In a cross-sectional study we examined Iipoprotein composition and CETP mass in 15 sedentary and 12 exercising, healthy male volunteers, aged between 17-35 years. The exercising group were defined as individuals participating in at least five weekly 45 minute exercise sessions of an aerobic nature (60-85% estimated maximal oxygen uptake). The sedentary subjects were only irregularly engaged in bouts of physical activity, not more than 45 minutes per week. Seasonal data were collected: one data collection in the fall and one in the spring. A 20 day food and exercise journal was maintained during each season's data collection period. Blood lipids were measured on two and anthropometric and aerobic capacity testing were performed on 1 occasion during each season. Statistical analyses consisted of a two way ANOVA (exercise and season) to control for seasonal effects on blood lipids and Iipoprotein levels. Pearson product moment correlations were calculated between those variables that showed significant seasonal or level of activity changes. Exercising males consumed significantly greater amounts of energy (p<O.OOI), carbohydrates (p<O.OOOI), protein (p<O.OOOI), and dietary fibre (p<O.OOOI) than sedentary males; sedentary males however, consumed significantly greater amounts of alcohol than exercising males. Exercising males had significantly higher aerobic capacities and degrees of mesomorphy than sedentary subjects and exhibited significantly lower apo AI values. No differences were noted between the 2 groups in BMI, % body fat, other plasma lipids or CETP mass. In summary, regular physical activity in young, healthy male subjects was associated with increased energy and carbohydrate intake and improved aerobic capacity as compared to sedentary subjects. Moderate differences in physical activity were not however associated with alterations in plasma Iipoprotein composition or CETP concentration.

Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) are deposited in large amounts in membrane phospholipids of the developing central nervous system (CNS). High levels of 22:6n-3 are found in synaptic terminals and retina, and are important for normal visual development and function. 20:4n-6 and22:6n-3 are supplied in human milk. In contrast, infants fed formula rely completely on endogenous synthesis of 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 from linoleic (18:2n-6) and a-linolenic (18:3n-3) acid, respectively. Levels of 22:6n-3 in the blood lipids of infants fed formula are lower than in infants fed human milk. Concern over the supply of 22:6n-3 led to clinical trials in which premature infants were fed formulas containing fish oils as a source of 22:6n-3. Piglets, which have a similar lipid metabolism and perinatal timing of the brain growth spurt to humans, have a lower percentage of 22:6n-3 in blood, liver and CNS tissues when fed formula with 30% of fatty acids as18:2n-6 and 0.8% 18:3n-3, compared to sow milk. It was hypothesized that the low blood and tissue 22:6n-3 in formula-fed piglets was due to inappropriate quantities and/or ratios of dietary 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 limiting the synthesis of 22:6n-3. Thus, the main objectives of this thesis were to determine. (1) if 22:6n-3 is an essential dietary nutrient for the term gestation piglet, (2) if appropriate quantities and ratios of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 in formula will support CNS membrane accretion of 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3, comparable to piglets fed varying amounts of 22:6n-3 in natural milk, and (3) if lower blood phospholipid 22:6n-3 consistently reflects reduced 22:6n-3 in the CNS. Initial studies (Experiment I) showed that formula with 4% 18:3n-3 supported a similar percentage of22:6n-3 in piglet liver and CNS membrane lipids to sow milk, but was associated with lower brain weight. Deposition of 22:6n-3 in brain was influenced by the formula 18:3n-3 content. The 18:2n-6:18:3n-3 ratio (22:1and 37:1) seemed to be important, however, when formulas contained 1% 18:3n-3. Low levels of fish oil in formula, similar to those used in clinical trials, were effective in supplying 22:6n-3 to the developing piglet brain (Experiment II). The efficacy of 18:3n-3 in supporting the deposition of 22:6n-3 in the brain was estimated to be at least 20% that of dietary 20:5n-3 plus 22:6n-3. With increasing dietary fish oil, however, levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) increased and 20:4n-6decreased in plasma, liver and retina, but not brain (Experiment III). This suggests regulatory mechanisms may exist to maintain relatively constant levels of 20:4n-6 and 20:5n-3 in brain. Milk 22:6n-3 varies with maternal intake of 22:6n-3. The effect of milk 22:6n-3 content was studied in piglets fed milk with 0.1% or 1.5% 22:6n-3 obtained from sows fed usual pig diets containing vegetable fats without or with fish oil, respectively (Experiment IV). Consumption of 1.5 vs 0.1% 22:6n-3 from sow milk resulted in 300% higher 22:6n-3 in liver and blood phospholipids and 11% higher 22:6n-3 in cerebrum of nursing piglets. Despite similar milk 20:4n-6, the % 20:4n-6 in tissues other than the brain was lower in piglets fed high22:6n-3 sow milk. Thus, high intakes of n-3 fatty acids decrease 20:4n-6 in piglet liver and blood lipids. The blood phospholipid % 22:6n-3 in piglets fed formulas containing 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 but not their long-chain derivatives, was lower than in piglets fed 22:6n-3 in natural milk, consistent with published findings in formula-fed infants. However, in contrast to circulating lipids, formulas with 4% 18:3n-3 maintained similar levels of 22:6n-3in the piglet CNS compared to milk. These studies show that blood phospholipid 22:6n-3 and 20:4n-6 are not specific indices of effects in CNS lipids. This thesis has shown (1) 22:6n-3 is not essential in the diet of the term piglet, if adequate 18:3n-3 is given, (2) fish oils are an effective source of 22:6n-3 for deposition in the developing brain, (3) high dietary n-3fatty acids interfere with 20:4n-6 metabolism, and (4) blood lipid 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 do not accurately reflect CNS fatty acids.

Dietary fatty acid (FA) composition and energy restriction (ER) independently affect serum leptin levels; however it is not known whether this correlates with changes in obese (ob) gene expression. Herein, we assessed whether dietary FA composition and ER influence white adipose tissue (WAT) ob mRNA by Northern analysis. Animals consumed diets containing tallow (BT), safflower oil (SO) or fish oil (FO) ad libitum or at 60% ad libitum intakes. Serum leptin values were not different between levels of energy intake. ER decreased weight gain and WAT weights, which positively correlated with serum leptin values. WAT ob mRNA levels were in the rank order: FO > SO > BT in depots of all groups with ER showing a lower level of ob mRNA. Data show similarity in ob mRNA levels between depots with discordance in circulating leptin levels. These data suggest that energy restriction exerts greater control over leptin production than dietary fat source.

In a cross-sectional study we examined lipoprotein composition and CETP mass in 15 sedentary and 12 exercising, healthy male volunteers, aged between 17-35 years. The exercising group were defined as individuals participating in at least five weekly 45 minute exercise sessions of an aerobic nature (60-85% estimated maximal oxygen uptake). The sedentary subjects were only irregularly engaged in bouts of physical activity, not more than 45 minutes per week. Seasonal data were collected: one data collection in the fall and one in the spring. A 20 day food and exercise journal was maintained during each season's data collection period. Blood lipids were measured on two and anthropometric and aerobic capacity testing were performed on 1 occasion during each season. Statistical analyses consisted of a two way ANOVA (exercise and season) to control for seasonal effects on blood lipids and lipoprotein levels. Pearson product moment correlations were calculated between those variables that showed significant seasonal or level of activity changes. Exercising males consumed significantly greater amounts of energy (p $<$ 0.001), carbohydrates (p $<$ 0.0001), protein (p $<$ 0.0001), and dietary fibre (p $<$ 0.0001) than sedentary males; sedentary males however, consumed significantly greater amounts of alcohol than exercising males. Exercising males had significantly higher aerobic capacities and degrees of mesomorphy than sedentary subjects and exhibited significantly lower apo AI values. No differences were noted between the 2 groups in BMI, % body fat, other plasma lipids or CETP mass. In summary, regular physical activity in young, healthy male subjects was associated with increased energy and carbohydrate intake and improved aerobic capacity as compared to sedentary subjects. Moderate differences in physical activity were not however associated with alterations in plasma lipoprotein composition or CETP concentration.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of restrained eating behavior on dietary calcium intake in adolescents. Research shows that female adolescents have lower calcium intake then males. Research also suggests that dieting has a negative impact on the dietary intake of several nutrients, including calcium.A random sample of adolescents from physical education and health classes at Muncie Central High School, a mid-western urban public school, participated in this study. Subjects completed one 24 hour food record, a modified three-factor eating questionnaire to assess dietary restraint, and demographic sheet.Of the 85 subjects (females n=60; males n=25) who participated in the study, 65% (n=56) did not meet the dietary calcium recommendations of 1300 mg/day. Among females, 75% (n=45) did not meet calcium recommendations. For males, 44% (n=11) did not meet the daily calcium recommendations. Mean calcium intake for females and males respectively was 1121 ± 939 mg/day and 1632 ±1242 mg/day.Seventy-five percent of all subjects had low to average dietary restraint. A greater percentage of females (17%, n=10; 15%, n=9) than males (4%, n=1; 4%, n=1) were found to have high and clinical levels of dietary restraint. Interestingly, the mean calcium intake for those males and females having clinical levels of dietary restraint did meet calcium recommendations (1403 mg/day and 1341 ± 829 mg/day). For females, the mean calcium intake for both low to average and high dietary restraint did not meet calcium requirements. For males, mean calcium intake among all levels of restraint met the recommendations. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

Selenium (Se) is an essential element. Supplementation of Se as yeast-Se in animal and human diets has been proven to have beneficial health effects. The goal of this study was to add a maximum amount of Se in yeast metabolism in order to optimize its incorporation in amino acids. A bakery yeast strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) was studied for its tolerance to Se when the latter was incorporated at different levels. Fermentations were run at 27°C for 8 h and 24 h. The maximum Se incorporation was achieved when 12.6 mmol of Se, as sodium selenite salt, was added to the culture medium and fermented for 24 h. A final Se concentration of 1550 +/- 35 mug/g yeast was obtained by this treatment. / Different yeast strains of S. cerevisiae were also studied for their capacity to incorporate Se. Five yeast strains of wine and four yeast strains of beer were fermented for 24 h and tested for their capacity to incorporate Se. The amount of 12.6 mmol Se was added in the growth medium. A maximum of 642.6 +/- 3.6 mug Se/g yeast was found to be incorporated in Uvaferm BC wine strain. Uvaferm windsor of beer strain was able to incorporate a maximum of 826.8 +/- 10.4 mug Se/g yeast. These yeast strains could be used as alternatives for Se supplementation. / Se speciation was carried out on the bakery yeast strain containing 1550 +/- 35 mug Se/g yeast, using Fast Phase Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) and amino acid analysis. Out of 1550 +/- 35 mug Se/g yeast, 57.5% Se was present as selenoaminoacids. The yeast extract contained 147 +/- 14 mug/g of SeCys, 248 +/- 13 mug/g of SeCyst and 295 +/- 17 mug/g of SeMet. Yeast cell walls contained 65 +/- 8 mug/g of SeMet; 69 +/- 5 mug/g of SeCyst and 67 +/- 9 mug/g of SeCys. These selenoaminoacids are known for their beneficial health effects. The produced Se-enriched bakery yeast could be used, after evaluated to be toxicologically safe, as an efficient dietary supplement.

Graduation date: 1946

Graduation date: 1980

Thesis (M.F.C.S.)--Bowling Green State University, 2007. / Document formatted into pages; contains x, 130 p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Ag.Sc.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Animal Sciences, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-220).