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Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 S67 / Master of Science / Kinesiology

Luo Yilun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-91). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Organization --- p.3 / Chapter 2. --- Architecture of MAG-μIMU --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1. --- Hardware for Attitude Filter --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2. --- Handwriting Recording for a Digital Writing Instrument --- p.7 / Chapter 3. --- Inertial Tracking for Handwriting --- p.9 / Chapter 3.1. --- Spatial Descriptions and Transformations --- p.9 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Vector Description and Position of a Frame --- p.9 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Coordinate Transformation and Orientation of a Frame --- p.10 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Kinematics for Digital Writing Instruments --- p.12 / Chapter 3.1.4. --- Vector Rotation --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2. --- Euler Angles for Rotation in Space --- p.17 / Chapter 3.3. --- Euler Angles Attitude Kinematics --- p.19 / Chapter 3.4. --- Singular Problem --- p.19 / Chapter 4. --- Attitude in Quaternion --- p.22 / Chapter 4.1. --- Quaternion Operations --- p.22 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- Quaternion Conjugate --- p.23 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- Quaternion Norm --- p.24 / Chapter 4.1.3. --- Quaternion Inverse --- p.24 / Chapter 4.2. --- Orientation Description in Quaternion --- p.24 / Chapter 4.3. --- Attitude Kinematics in Quaternion --- p.25 / Chapter 5. --- Kalman Filter --- p.27 / Chapter 5.1. --- Time Update --- p.28 / Chapter 5.2. --- Measurement Update --- p.29 / Chapter 5.2.1. --- Maximum a Posterior Probability --- p.29 / Chapter 5.2.2. --- Batch Least-Square Estimation --- p.31 / Chapter 5.2.3. --- Measurement Update in Kalman Filter --- p.34 / Chapter 5.3. --- Kalman Filter Summary --- p.36 / Chapter 6. --- Extended Kalman Filter --- p.38 / Chapter 7. --- Attitude Extended Kalman Filter --- p.41 / Chapter 7.1. --- Time Update Model --- p.41 / Chapter 7.1.1. --- Attitude Strapdown Theory for a Quaternion --- p.41 / Chapter 7.1.2. --- Error Model for Time Update --- p.42 / Chapter 7.2. --- Measurement Update Model --- p.43 / Chapter 7.2.1. --- Error Model for the Measurement Update --- p.45 / Chapter 7.3. --- Summary --- p.46 / Chapter 8. --- Experiment Results --- p.47 / Chapter 8.1. --- Experiment for Attitude EKF based on MAG-μIMU --- p.47 / Chapter 8.1.1. --- Simulation Test --- p.48 / Chapter 8.1.2. --- Experiment Test --- p.49 / Chapter 8.2. --- Writing Application based on Attitude EKF Compensation --- p.52 / Chapter 8.2.1. --- Stroke Segment Kalman Filter --- p.54 / Chapter 8.2.2. --- Zero Velocity Compensation --- p.58 / Chapter 8.2.3. --- Complementary Attitude EKF for Writing Experiment --- p.60 / Chapter 9. --- Future Work --- p.73 / Chapter 9.1. --- Unscented Kalman Filter --- p.73 / Chapter 9.1.1. --- Least-square Estimator Structure --- p.73 / Chapter 9.1.2. --- Unscented Transform --- p.74 / Chapter 9.1.3. --- Unscented Kalman Filter --- p.76 / Chapter 9.2. --- Experiment Result --- p.81 / Chapter 10. --- Conclusion --- p.85 / Chapter 10.1. --- Attitude Extended Kalman Filter --- p.85 / Chapter 10.2. --- Complementary Attitude EKF --- p.85 / Chapter 10.3. --- Unscented Kalman Filter --- p.86 / Chapter 10.4. --- Future Work --- p.86 / Bibliography --- p.87 / Appendix A --- p.92

In this study I investigate the variegated and complex ways in which music and movement can interact in works that involve both media, such as ballets, modern dance works, music videos, and dance films. My dissertation centers around analyses of pieces in diverse styles and genres; each analysis focuses on different aspects of human movement or movement analysis tools. Some of these concepts – Effort, Space, Body, and Shape – are sourced from Laban Movement Analysis, while others – synchronization, body language, kinesthetic empathy, and form – do not belong to a cohesive system. Taking an intersubjective approach, my analyses highlight instances in which watching co-occurring movement affects my musical perceptions, or vice versa. I also examine conscious interventions on perception, where deliberate changes in perspective, theoretical frameworks, or prioritization of my embodied responses affect the way I hear and see the works. I aim not only to account for structural complexities in movement-music interactions, but also to examine ways in which those interactions participate in articulating identities and politics or in suggesting narrative interpretations. I aim to provide a versatile toolkit that would facilitate the analysis of many different kinds of music-movement interactions. Each chapter outlines two analytical tools and then demonstrates how the tools can be used in an analytical example. In the first chapter, I investigate the role of body language and movement-music synchronization in a hip hop music video by the rapper Tyler, The Creator. I argue that Tyler’s movements fail to synchronize to the music in straightforward ways and fail to convey the cool confidence that his lyrics purport to. As a result, the movement-music relationship helps to articulate a version of masculinity that can be read as non-normative and politically charged. In the second chapter, I examine the role of kinesthetic empathy in the perception of choreographic and musical form in the “Rose Adagio” from Tchaikovsky’s and Petipa’s The Sleeping Beauty. While both character and performer inhabit a single onstage body, the observer’s empathetic embodied responses to the dancer may diverge depending on whether she is read as character or performer. This perceptual contrast depends in part on the ballet’s narrative world. The two possible empathetic alignments yield, in turn, divergent analytical observations about the relationship between music and movement. In the third chapter, I offer an analysis of “Duet” from Lar Lubovitch’s Concerto 622,which is set to the Adagio movement of Mozart’s Clarinet Concerto in A Major K.622. Examining Lubovitch’s choreography helps me to arrive at a more sensitive hearing of the music than I initially expected. Also, in comparing two phrases whose music is nearly identical but which feature different choreography, I find an especially compelling case in support of the proposition that dance affects musical perceptions. In the final chapter, I consider the role of Body and Shape in Nijinsky’s and Debussy’s Jeux. Movement-music analysis provides support for an interpretation of the ballet that acknowledges a pervasive, yet ultimately unfulfilled sexual desire. Movement-music analysis also sheds light on the ever-changing and moment-focused nature of Debussy’s musical form. Motives are not developed nor organized by a large-scale formal design, but instead give rise to ever new musical ideas, unprepared and unresolved. The ballet’s choreography often helps these rapid and abrupt transitions to cohere.

In the past several years, IMU's have been widely used to measure the orientation of a moving body over a continuous period of time. Although, inertial navigation is a common approach for estimating the orientation, it greatly suffers from the accumulation of error in the orientation estimation. Most of the current common practices apply zero velocity update as a calibration method to address this problem and improve the estimation accuracy. However, this approach requires the sensors to be stationary frequently. This thesis introduces a novel method of calibration for estimating the elevation and bank angles of the orientation over a persistent human movement utilizing accelerometers and gyroscopes. The proposed technique incorporates the prior knowledge about the human motion to the estimation of the orientation to prevent the estimated position from growing unboundedly. The measurement model is designed to estimate the position for T seconds in the future. The knowledge of the estimated position for few seconds further in the future provides a feedback for orientation estimation during the periods of time when the accelerometer's readings are significantly deviated from gravity. This work evaluates the performance of the proposed method in two different ways: 1. a model of human movement is designed to generate synthetic data which resembles human motion. 2. an experimental design is implemented using a robot arm and an actual IMU to capture real data. The performance of the new technique is compared with the results from the inertial navigation approach. It is demonstrated that the new method significantly improves the accuracy of the orientation estimation.

One advantage of higher life-forms over less developed organisms is their ability to respond to signals from their environment with motion. This requires highly specialized contractile cells and a whole locomotion apparatus. In vertebrates, the cells responsible for movement are the skeletal muscle cells. They receive signals from the autonomic nervous system in the form of an action potential, and they contract in an appropriate manner. Calcium is a vital intracellular passenger whose role in muscular function is to initiate contraction. It is released via specific channel proteins from an internal Ca++ store, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and triggers muscular contraction, the actual interplay of actin and myosin filaments. The step that is still not fully understood is the coupling process between arrival of an action potential and the subsequent contraction, called excitation-contraction coupling. Several theories have been proposed to explain this process. Some years ago, our laboratory introduced the hypothesis that an oxidation-reduction reaction of critical sulfhydryls associated with the Ca+t channel protein are involved in the regulation of channel gating. In an effort to understand more about the Ca++ channel gating mechanism at the molecular level, this thesis focuses on the interaction between o-phthalaldehyde, a reagent which specifically forms an isoindole derivative with the amino acids cysteine and lysine, and the Ca++ release channel complex. In this thesis, the planar lipid bilayer technique was used to study the Ca++ release channel protein from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum at the single channel level. Utilizing this experimental technique, the direct interaction between OP A and the channel was investigated. In this study, it was shown that the interaction of o-phthalaldehyde with the channel increases the channel's open probability as well as its mean open time. Furthermore, the covalent nature of o-phthalaldehyde binding to the calcium release channel complex is shown and its inhibiting effects on chloride channels are demonstrated.

Muscle contraction is a phenomena which fascinated already the ancient Greeks. People have long sought to understand the mechanism of muscle contraction. Today we know that in order for muscle to contract, an action potential propagates from the nerve cell to the muscle cell. Upon arriving at the muscle cell, via a mechanism called Excitation- Contraction (E-C) coupling, Ca2 + is released from an intracellular membrane system, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), into the intracellular fluid. The increase of intracellular Ca2 + initiates the interaction between the contractile units which results in force development and tension. The least well understood step in the contractile process is mechanism of E-C coupling. During the last 15-20 years various theories have been proposed to describe this process. Our laboratory came up with a theory several years ago, that critical sultbydryl groups on a protein, the ryanodine receptor(RyR)/Ca2 + release channel, are oxidized and subsequently reduced during the process of contraction and relaxation. In this thesis a reagent, o-Phthalaldehyde (OPA), was used to better understand the gating mechanism of the RyR/Ca2 + release channel. This reagent has the ability to form an isoindole derivative with the amino acids cysteine and lysine, if they are separated by not more than 3 A .In this study, it was shown that OP A interacts directly with the Ca2 + release channel by forming a covalent derivative with a critical thiol and a nearby lysine. High affinity [3H]Ryanodine binding to the RyR\Ca2 + release channel is activated by < 130μM OP A, but is inhibited by OPA at concentrations ranging from 200-300 μM OPA. This biphasic behavior indicates that at least two sets of cysteine-lysine pairs regulate Ca2 + channel activity. Moreover, the binding of OP A results in increasing the affinity of the receptor for the binding of ryanodine, in a Ca2 + independent manner, which may indicate that there are two different sets of RyR\Ca2+ release channels present in the SR.

Prehension is a fundamental skill usually performed as part of a complex action sequence in everyday tasks. Using an information processing framework, these studies examined the effects of task complexity, defined by the number of component movement elements (MEs), on performance of prehension tasks. Of interest was how motor control and organisation might be influenced by age and/or motor competence. Three studies and two longitudinal case studies examined kinematic characteristics of prehension tasks involving one-, two- and three-MEs: reach and grasp (low-complexity); reach, grasp and object placement (moderate-complexity); and reach, grasp and double placement of object (high-complexity). A pilot study established the suitability of tasks and procedures for children aged 5-, 8- and 11-years and showed that responses to task complexity and object size manipulations were sensitive to developmental changes, with increasing age associated with faster movements. Study 2 explored complexity and age effects further for children aged 6- and 11-years and adults. Increasing age was associated with shorter and less variable movement times (MTs) and proportional deceleration phases (%DTs) across all MEs. Task complexity had no effect on simple reaction time (SRT), suggesting that there may be little preprogramming of movements beyond the first ME. In addition, MT was longer and more on-line corrections were evident for the high- compared to the moderate-complexity task for ME1. Task complexity had a greater influence on movements in ME2 and ME3 than ME1. Adults, but not children, showed task specific adaptations in ME2. Study 3 examined performance of children with different levels of motor competence aged between 5- and 10-years. Increasing age was associated with shorter SRTs, and MTs for ME1 only. A decrease in motor competence was associated with greater difficulty in planning and controlling movements as indicated by longer SRTs, higher %DTs and more on-line corrections, especially in ME2. Task complexity affected movements in all MEs, with a greater influence on ME1 compared to Study 2. Findings also indicated that performance in MEs following prehension may be especially sensitive to motor competence effects on movement characteristics. Case studies for two children at risk of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) revealed two different patterns of performance change over a 16-17 month period, highlighting the heterogeneous nature of DCD. Overall, findings highlighted age-related differences, and the role of motor competence, in the ability to adapt movements to task specific requirements. Results are useful in guiding movement education programmes for children with both age-appropriate and lower levels of motor competence.

Bibliography: leaves 216-231. / xvii, 231, [99] leaves : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Examines the sliding capability of external fixators under load and describes the development and testing of an external fixator capable of providing axial cyclic motion to a fracture site while a patient is walking. / Thesis (M.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 1999?

Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Computer Science Department, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references.