My thesis research has examined the fatty acid composition of serum triacylglycerol, phospholipid and cholesterol ester in 2793 participants who took part in the 1997 National Nutrition Survey - a national population-based survey of New Zealand adolescents and adults aged or [greater than or equal to]̲15 y. Differences in serum fatty acids by sex, age, ethnicity, body mass index and smoking - independent of dietary fat intake - were determined. Serum fatty acids were used as biomarkers of saturated and polyunsaturated fat intake to predict population serum total cholesterol concentrations. The association between n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipid and mental and physical wellbeing, as assessed by the short form-36, was determined. Serum fatty acids have been used as biological markers of fat intake and to predict the risk of disease. The fatty acid composition of serum triacylglycerol, phospholipid and cholesterol ester is subject to alteration by dietary fat but overall, is largely controlled by metabolic enzymes. Non-dietary variables - sex, age, body mass index or cigarette smoking - may influence the activity of these enzymes, which will subsequently alter the fatty acid composition but the extent to which these affect serum fatty acid composition in the general population is poorly understood. Our results showed that the proportion of docosahexaenoic acid in serum phospholipid and cholesterol ester was significantly greater in women by 0.15 and 0.02 mol%, respectively in comparison to men whereas, the proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid was significantly greater in men by 0.08 and 0.1 mol%, respectively, after adjusting for age, ethnicity, body mass index and smoking. A number of differences in the proportion of palmitoleic acid in serum triacylglycerol, phospholipid and cholesterol ester were detected; palmitoleic acid increased across the age categories in women (15-24, 25-44, 45-64 65+ y), was higher in women compared to men, New Zealand Europeans compared to New Zealand Maori and Pacific People, those with a body mass index or [greater than or equal to] 30 kg/m� compared to those with a body mass index < 25 kg/m� and in current smokers in comparison to non-smokers. In women, there was an inverse trend in the proportion of linoleic acid in serum phospholipid and cholesterol ester across the age categories. The proportion of linoleic acid in serum triacylglycerol, phospholipid and cholesterol ester was lower in smokers by 2.19, 1.04 and 0.75 mol%, respectively in comparison to non-smokers. None of these differences could be explained by a difference in dietary fat intake. Consequently, sex appears to affect the metabolism of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids independent of dietary fat intake and metabolic differences associated with age, body mass index and smoking may be at play for a number of other serum fatty acids notably, palmitoleic and linoleic acids. Evidence for a role of dietary fat as a predictor of serum cholesterol concentrations in the general population is conflicting. On one hand, results from cholesterol-lowering dietary intervention trials show unequivocally that decreasing saturated fat intake produces a meaningful reduction in serum cholesterol concentrations. On the other hand, the results of large observational studies show little association between saturated fat intake and cholesterol concentrations. The lack of association in the latter studies may result from errors in dietary assessment and therefore, using serum fatty acids as biomarkers of fat intake may overcome the limitations associated with typical dietary assessment techniques. Participants were divided into quintiles of increasing proportion of serum fatty acids. Each one SD increase in the myristic acid composition of serum cholesterol ester, triacylglycerol and phospholipid was associated with an increase in cholesterol of 0.19, 0.10 and 0.13 mmol/L, respectively after adjusting for confounding variables. The difference in cholesterol concentrations between those categorised into the highest and lowest quintiles of serum cholesterol ester myristate was 0.48 mmol/L. A one SD increase in the linoleic acid composition of serum cholesterol ester, triacylglycerol and phospholipid corresponded to a decrease in cholesterol of 0.07, 0.05 and 0.07 mmol/L, respectively. The difference in cholesterol concentrations between the 1st and 5th quintiles of serum cholesterol linoleate was 0.18 mmol/L. Intake of saturated and polyunsaturated fats, as measured using serum fatty acids, are important determinants of cholesterol concentrations in New Zealanders. It has been hypothesised that a lower intake of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, largely of marine origin, is implicated in the aetiology of depressive disorder. Results from the majority of observational studies have shown that depressed participants have a lower proportion of eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acid in phospholipids compared to controls but evidence for an improvement in depressive symptoms after supplementation with n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids is conflicting. There is little known about the role that n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may have as predictors of mental wellbeing in the general population. Participants were categorised into quintiles of increasing n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipid. There was no significant trend in self-reported mental wellbeing - the mental component score - across the quintiles of eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids or the sum of these three fatty acids after adjusting for confounding variables. There was a significant trend in the mental component score across the quintiles of the ratio of eicosapentaenoic/arachidonic acid; the difference between the highest and the lowest quintile was 6.6 points. There were significant positive trends in self-reported physical health - the physical component score - across the quintiles of eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids as well as the ratio of eicosapentaenoic/arachidonic acid ratio; the difference between the 1st and 5th quintiles were 8.6, 6.0 and 8.9 points, respectively. Overall, there appears to be little association between the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of serum phospholipid and self-reported mental health in a population of low fish consumers; however, the proportion of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may be an important predictor of physical wellbeing in New Zealanders.

My thesis research has examined the fatty acid composition of serum triacylglycerol, phospholipid and cholesterol ester in 2793 participants who took part in the 1997 National Nutrition Survey - a national population-based survey of New Zealand adolescents and adults aged or [greater than or equal to]̲15 y. Differences in serum fatty acids by sex, age, ethnicity, body mass index and smoking - independent of dietary fat intake - were determined. Serum fatty acids were used as biomarkers of saturated and polyunsaturated fat intake to predict population serum total cholesterol concentrations. The association between n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipid and mental and physical wellbeing, as assessed by the short form-36, was determined. Serum fatty acids have been used as biological markers of fat intake and to predict the risk of disease. The fatty acid composition of serum triacylglycerol, phospholipid and cholesterol ester is subject to alteration by dietary fat but overall, is largely controlled by metabolic enzymes. Non-dietary variables - sex, age, body mass index or cigarette smoking - may influence the activity of these enzymes, which will subsequently alter the fatty acid composition but the extent to which these affect serum fatty acid composition in the general population is poorly understood. Our results showed that the proportion of docosahexaenoic acid in serum phospholipid and cholesterol ester was significantly greater in women by 0.15 and 0.02 mol%, respectively in comparison to men whereas, the proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid was significantly greater in men by 0.08 and 0.1 mol%, respectively, after adjusting for age, ethnicity, body mass index and smoking. A number of differences in the proportion of palmitoleic acid in serum triacylglycerol, phospholipid and cholesterol ester were detected; palmitoleic acid increased across the age categories in women (15-24, 25-44, 45-64 65+ y), was higher in women compared to men, New Zealand Europeans compared to New Zealand Maori and Pacific People, those with a body mass index or [greater than or equal to] 30 kg/m� compared to those with a body mass index < 25 kg/m� and in current smokers in comparison to non-smokers. In women, there was an inverse trend in the proportion of linoleic acid in serum phospholipid and cholesterol ester across the age categories. The proportion of linoleic acid in serum triacylglycerol, phospholipid and cholesterol ester was lower in smokers by 2.19, 1.04 and 0.75 mol%, respectively in comparison to non-smokers. None of these differences could be explained by a difference in dietary fat intake. Consequently, sex appears to affect the metabolism of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids independent of dietary fat intake and metabolic differences associated with age, body mass index and smoking may be at play for a number of other serum fatty acids notably, palmitoleic and linoleic acids. Evidence for a role of dietary fat as a predictor of serum cholesterol concentrations in the general population is conflicting. On one hand, results from cholesterol-lowering dietary intervention trials show unequivocally that decreasing saturated fat intake produces a meaningful reduction in serum cholesterol concentrations. On the other hand, the results of large observational studies show little association between saturated fat intake and cholesterol concentrations. The lack of association in the latter studies may result from errors in dietary assessment and therefore, using serum fatty acids as biomarkers of fat intake may overcome the limitations associated with typical dietary assessment techniques. Participants were divided into quintiles of increasing proportion of serum fatty acids. Each one SD increase in the myristic acid composition of serum cholesterol ester, triacylglycerol and phospholipid was associated with an increase in cholesterol of 0.19, 0.10 and 0.13 mmol/L, respectively after adjusting for confounding variables. The difference in cholesterol concentrations between those categorised into the highest and lowest quintiles of serum cholesterol ester myristate was 0.48 mmol/L. A one SD increase in the linoleic acid composition of serum cholesterol ester, triacylglycerol and phospholipid corresponded to a decrease in cholesterol of 0.07, 0.05 and 0.07 mmol/L, respectively. The difference in cholesterol concentrations between the 1st and 5th quintiles of serum cholesterol linoleate was 0.18 mmol/L. Intake of saturated and polyunsaturated fats, as measured using serum fatty acids, are important determinants of cholesterol concentrations in New Zealanders. It has been hypothesised that a lower intake of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, largely of marine origin, is implicated in the aetiology of depressive disorder. Results from the majority of observational studies have shown that depressed participants have a lower proportion of eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acid in phospholipids compared to controls but evidence for an improvement in depressive symptoms after supplementation with n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids is conflicting. There is little known about the role that n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may have as predictors of mental wellbeing in the general population. Participants were categorised into quintiles of increasing n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipid. There was no significant trend in self-reported mental wellbeing - the mental component score - across the quintiles of eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids or the sum of these three fatty acids after adjusting for confounding variables. There was a significant trend in the mental component score across the quintiles of the ratio of eicosapentaenoic/arachidonic acid; the difference between the highest and the lowest quintile was 6.6 points. There were significant positive trends in self-reported physical health - the physical component score - across the quintiles of eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids as well as the ratio of eicosapentaenoic/arachidonic acid ratio; the difference between the 1st and 5th quintiles were 8.6, 6.0 and 8.9 points, respectively. Overall, there appears to be little association between the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of serum phospholipid and self-reported mental health in a population of low fish consumers; however, the proportion of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may be an important predictor of physical wellbeing in New Zealanders.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-81). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on October 25, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

Typescript, etc. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 1982. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-98).

No description available.

Protein co-precipitates were prepared from whey powder and soybean flour using various extraction and co-precipitation techniques. The effect of extraction and co-precipitation on co-precipitate yield was investigated. Native and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Native-PAGE, SDS-PAGE) and light compound microscopy (LCM) were used to study the structure of the co-precipitates. The rheological and gelation properties of the co-precipitates were determined. Highest yield (45%) for NaOH/Isoelectric Point IEP-Heating-Cooling, co-precipitate was obtained using the following conditions of extraction; extraction temperature, 40°C; temperature of precipitation 95°C, and pH of precipitation was 4.5. The yield of co-precipitates was affected by chelating agents and pH of precipitation and temperature of precipitation. Native-PAGE showed that 2 new protein bands result from the interactions between whey and soybean proteins during preparation of the co-precipitate. SDS-PAGE showed that the new proteins dissociated to give the protein subunits of whey and soybean proteins. LCM results showed differences in microscopic structure between the whey and soybean protein precipitates and the protein co-precipitates. Gels were characterized by measurement of water holding capacity (WHC), gelation start temperature (GST) and denaturation start temperature (DST) and gel strength (GS). Gels (16%) from a protein co-precipitate Mixed Powder MP:NaOH/IEP-Cooling had higher WHC and GS than gels from whey protein precipitate, soybean protein precipitate and protein co-precipitates Mixed Extract ME:NaOH/IEP-Cooling and co-precipitates MP: and ME:NaOH/IEP-Heating-Cooling. The DST of protein co-precipitates was dependent on protein concentration and pH, while GST was relatively dependent on protein concentration.

The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of dietary fat type and level of energy intake on hypothalamic leptin binding affinity and membrane fatty acid composition, circulating leptin levels, and body weight homeostasis in rats. Animals were fed diets containing tallow, safflower oil, or menhaden oil (20% wt/wt) for 10 wks, ad libitum or at 60% of ad libitum intakes. Specific leptin binding could not be detected in hypothalamic membrane homogenates; hypothalamic leptin levels were unaffected by diet or energy intake. Levels of tracer exceeding assay reference values were found in homogenates, suggesting intra-membrane binding. Excess tracer levels were weakly associated (p < 0.07) with the sum of hypothalamic phospholipid monounsaturates. Restriction lowered weight gain and food intakes (p < 0.0001 for both). In hypothalamic phospholipids, energy restriction lowered levels of 18:3(n-3) and increased levels of 20:1(n-9), 20:4(n-6), and 22:4(n-6) (p < 0.05, p < 0.02, p < 0.05, and p < 0.04, respectively). Fat type and energy level interactively affected hypothalamic levels of 20:4(n-6), 22:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) (p < 0.05, p < 0.006, and p < 0.05, respectively). Restriction lowered circulating leptin levels (p < 0.0001); overall plasma leptin levels were marginally associated (p < 0.07) with hypothalamic 16:0 concentrations. The results of the study support previous findings suggesting that leptin binding at the level of the hypothalamic membrane may not be detectable. The results also support the lack of a dietary fat effect on plasma leptin levels and levels of certain hypothalamic fatty acids, such as 20:4(n-6), 22:4(n-6), and 22:5(n-3), with energy restriction. The findings of the study suggest a link between increased membrane fluidity, increased binding affinity, and lower circulating leptin levels, promoting the possibility that the biological actions of leptin can be controlled through dietary effects on