Este trabalho é o resultado de uma pesquisa de vários anos sobre as características espaciais da modernização no Município de Villavieja, região do Alto Magdalena, norte do Departamento do Huila, na Colômbia. Neste município, caracterizado pelo predomínio de grandes áreas de paisagem semiárida, tradicionalmente identificadas como o Deserto de La Tatacoa, a modernização foi identificada como um processo pelo qual a sociabilidade tende para a abstração, representada na monetarização como condição para a reprodução da vida de seus moradores. Identificamos um percurso da modernização associado à acumulação originária global que, para a área, surge na época colonial, a partir do século XVII, depois da aniquilação da população indígena originária, por parte dos conquistadores espanhóis; da redução dos sobreviventes em resguardos e da concentração da terra em mãos dos capitães desta empreitada. Conforma-se, assim, uma elite de fazendeiros criadores de gado para abastecer os assentamentos urbanos como Santa Fé e Popayán e uma massa de trabalhadores sem terra, que se tornarão agregados das grandes fazendas. Conforme as determinações do capital modificam o espaço a escala global, a região vai passando por diversos surtos econômicos, como a produção de fumo e anil, chegando, a partir da metade do século XX, à produção de bens agrícolas para o mercado interno, dentre os quais se destacam o arroz e o algodão. A produção se fez nas áreas de várzea de rios e córregos e ocupou os antigos agregados das fazendas, que, depois de uma intensa luta do movimento camponês foram se tornando pequenos proprietários em extensões de terras compradas pelo governo para fins de Reforma Agrária. A condição para a efetivação desta forma de reprodução da vida, entretanto, implicou a regularização fundiária, a aceitação do crédito, dos insumos agroindustriais, da organização cooperativa e das técnicas produzidas pela grande indústria. De modo geral, visava-se a subordinação dos pequenos proprietários camponeses ao capital industrial e financeiro. Os resultados deste processo dizem respeito à crise deste modelo pela concorrência com produtos importados, a partir da década de 1990 e da dificuldade dos camponeses em submeter seu tempo aos ritmos da produção industrial. Procuramos, a partir do uso do método dialético, as possibilidades de existência de outra forma de consciência, pautada na busca das diferenças acháveis na escala do povoado e no nível inferior de sociabilidade. Eles serão identificados como espaços diferenciais, seguindo a obra de Henri Lefebvre. / This paper is the result of a research of many years about the spatial characteristics of modernization at Villavieja Municipality, located in Upper Magdalena Region, at the north of Huila Department, in Colombia. In this area, characterized for the domain of wide semi-arid areas, traditionally referred as La Tatacoa Desert, modernization was identified as a process by which sociability tend to abstraction, represented by generalization of money as condition to reproduce life of their inhabitants. It is traced a path associated with the global primitive accumulation, that, at the area appears during colonial times, specifically since the beginnings of the XVII century, after the Spanish conquerors annihilation of indigenous people and the settlement of survivors in resguardos which generated land concentration by war leaders. Thus, it is conformed an elite of big cattle growers landowners who produced for the consumption of little villas like Santa Fé and Popayán, and a huge mass of landless workers which turn out to be aggregate peasants from the big farms. As far as capital determinations modify space at the global scale, this region passes trough different economic booms, like the production of tobacco and indigo, getting to, since half of 20th century, the production of agricultural goods for the inner market, specially rice and cotton. The production of this goods was developed in the dale of Magdalena river and its tributaries and was made by aggregate peasants of big farms who, after an intense fight for land from the peasant´s movement, turned out to be little land owners in areas of the big farms bought by the government for agrarian reform purposes. The condition for the effectiveness of this form of life reproduction, however, implied land regularization and the acceptance of credit, industrial inputs, cooperative organization and big industry techniques. By all means, it was aimed to subordinate little land owners to industrial and finance capital. The results of this process show the crisis of this model due to competition with imported products, since the 1990´s and peasants difficulty to undergo within industrial production rhythms. This paper seeks to, according to dialectical method; find the possibility of another conscience form, based upon the differences which can be found at the level of little villages and at the inferior level of sociability. They will be identified as differential spaces, according to Henri Lefebvre´s work.

Este trabalho é o resultado de uma pesquisa de vários anos sobre as características espaciais da modernização no Município de Villavieja, região do Alto Magdalena, norte do Departamento do Huila, na Colômbia. Neste município, caracterizado pelo predomínio de grandes áreas de paisagem semiárida, tradicionalmente identificadas como o Deserto de La Tatacoa, a modernização foi identificada como um processo pelo qual a sociabilidade tende para a abstração, representada na monetarização como condição para a reprodução da vida de seus moradores. Identificamos um percurso da modernização associado à acumulação originária global que, para a área, surge na época colonial, a partir do século XVII, depois da aniquilação da população indígena originária, por parte dos conquistadores espanhóis; da redução dos sobreviventes em resguardos e da concentração da terra em mãos dos capitães desta empreitada. Conforma-se, assim, uma elite de fazendeiros criadores de gado para abastecer os assentamentos urbanos como Santa Fé e Popayán e uma massa de trabalhadores sem terra, que se tornarão agregados das grandes fazendas. Conforme as determinações do capital modificam o espaço a escala global, a região vai passando por diversos surtos econômicos, como a produção de fumo e anil, chegando, a partir da metade do século XX, à produção de bens agrícolas para o mercado interno, dentre os quais se destacam o arroz e o algodão. A produção se fez nas áreas de várzea de rios e córregos e ocupou os antigos agregados das fazendas, que, depois de uma intensa luta do movimento camponês foram se tornando pequenos proprietários em extensões de terras compradas pelo governo para fins de Reforma Agrária. A condição para a efetivação desta forma de reprodução da vida, entretanto, implicou a regularização fundiária, a aceitação do crédito, dos insumos agroindustriais, da organização cooperativa e das técnicas produzidas pela grande indústria. De modo geral, visava-se a subordinação dos pequenos proprietários camponeses ao capital industrial e financeiro. Os resultados deste processo dizem respeito à crise deste modelo pela concorrência com produtos importados, a partir da década de 1990 e da dificuldade dos camponeses em submeter seu tempo aos ritmos da produção industrial. Procuramos, a partir do uso do método dialético, as possibilidades de existência de outra forma de consciência, pautada na busca das diferenças acháveis na escala do povoado e no nível inferior de sociabilidade. Eles serão identificados como espaços diferenciais, seguindo a obra de Henri Lefebvre. / This paper is the result of a research of many years about the spatial characteristics of modernization at Villavieja Municipality, located in Upper Magdalena Region, at the north of Huila Department, in Colombia. In this area, characterized for the domain of wide semi-arid areas, traditionally referred as La Tatacoa Desert, modernization was identified as a process by which sociability tend to abstraction, represented by generalization of money as condition to reproduce life of their inhabitants. It is traced a path associated with the global primitive accumulation, that, at the area appears during colonial times, specifically since the beginnings of the XVII century, after the Spanish conquerors annihilation of indigenous people and the settlement of survivors in resguardos which generated land concentration by war leaders. Thus, it is conformed an elite of big cattle growers landowners who produced for the consumption of little villas like Santa Fé and Popayán, and a huge mass of landless workers which turn out to be aggregate peasants from the big farms. As far as capital determinations modify space at the global scale, this region passes trough different economic booms, like the production of tobacco and indigo, getting to, since half of 20th century, the production of agricultural goods for the inner market, specially rice and cotton. The production of this goods was developed in the dale of Magdalena river and its tributaries and was made by aggregate peasants of big farms who, after an intense fight for land from the peasant´s movement, turned out to be little land owners in areas of the big farms bought by the government for agrarian reform purposes. The condition for the effectiveness of this form of life reproduction, however, implied land regularization and the acceptance of credit, industrial inputs, cooperative organization and big industry techniques. By all means, it was aimed to subordinate little land owners to industrial and finance capital. The results of this process show the crisis of this model due to competition with imported products, since the 1990´s and peasants difficulty to undergo within industrial production rhythms. This paper seeks to, according to dialectical method; find the possibility of another conscience form, based upon the differences which can be found at the level of little villages and at the inferior level of sociability. They will be identified as differential spaces, according to Henri Lefebvre´s work.

The purpose of this dissertation was to implement a needs analysis and on the basis of the findings come up with a framework consisting of practical stages and processes, for determining the academic reading needs of teacher trainees of English, at Instituto Superior de Ciências da Educação da Huíla (hereafter, ISCED-Huíla), a higher teacher training institution in Lubango, in southern Angola. The investigation was initially prompted by the lecturers’ perceptions that the academic reading level of undergraduate teacher trainees in Angola was inadequate for the demands of tertiary level study. A scientific approach to investigating the needs of these students was thus adopted. A needs analysis was undertaken in order to determine, in a systematic manner, the academic literacy levels of the students, their attitudes towards reading, the reading strategies they claimed to use when reading academic texts, their academic reading lacks and needs, and the teacher trainers’ perceptions and opinions on the students’ reading competence in specific reading sub-skills, and on university needs analysis procedures. In all, 45 first-year teacher trainees and 5 teacher trainers were involved in the main study. The teacher trainees were required to answer the Accuplacer test, an academic literacy standardized assessment. Both teacher trainees and teacher trainers completed a corresponding questionnaire survey. The findings showed that, among others, first, teacher trainees’ academic literacy levels were below expected from a tertiary level reader; second, there were certain discrepancies between what teacher trainees and teacher trainers considered to be the needs, skills and lacks of the teacher trainees; and third, academic literacy and academic reading skills should be developed in both L1/Portuguese and L2/English. Therefore, a framework for determining the academic reading needs of teacher trainees, for syllabus and programe development and evaluation is presented. It is hoped that the results of the study will be of assistance to English for Academic Purposes (EAP) reading professionals and to teacher educators, especially those in developing countries, involved in selecting, adapting and designing teacher training programmes, materials and tasks in order to improve academic literacy levels in their countries, schools and universities where English is taught as a foreign language. / English Studies / M.A. (Applied Linguistics)

The purpose of this dissertation was to implement a needs analysis and on the basis of the findings come up with a framework consisting of practical stages and processes, for determining the academic reading needs of teacher trainees of English, at Instituto Superior de Ciências da Educação da Huíla (hereafter, ISCED-Huíla), a higher teacher training institution in Lubango, in southern Angola. The investigation was initially prompted by the lecturers’ perceptions that the academic reading level of undergraduate teacher trainees in Angola was inadequate for the demands of tertiary level study. A scientific approach to investigating the needs of these students was thus adopted. A needs analysis was undertaken in order to determine, in a systematic manner, the academic literacy levels of the students, their attitudes towards reading, the reading strategies they claimed to use when reading academic texts, their academic reading lacks and needs, and the teacher trainers’ perceptions and opinions on the students’ reading competence in specific reading sub-skills, and on university needs analysis procedures. In all, 45 first-year teacher trainees and 5 teacher trainers were involved in the main study. The teacher trainees were required to answer the Accuplacer test, an academic literacy standardized assessment. Both teacher trainees and teacher trainers completed a corresponding questionnaire survey. The findings showed that, among others, first, teacher trainees’ academic literacy levels were below expected from a tertiary level reader; second, there were certain discrepancies between what teacher trainees and teacher trainers considered to be the needs, skills and lacks of the teacher trainees; and third, academic literacy and academic reading skills should be developed in both L1/Portuguese and L2/English. Therefore, a framework for determining the academic reading needs of teacher trainees, for syllabus and programe development and evaluation is presented. It is hoped that the results of the study will be of assistance to English for Academic Purposes (EAP) reading professionals and to teacher educators, especially those in developing countries, involved in selecting, adapting and designing teacher training programmes, materials and tasks in order to improve academic literacy levels in their countries, schools and universities where English is taught as a foreign language. / English Studies / M.A. (Applied Linguistics)