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Master's thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

Saudi Arabia is being challenged by increasing demands for democratic reform. Although many Saudi citizens desire such change, in order to maintain stability, dramatic and rapid reform is not considered prudent. Nor is the adoption of a Western model of democracy seen as a way forward. Indeed, such a shift would be counterproductive for most Islamic nations. A more measured approach, introducing reforms that build on traditional Islamic democratic ideals, would help to maintain stability and legitimacy for the various stakeholders involved. Consequently, attention has been turned to the ‘Majlis Al Shura’ or the Al-Shura Council, an Islamic Advisory Council that ensures policies and laws follow the principles of Islam. Shura, developed from the Holy Quran, is an ancient practice that has profound significance in Arab culture and history. It provides a framework which ensures scholars and experts from a variety of backgrounds are consulted on issues related to governance. Currently, the role the members play in governance of the Saudi State is decided by the King, who appoints individuals to the Council according to their perceived suitability. However, the Saudi Arabian Al-Shura Council is a highly respected institution. Allowing citizens to elect members, rather than having the King holding the authority to appoint them, would not only be well received, but would create a more effective check on governmental power, help satisfy the demand for more citizen input into public affairs, and pave the way for future, more substantial reform, if desired by Saudi society.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-09-13T14:56:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1648259 bytes, checksum: 2403d1b9a4f232a7369dc923c5da2e28 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-13T14:56:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1648259 bytes, checksum: 2403d1b9a4f232a7369dc923c5da2e28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Western Modernity that marks the passage from subject to citizen, in replacement Absolutists States by Liberal begins the era of the subjectivity of the rights expressed in the doctrine of human rights. The sec. XX marks the crisis of Western modernity, evidenced by the experience of Totalitarianism, the limitations of a concept of citizenship exclusively state-owned. The need to prevent totalitarian experiences recur, led the International Society in the post-World War II, building an ethic of international relations based on human rights. The asymmetry between these international actors bare the limitations of human rights internationalization. Without the political democratization of these relations, the human rights discourse loses effectiveness and rising voices that denounce the imperialism of Western modernity disguised in humanistic rhetoric of human rights. In a complex international context, where natural law and liberal ideology of human rights is obscured by negative skepticism of political realism, the supranational citizenship appears as a possibility under construction. The study of Brazilian cases in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights is an epistemological framework that aims to collate the viability of the concept of democratic supranational citizenship, a concept that still lives its conceptual childhood and politics in an era marked by crises and transformations without a clear horizon. / A modernidade ocidental que marca a passagem do súdito ao cidadão, na substituição de Estados Absolutistas por Estados Liberais, inicia a era da subjetivação dos direitos expressa na doutrina dos Direitos Humanos. O sec. XX que marca a crise da modernidade ocidental, evidencia, através da experiência do Totalitarismo, as limitações de um conceito de cidadania exclusivamente estatal. A necessidade de se evitar que experiências totalitárias se repitam, levou a Sociedade Internacional, no pós-Segunda Guerra, a construir uma ética das relações internacionais baseadas nos direitos humanos. A assimetria entre esses atores internacionais desnuda as limitações da internacionalização dos direitos humanos. Sem a democratização política dessas relações o discurso dos direitos humanos perde efetividade e levantam-se vozes que denunciam o imperialismo da modernidade ocidental travestida na retórica humanista dos direitos humanos. Em um quadro internacional complexo, onde a ideologia jusnaturalista e liberal dos direitos humanos é obscurecida pelo ceticismo negativo do realismo político, a cidadania supraestatal se apresenta como uma possibilidade em construção. O estudo dos casos brasileiros na Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos é um recorte epistemológico que visa a cotejar a viabilidade do conceito de cidadania supraestatal democrática, conceito que ainda vive a sua infância conceitual e política em uma era marcada por crises e transformações sem um horizonte nítido.