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Les acides gras de la série n-3 et notamment l’acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA) jouent un rôle important dans la prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires. Un de ses métabolites, la protectine DX (PDX), qui est un isomère de la protectine D1 (PD1), inhibe l’agrégation des plaquettes sanguines. D’autres composés similaires appelés "poxytrins", qui possèdent aussi un triène conjugué avec une géométrie E,Z,E, ont également été synthétisés à partir d'autres acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) via la lipoxygénase de soja. Ces composés présentent des propriétés anti-agrégantes en inhibant la cyclo-oxygénase plaquettaire et le récepteur du thromboxane A2. Dans cette thèse, nous décrivons de nouveaux composés dihydroxylés synthétisés par la 15-lipoxygénase de soja à partir de l’acide alpha-linolénique (18:3n-3), un acide gras polyinsaturé indispensable consommé au niveau du gramme chez l’Homme adulte. Il est converti en acides gras monohydroxylés et dihydroxylés. Ces composés ont été séparés par HPLC en phase inverse et caractérisés par GC-MS après dérivation adéquate. Un acide gras monohydroxylé, majoritaire, l’acide 13(S)-octadécatriénoïque et quatre acides gras dihydroxylés ont été détectés. Ces derniers présentent tous un spectre UV caractéristique avec une absorption maximale à 270 nm et deux épaulements à 260 et 280 nm. Les spectres UV de deux d'entre eux sont superposables à celui de la PDX, ce qui suggère une géométrie E,Z,E des doubles liaisons de leur triène. La caractérisation complète de ces composés a été réalisée par RMN à haut champ et par GC-MS. Ce sont les acides 9(R),16(S)-dihydroxy-octadéca-10E,12E,14E-triénoïque, 9(S),16(S)-dihydroxy-octadéca-10E,12E,14E-triénoïque, 9(S),16(S)-dihydroxy-octadéca-10E,12Z,14E-triénoïque et 9(R),16(S)-dihydroxy-octadéca-10E,12Z,14E-triénoïque. Ils sont également synthétisés par la 15 lipoxygénase recombinante humaine de type 2. Ces composés dihydroxylés 9,16-diHOTEs ont été testés sur les plaquettes isolées à partir du sang humain. Nous avons observé que seules les molécules ayant la géométrie E,Z,E du triène conjugué inhibent l'agrégation plaquettaire induite par le collagène et inhibent la cyclooxygénase-1 (COX-1) de mouton. Les propriétés anti-inflammatoires de ces produits ont également été étudiés. Tous les isomères 9,16-diHOTEs, possédant un triène conjugué avec une géométrie E,Z,E, inhibent la COX-2 recombinante humaine et seul l’acide 9(R),16(S)-dihydroxy-octadéca-10E,12Z,14E-triénoïques inhibe la 5-lipoxygénase des leucocytes, siège de la synthèse des leucotriènes issus de l’acide arachidonique. En conclusion, les composés dihydroxlés possédant un triène conjugué E,Z,E, issus du 18:3n-3, ainsi que la PDX, inhibent l’activité des COX-1 et 2, et seraient anti-agrégants et anti-inflammatoires. Ces résultats donnent des perspectives pharmacologiques aux recommandations nutritionnelles promouvant la consommation d’acide alpha linolénique. / N-3 fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), play an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. One metabolite of DHA, protectin DX (PDX), an isomer of protectin D1 (PD1) (Chen P et al., 2009),possesses inhibits blood platelet aggregation. Similar compounds called "poxytrins", which have a conjugated triene with a E,Z,E geometry have also been synthesized from other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by soybean lipoxygenase. They have anti-aggregating properties by inhibiting platelet cyclooxygenase and thromboxane A2 receptor (Chen P et al., 2011). In this thesis, we describe new dihydroxy compounds synthesized by the soybean 15-lipoxygenase from alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), an essential PUFA that is consumed in the gram range in human adults . It is converted into monohydroxylated and dihydroxylated derivatives. These compounds were separated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after appropriate derivatization. A main monohydroxylated fatty acid, 13(S)-octadecatrienoic acid (13(S)-OH-18:3) and four dihydroxylated fatty acids were detected. The last ones have all a characteristic UV spectrum with a maximum absorbance at 270 nm with two shoulder peaks at 260 and 280 nm. The UV spectra from two of them are superimposable to that of PDX, suggesting a E,Z,E geometry for their conjugated triene. The complete characterization of these compounds was performed by high field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and by GC-MS. These are the 9(R),16(S)-dihydroxy-octadeca-10E,12E,14E-trienoic, 9(S),16(S)-dihydroxy-octadeca-10E,12E,14E-trienoic, 9(S),16(S)-dihydroxy-octadeca-10E,12Z,14E-trienoic and 9(R),16(S)-dihydroxy-octadeca-10E,12Z,14E-trienoic acids. They can also be synthesized by the (type 2) 15 human recombinant lipoxygenase. These dihydroxylated compounds (9,16-diHOTEs)were tested on isolated human blood platelets. We observed that only molecules containing a conjugated triene with a E,Z,E geometry are able to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by collagen, and inhibit sheep cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). The anti-inflammatory properties of these products were also studied. All 9,16-diHOTEs isomers having a conjugated triene with a E,Z,E geometry, inhibit human recombinant cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and only 9(R),16(S)-dihydroxy-octadeca-10E,12Z,14E-trienoic acid inhibits polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) 5-lipoxygenase which is involved in the leukotriene synthesis from arachidonic acid. In conclusion, the E,Z,E dihydroxlated compounds from 18:3n-3, as well as PDX, inhibiting the COX-1 and 2 activities appear to be anti-aggregatory and anti-inflammatory agents. These results provide pharmacological perspectives to nutritional recommendations promoting the intake of alpha-linolenic acid.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Vaccinia virus (VV) is the prototypical member of the orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family, and is currently being evaluated as a vector for vaccine development and cancer cell-targeting therapy. Despite the importance of studying poxvirus effects on the human immune system, reports of the direct interactions between poxviruses and primary human leukocytes (PHLs) are limited. We studied the specific molecular events that determine the VV tropism for major PHL subsets including monocytes, B cells, neutrophils, NK cells, and T cells. We found that VV exhibited an extremely strong bias towards binding and infecting monocytes among PHLs. VV binding strongly co-localized with lipid rafts on the surface of these cell types, even when lipid rafts were relocated to the cell uropods upon cell polarization. In humans, monocytic and professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) have so far only been reported to exhibit abortive infections with VV. We found that monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), including granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-polarized M1 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-polarized M2, were permissive to VV replication. The majority of virions produced in MDMs were extracellular enveloped virions (EEV). Visualization of infected MDMs revealed the formation of VV factories, actin tails, virion-associated branching structures and cell linkages, indicating that infected MDMs are able to initiate de novo synthesis of viral DNA and promote virus release. Classical activation of MDMs by LPS plus IFN-γ stimulation caused no effect on VV replication, whereas alternative activation of MDMs by IL-10 or LPS plus IL-1β treatment significantly decreased VV production. The IL-10-mediated suppression of VV replication was largely due to STAT3 activation, as a STAT3 inhibitor restored virus production to levels observed without IL-10 stimulation. In conclusion, our data indicate that PHL subsets express and share VV protein receptors enriched in lipid rafts. We also demonstrate that primary human macrophages are permissive to VV replication. After infection, MDMs produced EEV for long-range dissemination and also form structures associated with virions which may contribute to cell-cell spread.