abstract: Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis are marked by the loss of different types of neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Human Pluripotent Stem Cell (hPSC)-derived Neural Progenitor Cells (hNPCs) have the ability to self-renew indefinitely and to differentiate into various cell types of the CNS. HNPCs can be used in cell based therapies and have the potential to reverse or arrest neurodegeneration and to replace lost neurons and glial cells. However, the lack of completely defined, scalable systems to culture these cells, limits their therapeutic and clinical applications. In a previous study, a completely defined, robust, synthetic peptide- a Vitronectin Derived Peptide (VDP) that supports the long term expansion and differentiation of various embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell (hESC/hIPSC) derived hNPC lines on two dimensional (2D) tissue culture plates was identified. In this study, the culture of hNPCs was scaled up using VDP coated microcarriers (MC). VDP MC were able to support the long term expansion of hESC and hiPSC derived hNPCs over multiple passages and supported higher fold changes in cell densities, compared to VDP coated 2D surfaces. VDP MC also showed the ability to support the neuronal differentiation of hNPCs, and produced mature neurons expressing several neuronal, neurotransmitter and cortical markers. Additionally, alzheimer’s disease (AD) relevant phenotypes were studied in patient hIPSC derived hNPCs cultured on laminin MC to assess if the MC culture system could be used for disease modelling and drug screening. Finally, a microcarrier based bioreactor system was developed for the large scale expansion of hNPCs, exhibiting more than a five-fold change in cell density and supporting more than 100 million hNPCs in culture. Thus, the development of a xeno-free, scalable system allows hNPC culture under standard and reproducible conditions in quantities required for therapeutic and clinical applications. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Bioengineering 2017

Le virus de la maladie de Borna (BDV) est un virus persistant dans le système nerveux central responsable de troubles du comportement chez l’animal et possiblement chez l’homme. En utilisant des cellules progénitrices neurales humaines, des travaux antérieurs à mon arrivée au laboratoire ont montré que BDV altère la neurogenèse humaine. Les objectifs de ma thèse étaient d’identifier les déterminants viraux responsables de cette altération et de caractériser les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués. Nous avons montré que la phosphoprotéine (P) et la nucléoprotéine (N), mais pas la protéine X, induisent une inhibition spécifique de la neurogenèse humaine, la genèse des astrocytes n’étant pas altérée. Ensuite, focalisant notre étude sur P, nous avons montré qu’elle affectait particulièrement la genèse des neurones GABAergiques. La caractérisation moléculaire a ensuite révélé une diminution de l’expression de gènes impliqués dans la spécification (ApoE et Noggin) et dans la maturation (SCG10/Stathmin2 et TH) neuronale. En conclusion, nos résultats démontrent, pour la première fois, qu’une protéine virale perturbe la neurogenèse GABAergique humaine, un processus connu pour être dérégulé dans certaines maladies psychiatriques. Ils améliorent ainsi notre compréhension de la pathogenèse de ce virus persistant et de son rôle possible dans les maladies psychiatriques chez l’homme. / Borna disease virus (BDV) is a persistent neurotropic virus causing neurobehavioral disorders in animals and possibly humans. Using human neural progenitor cells, it had been shown, before my arrival in the laboratory, that BDV induces an alteration in human neurogenesis. Here, we aimed at identifying the viral determinants involved in BDV-induced impairment of neurogenesis and at characterizing the underlying molecular mechanisms. We demonstrated that the phosphoprotein (P) and the nucleoprotein (N), but not the X protein, reduce neurogenesis. Focusing on the role of P, we evidenced an impairment of GABAergic neurogenesis. Then, seeking for the molecular mechanisms responsible for P-induced inhibition of neurogenesis, we showed that it induces a decrease in the expression of cellular factors involved in either neuronal specification (ApoE, Noggin) or maturation (SCG10/Stathmin, TH). Thus, in this study, we demonstrated for the first time that a viral protein is capable of inhibiting GABAergic neurogenesis, a process that is dysregulated in some psychiatric diseases. Our results improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of this persistent neurotropic virus and of its possible role in psychiatric disorders.