We begin by explaining the general terms of the Colocasia esculenta’s chemical properties, agricultural practices and food value as well as its geographic and taxonomic distribution. Thetaro’s starch provides an alternative for pharmaceutical use and even a possible industrialization of its grains by two ways: the moist by water flowing of the starch grains and allowing sedimentation, and by sun drying where the grains lose much of its water, near 60% of its raw weight. Next, we make a list of possible technologies for its use and possible competition with other traditional starches. / Empezamos explicando lo referente a las generalidades de sus características químicas agrícolas y alimenticias, así como su distribución geográfica y taxonomía. Se da una alternativa de uso farmacéutico al almidón de pituca (Colocasia esculenta) para una posible industrialización de sus granos de almidón por medio de dos vías, la húmeda en presencia de arrastre de los gránulos con agua por el método de la sedimentación y el otro método por el secado al sol en el cual perdió un gran porcentaje de agua de casi el 60% de contenido de peso bruto. Luego elaboramos una lista de posibles tecnologías en su utilización y posible competencia frente al uso de otros almidones tradicionales

付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23163号 / 工博第4807号 / 新制||工||1752(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 立川 康人, 教授 田中 茂信, 准教授 佐山 敬洋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-21T17:13:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AndreiaAmorim.pdf: 2021730 bytes, checksum: d4f2de640b2254f58c621285962a6333 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-21T17:13:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndreiaAmorim.pdf: 2021730 bytes, checksum: d4f2de640b2254f58c621285962a6333 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-27 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / The use of chemical indicators used to evaluate soil quality in a growing alley cropping can identify the causes of land degradation in agricultural systems of the Amazon, the conversion of forest to these agricultural systems, incompatible with soil and climatic conditions of this region. This degradation is considered one of the greatest threats to the rainforest due to depletion of phosphorus (P), the decline in soil organic matter (SOM) and the loss of basic cations. two kinds of high quality waste were used: (Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium), and two species of low quality waste (Clitoria fairchildiana and Acacia mangium). The 1600m2 area was sampled for carrying out chemical analysis and fractionation of organic matter and soil phosphorus. The SOM was separated by density fractionation soil. Fractionation of P in soil was carried out with extraction solutions. The experimental design was randomized blocks: leucena + sombrero (L + S); leucena + acacia (L + A); gliricidia + acacia (G + A); gliricidia + sombrero (G + S) and control treatment without pulses with five treatments and eight repetitions. The corn was used as test culture. Legumes were pruned to 50 cm of soil waste materials were added to the surface and then the corn was sown. All soil samples of the experiment in alleys had low pH values. The results show statistical differences between treatments when to soil organic matter (SOM). The highest levels were found in the treatment leucena + sombrero (L + S), but did not influence the carbon stock of Fractions Take Free (FLL), Intra-aggregate fractions (FLI) and MOP MOS, which showed no statistical difference. Therefore, in accordance cutting alleys, most of the P found in inorganic form, and was also found in fractions moderately labile and difficult. The results indicate that the fractions of P and organic matter are important indicators to evaluate changes in the degree of land degradation in the humid tropics. These results also indicate that the intensive and continuous use of annual crops in soils of the regions of the Amazon without any conservation practice can be considered as a high risk to the sustainability of agricultural systems, mainly because of increased active and potential acidity, reducing labile organic matter and depletion of organic P pools, leading to soil degradation. Soil fertility, physical properties and available P are responsible for the variability of soil degradation. Considering that small farmers are responsible for 70% of agricultural production in the country, the sustainable management of these soils, usually of low fertility by agroecological alley cropping of legumes is an alternative to agriculture as socioeconomic and environmental benefits. / O uso de indicadores químicos serve para avaliar a qualidade do solo em um sistema de cultivo em aleias. A degradação do solo de sistemas agrícolas da Amazônia, pela conversão da floresta para esses sistemas agrícolas, incompatíveis com as condições edafoclimáticas desta região é considerada uma das maiores ameaças para os solos tropicais devido à depleção de fósforo (P), a diminuição da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e a perda de cátions básicos. Esta Tese teve o objetivo de avaliar os principais indicadores químicos de qualidade do solo (matéria orgânica e seus compartimentos, pH, frações do fósforo (P), potássio (K) e o somatório de cálcio (Ca) e magnésio trocáveis (Mg)) após dois anos de plantio em um ARGISSOLO VERMELHO AMARELO Distrocoeso sobre um sistema de cultivo em aleias. Foram utilizadas duas espécies de alta qualidade de resíduos: (Leucaena leucocephala e Gliricídia sepium), e duas espécies de baixa qualidade de resíduos (Clitoria fairchildiana e Acacia mangium). A área de 1600m2 foi amostrada, para realização das análises químicas (IAC, 2001) e fracionamento densimétrico e granulométrico da MOS (MACHADO, 2002). O fracionamento de P no solo foi realizado com soluções extratoras, conforme Hedley et al. (1982) com as modificações de Condron et al. (1985), adaptado de Gatiboni (2003). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualisados com cinco tratamentos e oito repetições: leucena+sombreiro (L+S); leucena+acácia (L+A); gliricídia+acácia (G+A); gliricídia+sombreiro (G+S) e tratamento controle sem leguminosas. O milho foi utilizado como cultura teste. As leguminosas foram podadas a 50 cm do solo e seus resíduos foram adicionados à superfície e em seguida o milho foi semeado. Todas as amostras do solo do experimento em aleias apresentaram valores baixos de pH. Houve diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos para a MOS. Os maiores teores foram encontrados no tratamento leucena+sombreiro (L+S), mas não influenciou nos estoque de carbono das Frações Leve Livre (FLL), Frações Intra-agregadas (FLI) e Matéria Orgânica Particulada (MOP) da MOS, que não apresentaram diferença estatística. Por conseguinte, após o corte das aleias, a maior parte do P foi encontrada numa forma inorgânica, e também foi encontrada nas frações moderadamente e dificilmente lábeis. Os resultados indicam que as frações de P e matéria orgânica são importantes indicadores para avaliar mudanças no grau de degradação da terra nos trópicos úmidos. Estes resultados indicam também que o uso intensivo e contínuo das culturas anuais nos solos das regiões da Amazônia sem nenhuma prática conservacionista pode ser considerado como um risco elevado para a sustentabilidade dos agrossistemas, principalmente por causa do aumento da acidez ativa e potencial, a redução da matéria orgânica lábil e o esgotamento dos pools de P orgânico, levando à degradação do solo. A fertilidade do solo, propriedades físicas e P disponível são responsáveis pela variabilidade da degradação do solo. Considerando-se que os pequenos agricultores respondem por 70% da produção agrícola no país, a adoção do manejo sustentável dos solos cultivados, geralmente de baixa fertilidade natural com sistema em aleias de leguminosas é uma alternativa para a agricultura com benefícios socioeconômicos e ambientais.

Aux Antilles, la disponibilité limitée des ressources en contexte insulaire et l'activité agricole à aux niveaux d'intrants fragilisent les ressources en eau. Dans les zones bananières à forts niveaux d'intrants, des phénomènes de pollution des eaux sont particulièrement marqués, notamment du fait de l'usage d'un pesticide, la chlordécone. La connaissance du fonctionnement des systèmes hydrologiques à l'échelle du bassin versant représente un enjeu primordial pour pouvoir estimer l'exposition de l'écosystème aux pollutions et pour prévoir l'évolution des contaminations dans le temps. L'objectif de la thèse a été de développer une modélisation mécaniste représentant les processus hydrologiques de surface et souterrains à l'échelle d'un bassin versant sur substrat volcanique, sous climat tropical humide, situé en zone bananière en Guadeloupe. En premier a été développé un modèle parcellaire de bilan hydrique adapté au cas des cultures bananières. Il a pour originalité de prendre en compte l'importante redistribution de pluie opérée par le couvert bananier et d'en simuler les effets en matière d'intensité et d'hétérogénéité intra-parcellaire sur les termes du bilan hydrique. Les résultats d'analyse de sensibilité montrent que la redistribution de la pluie augmente le ruissellement de surface ainsi que la percolation, en cohérence avec les observations de terrain, mais impacte peu ou temporairement l'évapotranspiration et l'humidité du sol. Le calage du modèle sur des données expérimentales indiquent une performance améliorée de la simulation du ruissellement par rapport à un modèle ignorant le mécanisme de redistribution. En second, le bassin versant expérimental de Féfé (17.8 ha) a fait l'objet d'une approche de modélisation intégrant processus hydrologiques de surface et souterrains basée sur un chaînage itératif des modèles MHYDAS et MODFLOW. Confrontée à une année hydrologique de mesures de débits à l'exutoire et de piézométries, l'approche de chaînage de modèles de surface et souterrain apparaît pertinente. Une limite majeure est toutefois la non prise en compte de la zone non saturée dans le processus de recharge des aquifères. L'analyse des simulations et de leurs écarts avec les données observées conforte plusieurs hypothèses issues des analyses expérimentales : un ruissellement de surface fortement hortonien, une contribution majeure des écoulement souterrains au débit à l'exutoire. Elle indique toutefois également une indétermination des processus majeurs lors des périodes de fortes pluies. Différentes hypothèses sont proposées qu'il conviendra d'évaluer dans des travaux futurs. Ce travail constitue une première étape pour évaluer les chemins d'écoulement majeurs et les dynamiques des contaminations par les produits phytosanitaires dans un milieu volcanique tropical sous culture bananière. / In the French West Indies (FWI), limited resources supply on island and farming with extensive uses of pesticides have damaged water resources. In environments under intensive banana production, water pollution can be of particular concern, with regards to the use of chlordecone, an insecticide to control the banana weevil. Understanding the hydrological behaviour of a catchment is a challenge in assessing the exposure of the ecosystem to pollutions and in predicting the long-term contamination dynamics. This thesis aimed at developing a model to simulate de surface and underground hydrological processes at the catchment scale on volcanic deposits in a humid tropical area covered by banana plantations in Guadeloupe. First, we developed an original water budget model at the plot scale, adapted to the banana canopy. It takes into account the high rainfall redistribution by banana cover and simulates the effects of modified rainfall intensities and within-plot heterogeneities on the water balance components. The sensitivity analysis showed that rainfall redistribution promotes surface runoff and percolation, in accordance with the field observations, but influences little or only temporarily the average field evapotranspiration and soil moisture. The model calibration tested on experimental data indicated improved runoff production performances compared to a model without rainfall redistribution. Secondly, the Féfé experimental catchment (17.8 ha) was studied with a linked iterative modelling approach (of MHYDAS and MODFLOW) that includes surface and underground hydrological processes. Tested against a year of outlet discharge and water table depth measurements, the linked modelling approach seems appropriate. However, the main limit of this approach was that it does not consider the transfer through the unsaturated zone when simulating the aquifers' recharge. The analysis of the results and of the differences between measured and simulated variables supported the hypothesis, from experimental analyses, that: the surface runoff is mainly Hortonian, groundwater flow is the main contributor to runoff at the catchment outlet. However, there was still uncertainty concerning the main processes during wet periods. Various hypotheses were suggested and should be investigated in future studies. This work represents a first step towards the evaluation of the major flow paths and contamination dynamics of pesticides on volcanic deposits in a humid tropical area covered by banana plantations.