Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1040214 bytes, checksum: f22bf02fdad0252c96c7531244f8dc67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The central object of the thesis herein is the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), new human rights monitoring mechanism created with the United Nations (UN) reform, in 2005. In order to respond to the selectivity criticisms of the old Comission, which centered its attention towards specific countries, the UPR constitutes a new tool of universal approach, through which all UN member states shall apply periodically, without excepcions. The main problem this research intends to answer relates to the duplicity of obligations gathered by the States, already overloaded with other monitoring duties. As such, the problem may be reduced to the following question: is the UPR indeed innovative or merely represents one more formal obligation to the countries? The hypothesis is that the UPR is a reflection of the natural wear, as well as the development and remodeling of the traditional monitoring mechanisms, notably the committees periodic reports, without, otherwise, dispense their value. Furthermore, as an international law tool, its success depends directly on the States efforts during the review proceedings. The central author of the thesis is Philip Alston, UN independent expert who researched the effectiveness of the UN treaty monitoring system. The methodology chosen reflects a bibliographical and document analysis, through the study of newly written scientific articles related to the subject, as well as the documents used in the brazilian reviews, in Geneva. It is structured in three chapters. The first one focuses on the traditional human rights monitoring tools, in order to provide a general view on the theme. Consequently, the second chapter is exclusively dedicated to the UPR itself, its innovations, peculiarities and functioning. Finally, the last one centers on the brazilian performance on the 2008 and 2012 cicles, after a brief analysis of its international and regional historical commitments to human rights. / O Relatório Periódico Universal (RPU), objeto desta dissertação, é o novo mecanismo de monitoramento dos direitos humanos, criado a partir da reforma da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), em 2005. Com o objetivo de responder os questionamentos acerca da seletividade da antiga Comissão, que concentrava atenções tão somente em alguns países, o RPU constitui ferramenta de avaliação universal, através da qual todos os Estados membros das Nações Unidas se submetem, sem exceções. A questão central deste trabalho refere-se à duplicidade de obrigações para os Estados, já sobrecarregados pelos demais mecanismos de monitoramento onusianos. Dessa forma, o problema reduz-se à seguinte pergunta: seria o RPU realmente inovador ou representa apenas mais uma obrigação formal para os países? Parte-se da hipótese que o RPU é fruto do desgaste natural e do aprimoramento dos mecanismos tradicionais de monitoramento, notadamente dos relatórios periódicos, sem, contudo, prescindí-los. Ademais, como ferramenta de direito internacional, seu sucesso depende diretamente do efetivo compromisso estatal durante os procedimentos de revisão. O marco teórico desta pesquisa é Philip Alston, expert independente das Nações unidas responsável pela elaboração de estudo acerca da efetividade do monitoramento dos mecanismos convencionais de direitos humanos. A metodologia utilizada é essencialmente bibliográfica-documental, baseada em recentes artigos produzidos sobre a temática, bem como na avaliação dos documentos relativos ao Estado brasileiro utilizados nos debates, em Genebra. O trabalho estrutura-se em três capítulos. O primeiro foca nas ferramentas tradicionalmente utilizadas no monitoramento internacional dos direitos humanos, proporcionando visão geral do tema. Por sua vez, o segundo capítulo dedica-se exclusivamente ao RPU, suas inovações, peculiaridades e funcionamento. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo centra-se no desempenho do Brasil nas revisões de 2008 e 2012, após breve análise do seu histórico de comprometimento internacional e regional.

"In the past 40 years these various procedures and outputs of the United Nations Human Rights Treaty System (UNHRTS) have gradually become sophisticated, developed and strengthened. It has made contributions to the promotion and protection of human rights. Despite its achievements, however, it also faces serious challenges and weaknesses, which induces some insider commentators to evaluate it as 'a system in crisis' and to criticise the whole system as one that urgently needs 'a complete overhaul'. From time to time, several proposals were made to improve the situation. However, the underlying problems persisted. Thus further and radical calls for re-organisation of the monitoring mechanism of the UNHRTS into a Unified and Standing Treaty Monitoring Body (USTMB) was made very recently. A further call for consolidation was made more explicit subsequently. In March 2006 the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR) has issued a Concept Paper proposing to consolidate the current treaty monitoring bodies (TMBs) into a USTMB in an attempt to address the persistent problems the UNHTRS monitoring mechanism has been facing. A proposal regarded as too radical by many insiders of the UNHRTS. In view of the serious weaknesses of the UNHRTS monitoring mechanism, the initiated reform is a positive step. However, in seeking to introduce reform, and particularly within the UNHRTS, great caution is important not to throw the baby with water in the reform process. There is real concern about squandering, in the name of reform, the progress achieved over the last decades. In order to introduce an effective reform, it is important to be aware of [what] has worked and what has not, and make strategic choices based on these insights. In view of the proposed USTMB as a solution to the weakness of the system, balancing the reform initiative so that it will inherit the positive legacies while redressing the weakness is, therefore, a major contemporary concern." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006. / Prepared under the supervision of Mr. E.Y. Benneh at the Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The thesis provides legal analysis of sexual exploitation and abuse by UN peacekeepers with particular focus on military members of national peacekeeping contingents. It provides brief survey of peacekeeping operations thereby underlying their importance in the contemporary activities of the UN and describing factors that have caused or might led to sexual exploitation and abuse by UN peacekeepers. Furthermore, UN action towards those acts is described and it is also evaluated whether such steps are successful, sufficient and whether more could have been done or what more can be done in the future. A part is also dedicated to international humanitarian law perspective and international human rights law. In this context, the author tries to answer the question if and when the sexual exploitation and abuse by members of national peacekeeping contingents while deployed to a UN peacekeeping mission may constitute war crimes or crimes against humanity and whether there is a role to play by International Criminal Court. In the same vein, issues of extraterritorial application of human rights treaties are discussed. The question of international responsibility is the central topic of this thesis. Apart from individual responsibility of members of national peacekeeping contingents for acts of sexual...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guido Timoteo da Costa Zaniolo.pdf: 1473829 bytes, checksum: b5897088ab8d81bbed8e5e312509e4b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-26 / treaties. It also studied topics surrounding this theme such as: the range and meaning of article 5th, § 2, of Brazil s Federal Constitution, that opens the national law system to the international law system; the material concept of fundamental rights in the 1988 Brazilian Constitution; the parameters used in order to establish a definition of material fundamental rights; the relationship between fundamental principles, the human dignity principle and the fundamental rights; the human dignity, its historical outlining and its recent concept; the core elements, functions and types of efficiency regarding the human dignity; definitions, subjects and formal components of international treaties, the relation involving International Right and National Right (Dualism, Monism, alternate theories); foreign constitutional provisions about International Right and National Right. Besides all that, there have been examined the juridical value of the human rights treaties for the doctrine and for the Brazilian Supreme Court; the General Theory of Judicial Conventionality Control in Brazilian Law; the Double Vertical Material Compatibility Control; the diffuse and concentrated species of control and its affinity with the Theory of Source Dialogues and the Pro Homine principle / O presente trabalho apreciou os tratados internacionais de direitos humanos como fontes de direitos fundamentais e objetivou, ao longo de seus quatro capítulos, avaliar tópicos que com ele se relacionam indiscutivelmente, dentre eles o significado e a abrangência do artigo 5º, § 2º, da Constituição Federal de 1988, cláusula de abertura do ordenamento jurídico nacional à ordem jurídica internacional; o conceito material de direitos fundamentais na Magna Carta de 1988; os parâmetros de referência para um conceito material de direitos fundamentais; os princípios fundamentais, princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana e os direitos fundamentais; a dignidade humana, seus delineamentos históricos e conceito atual, os conteúdos essenciais, as funções e as modalidades de eficácia da dignidade humana; os conceitos, os sujeitos e os elementos formais dos tratados internacionais; a relação entre Direito Internacional e Direito Interno - Dualismo e Monismo e correntes alternativas; o relacionamento entre o Direito Internacional e o Direito Interno nas Constituições de diversos países (estudo de direito comparado). Além destes foram abordadas a natureza jurídica dos tratados internacionais de direitos humanos na doutrina e para o Supremo Tribunal Federal, dando-se destaque às quatro correntes identificadas em sua jurisprudência (supraconstitucionalidade, legalidade, constitucionalidade e supralegalidade), à Teoria Geral do Controle de Convencionalidade no Direito Brasileiro, ao estudo acerca deste controle e da Teoria da Dupla Compatibilidade Vertical Material, às espécies, difusa e concentrada, de controle, bem como à afinidade dele com o denominado Diálogo das Fontes e o Princípio Pro Homine