La dentine est l’un des principaux éléments constitutifs de la dent humaine. Elle montre une structure hiérarchique. A l’échelle microscopique, la dentine est composée de tubules (porosité naturelle du tissu), de dentine péritubulaire et de dentine intertubulaire.L’organisation de ces structures détermine fortement ses propriétés mécaniques. La connaissance de sa structure, de ses propriétés mécaniques et de ses déformations dues aux variations de l’environnement extérieur peuvent être utiles afin d’améliorer les protocoles de restauration de la dentine. Dans ce travail, quatre techniques d’observation (µCT, microscope optique, ESEM et microscope confocal) ont été explorées et comparées. En particulier, la microscopie confocale a été utilisée afin de visualiser en 3D le réseau poreux dentinaire. Comparée à l’observation 2D, elle permet d’obtenir des informations supplémentaires. Par example, les tubules montrent des structures en arbre plus complexes près de l’email que la forme en Y déduite des observations 2D. Ces résultats peuvent également nous fournir des données d’entréespour une modélisation réaliste prenant en compte la structure poreuse complexe à l’intérieur de la dentine humaine.Par la suite, un test de compression associé à la correlation d’images numérique a été mis en place avec un système qui permet de commander simultanément l’humidité et la température de l’environnement. Grâce à ce dispositif, le module d’élasticité de la dentine humaine a été mesuré (16.7GPa avec un écart-type de 5.1GPa), et le coefficient de Poisson a été estimé à 0.31. Le comportement de dilatation de la dentine humaine avec l’humidité relative a été étudié. La spectroscopie par résonance ultrasonore (RUS) a été utilisée et ses résultats comparés au test de compression mécanique. À échelle microscopique, les propriétés mécaniquesde la dentine péritubulaire et de la dentine intertubulaire ont été caractérisées par nanoindentation. Les deux méthodes utilisées (méthode dynamique CSM et méthode de déchargement statique) indiquent les mêmes tendances en matière de module d’Young pour les deux composantes de la dentine. La dentine péritubulaire a un module d’élasticité plus élevé (26.7GPa avec un écart type de 3.1GPa) que la dentine intertubulaire (16.2GPa avec un écart type de 5.5GPa). De plus, le comportement en fluage de la dentine a été étudié par nanoindentation. Il se trouve qu’un modèle de Maxwell-Voigt à quatre éléments peut être utilisé pour évaluer le comportement en fluage de la dentine.Pour résumer, une étude morphologique et mécanique du tissu dentinaire a été effectuée. De nouvelles techniques, par example, la microscopie confocale ont été utilisées et ont montré leur utilité dans le but de donner un nouvel éclairage sur le tissu dentinaire. Les protocoles d’essais mécaniques qui ont été mis en place à différentes échelles permettront de mieux comprendre la relation structure-propriété en utilisant les outils d’observation validés dans ce travail. / Human dentin is one of the main components of human tooth. It shows a hierarchicalstructure from a multi-scale point of view. Generally speaking, dentin can be seen as a hard biomaterial consisting in 3 phases: the porous phase made of tubules, the inclusion phase made of peritubular dentin and the matrix phase made of intertubular dentin. These hierarchical structures strongly determine its mechanical properties. The knowledge of its structure, its mechanical property and its deformation behavior due to the variation of the external environment may be useful to improve the dentin restoration process. In this work, four observation techniques (µCT, optical microscope, ESEM and confocal microscope) have been used and compared. Particularly, confocal microscopy is proposed to allow 3D visualization of the complex dentin porous network. Compared with usual 2D observation tool, it may provide new information. For example, near the DEJ, tubules show a more complex treestructure than the Y-shaped deduced from 2D observations. These findings may also allow to achieve more realistic modeling considering the complex porous structure inside human dentin.Later on, compression test associated with DIC was carried out within an integrated system which can control simultaneously the humidity and the temperature of the environment. Using this system, the elastic modulus of human dentin was measured to be 16.7GPa with a standard deviation of 5.1GPa. And the Poisson’s ratio was found to be 0.31. The dilatation behavior of human dentin due to relative humidity was also explored. Furthermore, resonant ultrasound spectroscopy was performed in order to compare the results with these mechanical testing. At the micro-scale, the mechanical properties of peritubular dentin and intertubular dentin werecharacterized by nanoindentation. The two methods used in this work (dynamic CSM method and the static unload method) present the same trends of elastic moduli for the two components. Peritubular dentin has a higher elastic modulus (26.7GPa with a standard deviation of 3.1GPa) than intertubular dentin(16.2GPa with a standard deviation of 5.5GPa). Besides, the creep behavior of dentin was assessed by nanoindentation. Four elements Maxwell-Voigt model can be used to model dentin’s creep behavior.To sum up, a morphological and mechanical study of the dentinal tissue has been performed. New techniques, such as confocal microscopy have been used and showed their usefulness in order to give new insight into the dentinal tissue. The mechanical testing protocols that have been set up at different scales will enable to better understand the structure-property relationship by using them associated with the observation tools validated in this work.

Lesões dentais por erosão têm sido cada vez mais presentes na prática clínica. A restauração direta com resina composta é uma das opções de tratamento para lesões severas, em que há comprometimento estético/funcional. Com o aprimoramento da tecnologia, a utilização do laser para pré-tratamento da superfície dentinária, antes do condicionamento ácido, tem sido considerada como método alternativo para melhorar a adesão das resinas compostas às superfícies erodidas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar a influência da irradiação com laser de Er:YAG (2,94 ?m), de pulso super-curto, na adesão da resina composta à superfície dentinária erodida. Quarenta e seis discos de dentina foram obtidos a partir de 46 dentes terceiros molares humanos. A dentina oclusal planificada de 40 molares humanos teve metade de sua face protegida com fita UPVC (dentina hígida), enquanto na outra metade foi produzida uma lesão de erosão através da ciclagem em ácido cítrico (0,05 M, pH 2,3, 10 minutos, 6x/dia) e solução supersaturada (pH 7,0, 60 minutos entre os ataques ácidos). Metade das amostras foi irradiada com o laser de Er:YAG (50 ?s, 2 Hz, 80 mJ, 12,6 J/cm2) e a outra não (grupo controle). Em cada grupo de tratamento (laser ou controle) (n=10), um sistema adesivo autocondicionante foi utilizado e, então, confeccionados 2 cilindros de resina composta, tanto do lado erodido como no hígido (total de 4 cilindros), os quais foram submetidos à avaliação da Resistência de União através do ensaio de microcisalhamento (1 mm/min), após armazenamento em saliva artificial por 24 h. A análise do padrão de fratura foi realizada em microscópio óptico (40x). Por meio da Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), a morfologia das superfícies dentinárias hígida e submetida ao desafio erosivo, antes e após o tratamento com laser de Er:YAG (n=3), foi avaliada. Os valores obtidos de resistência de união (MPa) foram submetidos ao teste ANOVA e de comparações múltiplas de Tukey (p<0,05) e as análises das eletromicrografias foram feitas de forma descritiva. A análise morfológica da superfície mostrou alterações significativas na dentina hígida irradiada e na submetida à ciclagem erosiva, irradiada ou não. Quanto à resistência de união, houve diferença entre os 4 substratos analisados, sendo: dentina hígida irradiada (12,77±5,09 A), dentina hígida não irradiada (9,76±3,39 B), dentina erodida irradiada (7,62±3,39 C) e dentina erodida não irradiada (5,12±1,72 D). Houve predominância de padrão de fratura do tipo adesiva. Com base nos resultados e nos parâmetros de irradiação utilizados neste estudo, pode-se concluir que a erosão reduz a adesão em dentina e que o tratamento da superfície dentinária com laser de Er:YAG de largura de pulso super curta aumenta a adesão no substrato erodido ou hígido. / Dental erosion injuries have been increasingly present in clinical practice. Direct restoration with composite resin is one of the treatment options for severe injuries, where there is aesthetic/functional impairment. With the improvement of technology, laser-irradiation for pre-treatment of dentin before surface etching has been considered as an alternative method to improve the adhesion of composite resins to eroded surfaces. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of the irradiation with a super-short pulse Er:YAG (2.94 ?m) laser to the adhesion of composite resin to eroded dentin surface. Forty six dentin discs were obtained from 46 third molars. Forty samples of planned occlusal dentine, obtained from human molars, had half of their surface protected with plastic tape (sound dentin), while the other half was submitted to erosive cycles, consisted on immersion on citric acid (0.05 M, pH 2.3, 10 minutes, 6x/day) and supersaturated solution (pH 7.0, 60 minutes of acid attacks). Half of the samples was irradiated with the Er:YAG laser (50 ?s, 2 Hz, 80 mJ, 12.6 J/cm2) and the other was kept as control. In each treatment group (n = 10), a self-etching adhesive system was used and then two cylinders of composite resin were prepared, on both eroded and sound dentin (total of 4 cylinders). Microshear bond strength test was performed (1 mm/min), after 24 hours storage in artificial saliva. The analysis of the fracture pattern was determined by optical microscopy (40x). The morphology of sound and eroded dentin, before and after treatment with the Er:YAG laser (n = 3) was evaluated under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Bond strength values (MPa) were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparisons test (p<0.05). The analyses of electron micrographs were made descriptively. Morphological analysis of the surface showed significant changes in irradiated and sound dentin subjected to erosive cycling. As for the bond strength, there were differences among the groups, as follows: sound dentin submitted to irradiation (12.77 ± 5.09 A), non-irradiated sound dentin (9.76 ± 3.39 B), eroded dentin submitted to irradiation (7 62 ± 3.39 C) and non-irradiated eroded dentin (5.12 ± 1.72 D). There was a predominance for the adhesive mode of failure. It was concluded that the erosion reduces the adhesion to dentin and that treating the dentin surface with a super-short-pulse Er:YAG laser increases adhesion to both eroded or sound dentin.

Lesões dentais por erosão têm sido cada vez mais presentes na prática clínica. A restauração direta com resina composta é uma das opções de tratamento para lesões severas, em que há comprometimento estético/funcional. Com o aprimoramento da tecnologia, a utilização do laser para pré-tratamento da superfície dentinária, antes do condicionamento ácido, tem sido considerada como método alternativo para melhorar a adesão das resinas compostas às superfícies erodidas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar a influência da irradiação com laser de Er:YAG (2,94 ?m), de pulso super-curto, na adesão da resina composta à superfície dentinária erodida. Quarenta e seis discos de dentina foram obtidos a partir de 46 dentes terceiros molares humanos. A dentina oclusal planificada de 40 molares humanos teve metade de sua face protegida com fita UPVC (dentina hígida), enquanto na outra metade foi produzida uma lesão de erosão através da ciclagem em ácido cítrico (0,05 M, pH 2,3, 10 minutos, 6x/dia) e solução supersaturada (pH 7,0, 60 minutos entre os ataques ácidos). Metade das amostras foi irradiada com o laser de Er:YAG (50 ?s, 2 Hz, 80 mJ, 12,6 J/cm2) e a outra não (grupo controle). Em cada grupo de tratamento (laser ou controle) (n=10), um sistema adesivo autocondicionante foi utilizado e, então, confeccionados 2 cilindros de resina composta, tanto do lado erodido como no hígido (total de 4 cilindros), os quais foram submetidos à avaliação da Resistência de União através do ensaio de microcisalhamento (1 mm/min), após armazenamento em saliva artificial por 24 h. A análise do padrão de fratura foi realizada em microscópio óptico (40x). Por meio da Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), a morfologia das superfícies dentinárias hígida e submetida ao desafio erosivo, antes e após o tratamento com laser de Er:YAG (n=3), foi avaliada. Os valores obtidos de resistência de união (MPa) foram submetidos ao teste ANOVA e de comparações múltiplas de Tukey (p<0,05) e as análises das eletromicrografias foram feitas de forma descritiva. A análise morfológica da superfície mostrou alterações significativas na dentina hígida irradiada e na submetida à ciclagem erosiva, irradiada ou não. Quanto à resistência de união, houve diferença entre os 4 substratos analisados, sendo: dentina hígida irradiada (12,77±5,09 A), dentina hígida não irradiada (9,76±3,39 B), dentina erodida irradiada (7,62±3,39 C) e dentina erodida não irradiada (5,12±1,72 D). Houve predominância de padrão de fratura do tipo adesiva. Com base nos resultados e nos parâmetros de irradiação utilizados neste estudo, pode-se concluir que a erosão reduz a adesão em dentina e que o tratamento da superfície dentinária com laser de Er:YAG de largura de pulso super curta aumenta a adesão no substrato erodido ou hígido. / Dental erosion injuries have been increasingly present in clinical practice. Direct restoration with composite resin is one of the treatment options for severe injuries, where there is aesthetic/functional impairment. With the improvement of technology, laser-irradiation for pre-treatment of dentin before surface etching has been considered as an alternative method to improve the adhesion of composite resins to eroded surfaces. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of the irradiation with a super-short pulse Er:YAG (2.94 ?m) laser to the adhesion of composite resin to eroded dentin surface. Forty six dentin discs were obtained from 46 third molars. Forty samples of planned occlusal dentine, obtained from human molars, had half of their surface protected with plastic tape (sound dentin), while the other half was submitted to erosive cycles, consisted on immersion on citric acid (0.05 M, pH 2.3, 10 minutes, 6x/day) and supersaturated solution (pH 7.0, 60 minutes of acid attacks). Half of the samples was irradiated with the Er:YAG laser (50 ?s, 2 Hz, 80 mJ, 12.6 J/cm2) and the other was kept as control. In each treatment group (n = 10), a self-etching adhesive system was used and then two cylinders of composite resin were prepared, on both eroded and sound dentin (total of 4 cylinders). Microshear bond strength test was performed (1 mm/min), after 24 hours storage in artificial saliva. The analysis of the fracture pattern was determined by optical microscopy (40x). The morphology of sound and eroded dentin, before and after treatment with the Er:YAG laser (n = 3) was evaluated under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Bond strength values (MPa) were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparisons test (p<0.05). The analyses of electron micrographs were made descriptively. Morphological analysis of the surface showed significant changes in irradiated and sound dentin subjected to erosive cycling. As for the bond strength, there were differences among the groups, as follows: sound dentin submitted to irradiation (12.77 ± 5.09 A), non-irradiated sound dentin (9.76 ± 3.39 B), eroded dentin submitted to irradiation (7 62 ± 3.39 C) and non-irradiated eroded dentin (5.12 ± 1.72 D). There was a predominance for the adhesive mode of failure. It was concluded that the erosion reduces the adhesion to dentin and that treating the dentin surface with a super-short-pulse Er:YAG laser increases adhesion to both eroded or sound dentin.