largement en cherchant à rendre légitimes leurs politiques respectives. Ainsi la France et les guerres de Louis XIV eurent-elles un rôle déterminant dans la discussion sur la guerre de religion – qui paraissait impensable sans la personne et la politique du roi de France. Le lien entre guerre de religion et politique internationale aboutit à l’européanisation du débat sur la guerre de religion. / The notion of religious war emerged for the first time at the end of the 16th century. The use of this term increased immensely during the time of the Thirty Years’ War via printed media. Yet, a widespread discussion of the phenomenon only started towards the end of the 17th century. War of religion became a constant political keyword. The idea gained its historiographical importance through its usage in the actual political debate. The aim of this research is to question the development of the concept of religious war, the underlying perception of history and the labelling of an era with this term. The thesis will confine itself to three territories where in the late 17th and early 18th century examples of confessional conflicts were intertwined with the debate on religious wars: France, England and the Holy Roman Empire. The scope of the study is, nevertheless, widened to the European arena by examining the decisive influence the last wars of Louis XIV had on the perception of religious wars. In fact, both the Nine Years’ War and the War of the Spanish Succession were perceived by contemporaries as wars of religion. The printed propaganda of Louis XIV as well as that of his allied enemies contributed largely to this perception by legitimising their respective politics. Thus, France and the wars of Louis XIV had a shaping role of the discussion on religious wars. In sum, the connection of confessional conflicts, international politics and the personality of the French king led to the Europeanisation of the debate on religious war.