It is of great importance to acquire methods that has a sustainable solution for treatment and disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW). The volumes are constantly increasing and improper waste management, like open dumping and landfilling, causes environmental impacts such as groundwater contamination and greenhouse gas emissions. The rationalization of developing a sustainable solution implies in an improved way of utilizing waste resources as an energy source with highest possible efficiency. MSW incineration is by far the best available way to dispose the waste. One drawback of conventional MSW incineration plants is that when the energy recovery occurs in the steam power cycle configuration, the reachable efficiency is limited due to steam parameters. The corrosive problem limits the temperature of the superheated steam from the boiler which lowers the efficiency of the system. A suitable and relatively cheap option for improving the efficiency of the steam power cycle is the implementation of a hybrid dual-fuel cycle. This paper aims to assess the integration of an MSW incineration with a high quality fuel conversion device, in this case natural gas (NG) combustion cycle, in a hybrid cycle. The aforementioned hybrid dual-fuel configuration combines a gas turbine topping cycle (TC) and a steam turbine bottoming cycle (BC). The TC utilizes the high quality fuel NG, while the BC uses the lower quality fuel, MSW, and reaches a total power output of 50 MW.  Using a high-quality fuel in cogeneration can prove to be beneficial for improving and enhancing the overall plant profitability and efficiency while eliminating the corrosion problems with conventional MSW firing. The need for few interconnections between the different subunits in a parallel-fueled system allows for a wider range of operation modes and leaves room for service modes of the subunit. The hybrid dual-fuel cycle will be assessed for optimal cycle configuration and evaluated to how it compares to the sum of two separate single-fuel plants with optimal cycle configurations. Investigation of such aspects is a very important issue in order to be able to fully promote an implementation of hybrid combined cycle. The work presented herein also concentrates on investigating scenarios that include a full-load and part-load analysis in both condensing and combined heat and power (CHP) mode of operation. Through simulations and evaluation of obtained data, the results strengthens the fact that the electrical efficiency of hybrid configurations increases at least with 2% in condensing mode and 1,5% in CHP mode, comparing it to the sum of two separate single-fuel units of similar scale. The simulations show increased electrical efficiencies when running the BC in part-load and the TC in full load, with a higher NG to MSW ratio. The results also indicated that it is possible to extract more power output from the cycle by operating in CHP mode, due to more energy being utilized from the input fuel.

The aim for this study has been to evaluate the integration potential of turbo-machinery into the production processes of biofuels. The focus has been on bio-fuel produced via biomass gasification; mainly methanol and synthetic natural gas. The research has been divided into two parts; gas and steam turbine applications. Steam power generation has a given role within the fuel production process due to the large amounts of excess chemical reaction heat. However, large amounts of the steam produced are used within the production process and is thus not available for power production. Therefore, this study has been focused on lowering the steam demand in the production process, in order to increase the power production. One possibility that has been evaluated is humidification of the gasification agent in order to lower the demand for high quality steam in the gasifier and replace it with waste heat. The results show that the power penalty for the gasification process could be lowered by 18-25%, in the specific cases that have been studied. Another step in the process that requires a significant amount of steam is the CO2-removal. This step can be avoided by adding hydrogen in order to convert all carbon into biofuel. This is also a way to store hydrogen (e.g. from wind energy) together with green carbon. The results imply that a larger amount of sustainable fuels can be produced from the same quantity of biomass. The applications for gas turbines within the biofuel production process are less obvious. There are large differences between the bio-syngas and natural gas in energy content and combustion properties which are technical problems when using high efficient modern gas turbines. This study therefore proposes the integration of a natural gas fired gas turbine; a hybrid plant. The heat from the fuel production and the heat recovery from the gas turbine flue gas are used in a joint steam cycle. Simulations of the hybrid cycle in methanol production have shown good improvements. The total electrical efficiency is increased by 1.4-2.4 percentage points, depending on the fuel mix. The electrical efficiency for the natural gas used in the hybrid plant is 56-58%, which is in the same range as in large-scale combined cycle plants. A bio-methanol plant with a hybrid power cycle is consequently a competitive production route for both biomass and natural gas. / QC 20110128

[pt] O crescimento da demanda por energia elétrica e investimentos governamentais em fontes renováveis incentivam produtores do setor sucro-energético no país a buscar melhorias nos processos de suas usinas. Através do aumento da produção de vapor nas caldeiras de biomassa, que operam com ciclos Rankine, é possível gerar energia elétrica excedente para comercialização. O Brasil, um dos maiores produtores de cana-de-açúcar do mundo, gera resíduos derivados da cana com alto potencial energético. Os ciclos termodinâmicos híbridos têm sido utilizados em várias usinas de biomassa no exterior utilizando como combustíveis o gás natural e resíduos sólidos urbano (waste-to-energy). Como mostrado por diferentes autores, é possível, com estes ciclos, melhorar a eficiência térmica das usinas utilizando gases quentes da exaustão de uma turbina a gás operando com gás natural. A desvantagem é que o percentual de participação do gás natural de alguns ciclos híbridos pode ser alto, tornando estes projetos economicamente inviáveis. Neste trabalho será aplicado um ciclo híbrido adaptado para usinas de cana-de-açúcar brasileiras que queimam o bagaço em caldeiras de biomassa com reaquecimento externo. Os benefícios destes ciclos termodinâmicos incluem a melhoria de eficiência da planta, acarretando a maior geração de energia elétrica e aumento da quantidade de vapor de processo produzido para a mesma quantidade de bagaço queimado originalmente. Além da melhoria da eficiência térmica, o ciclo tem como uma de suas principais vantagens o fato de não depender de grandes quantidades de gás natural, reduzindo a possibilidade de prejuízos caso haja aumento do seu preço. Por último será mostrado que, embora haja a queima deste combustível fóssil, é possível reduzir as emissões específicas de CO2/kWh devido ao seu baixo consumo na usina aliado a elevada geração de energia elétrica. / [en] The growing electric energy demand and government investments in renewable sources motivated sugar producers in Brazil to improve the thermal efficiencies of their sugarcane plants. For this reason, to generate excess electric energy and to sell it, has become an important and extra source of revenue. This country, one of the biggest sugarcane producers in the world, employs sugar waste, with high energetic potential, in boilers operated with Rankine cycles. Thermodynamic hybrid cycles have been in use in several biomass plants abroad, using natural gas and municipal solids waste as fuels. As shown by different authors, it is possible to increase the thermal efficiency of these plants by means of the heat recovery from hot exhaust gases of a gas turbine operating with natural gas. The main disadvantage of hybrid cycles, for some cases, is the high fraction of natural gas as fuel, making these specific plants economically unfeasible. In this work, a hybrid cycle concept is presented and studied, adapted for Brazilian sugar cane plants which burn bagasse in biomass boilers with reheating systems. The benefits of these thermodynamics cycles include a thermal efficiency improvement thus allowing more power generation and higher production of process steam, for the same amount of bagasse originally burned. Besides the higher thermal efficiency, the hybrid cycle presents the advantage of not depending on large natural gas consumption. This makes the plant s economic feasibility less dependent on fluctuations on natural gas prices. Furthermore, this study shows that, although a fossil fuel is burned, it is possible to reduce CO2/kWh specific emissions due to lower consumption of fossil fuels and to higher power generation.

Increasingly intensive efforts are being made to enhance energy systems via augmented introduction of renewable energy along with improved energy efficiency. Resource constraints and sustained high fossil fuel prices have created a new phenomenon in the world market. Enhanced energy security and renewable energy development are currently high on public agenda worldwide for achieving a high standard of welfare for future generations. Biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW) have widely been accepted as important locally-available renewable energy sources offering low carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Concerning solid waste management, it has become a critical issue in Southeast Asia since the most popular form for waste disposal still employs open dumping and landfilling. While the need for a complete sustainable energy solution is apparent, solid waste management is also an essential objective, so it makes sense to explore ways in which the two can be joined. Electricity production in combination with energy recovery from flue gases in thermal treatment plants is an integral part of MSW management for many industrialized nations. In Sweden, MSW is considered as an important fuel resource for partially meeting EU environmental targets within cogeneration. However it is normally difficult to justify traditional cogeneration in tropical locations since there is little need for the heat produced. Similarly, MSW-fired cogeneration usually operates with low capacity during non-heating season in Sweden. Therefore, it is very important to find new alternatives for energy applications from waste, such as the implementation of thermally driven cooling processes via absorption cooling in addition to electricity production. The work presented herein concentrates first on an investigation of electricity generation from MSW power plants and various energy applications from waste in tropical urban areas. The potential for various types of absorption chillers driven by MSW power plants for providing both electricity and cooling is of particular interest. Additionally a demonstration and analysis of decentralized thermally driven cooling in district heating network supplied by low temperature heat from a cogeneration of MSW have been conducted. This study aims at developing the best system configuration as well as finding improved system design and control for a combination of district heating and distributed thermally driven cooling. Results show that MSW incineration has the ability to lessen environmental impacts associated with waste disposal, and it can contribute positively towards expanding biomass-based energy production in Southeast Asia. For electricity production, the proposed hybrid dual-fuel (MSW/natural gas) cycles feature attractive electrical efficiency improvements, leading to greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Cogeneration coupled with thermally driven cooling is a solution that holds promise for uniting enhanced sustainability with economic advantages. The system offers great opportunity for primary energy saving, increasing electrical yield and can significantly reduce CO2 emissions per unit of cooling as compared to compression chiller. The demonstration and simulation have also revealed that there is a potential with some modifications and improvements to employ decentralized thermally driven cooling in district heating networks even in temperate regions like Sweden. Thus, expanding cogeneration towards trigeneration can augment the energy supply for summer months in Europe and for year-round cooling in tropical locations. / QC 20110408

This thesis analyses two strategies for decreasing anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions: to capture and store CO2, and to increase the use of biomass. First, two concepts for CO2 capture with low capture penalties are evaluated. The concepts are an integrated gasification combined cycle where the oxygen is supplied by a membrane reactor, and a hybrid cycle where the CO2 is captured at elevated pressure. Although the cycles have comparatively high efficiencies and low penalties, they illustrate the inevitable fact that capturing CO2 will always induce significant efficiency penalties. Other strategies are also needed if CO2 emissions are to be forcefully decreased. An alternative is increased use of biomass, which partially could be used for production of motor fuels (biofuels). This work examines arguments for directing biomass to the transport sector, analyses how biofuels (and also some other means) may be used to reduce CO2 emissions and increase security of motor fuel supply. The thesis also explores the possibility of reducing CO2 emissions by comparatively easy and cost-efficient CO2 capture from concentrated CO2 streams available in some types of biofuel plants. Many conclusions of the thesis could be associated with either of three meanings of the word sense: First, there is reason in biofuel production – since it e.g. reduces oil dependence. From a climate change mitigation perspective, however, motor fuel production is often a CO2-inefficient use of biomass, but the thesis explores how biofuels’ climate change mitigation effects may be increased by introducing low-cost CO2 capture. Second, the Swedish promotion of biofuels appears to have been governed more by a feeling for attaining other goals than striving for curbing climate change. Third, it seems to have been the prevalent opinion among politicians that the advantages of biofuels – among them their climate change mitigation benefits – are far greater than the disadvantages and that they should be promoted. Another conclusion of the thesis is that biofuels alone are not enough to drastically decrease transport CO2 emissions; a variety of measures are needed such as fuels from renewable electricity and improvements of vehicle fuel economy. / QC 20100823

The demands facing the refrigeration industry are minimal usage of conventional energy sources for compression and avoidance of ozone depleting substances. One of the approaches to combat these issues is the use of thermally driven solid sorption compression with non-ozone depleting refrigerant. In this context, the research work presented in this thesis is devoted to a comprehensive thermodynamic analysis and development of a laboratory model of an activated carbon+ HFC 134a adsorption refrigeration system. The cooling load catered to by the laboratory model is 2-5 W, mainly for thermal management of electronics. A complete thermodynamic analysis is carried out for the desorption temperatures varying from 75 to 90 oC, evaporating temperatures from -20 to 15oC and adsorption/condensing temperatures from 25 to 40 oC. A program on MatLab platform is developed for theoretical modeling. A new concept of thermal compression uptake efficiency (u) which is analogous to volumetric efficiency of a positive displacement compressor is introduced to consider the effect of void volume. The thesis also covers an investigation of two-stage and hybrid (thermal+ mechanical) cycle compression systems. It is possible to identify the conditions under which a two-stage gives a better performance than a single-stage one. It also shows that hybrid cycle system gives the best performance and saves ~40% of power compared to operation under the same conditions run with a single-stage mechanical compression refrigeration system. A heat transfer analysis of the thermal compressor is carried out to evaluate non-uniformities in bed temperature. As a part of it, the thermal conductivity of the bed under adsorbed state has been calculated. A laboratory model of activated carbon+ HFC 134a adsorption refrigeration system is fabricated to meet a 2-5 Watts cooling load based on the results from theoretical calculations. Experimental results show a fair match in the trends for the COP with analysis. The main aim of the research was to examine how effective the adsorption refrigeration system is in reducing the temperature rise of the heater used to simulate the electronic component. The heater that would have stabilized at 81, 97, 103 and 112 oC without any cooling for heat inputs of 3, 4, 4.4 and 4.9 W, respectively, would attain a cyclic steady state around 24, 26, 28, 31 oC. The influence of cycle time on the performance of the systems is also investigated. It is concluded that an activated carbon+ HFC 134a adsorption refrigeration system can be a good supplement to conventional compression refrigeration systems. In situations where heat recovery imminent this system could be a good choice. For waste heat recovery and suppression of infrared signatures of electronic components, it is ideally suited where COP becomes immaterial.

Submitted by ELZIMAR TADEU DE FREITAS FERREIRA null (elzimar@feg.unesp.br) on 2016-08-17T20:29:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de doutorado de Elzimar Tadeu de Freitas Ferreira.pdf: 3358273 bytes, checksum: 0b61e834c1870d60b5531502a4c3e8b9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-19T18:18:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_etf_dr_guara.pdf: 3358273 bytes, checksum: 0b61e834c1870d60b5531502a4c3e8b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:18:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_etf_dr_guara.pdf: 3358273 bytes, checksum: 0b61e834c1870d60b5531502a4c3e8b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-08 / Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) / Atualmente, a grande preocupação relacionada ao meio ambiente e redução do uso de combustíveis fósseis levou a comunidade acadêmica/científica a se concentrar em novas tecnologias de conversão de energia que possam garantir sua produção nos níveis necessários ao atendimento das necessidades humanas, mas considerando também os meios para minimizar os impactos ambientais. Propõe-se estabelecer o estado da arte da estrutura de geração termelétrica, conceituando a estrutura tecnológica de ciclos térmicos no mundo, caracterizada em centrais termelétricas distribuída e centralizada. São precedidos estudos termodinâmicos em centrais termelétricas de diferentes configurações, nas escalas industrial, municipal e nacional. Para fins de avaliação do desempenho de uma central térmica, é apresentado o desenvolvimento de uma modelagem térmica, utilizando ciclos combinados com gaseificação integrada (IGCC) e suas variações, usando balanço de massa, balanço de energia e balanço de exergia. Na geração distribuída em nível industrial, foi realizada uma análise no setor de papel e celulose, mostra-se que seu subproduto, o licor negro, um passivo ambiental, será mais bem aproveitado se passar por um processo de gaseificação e antes da queima em ciclo combinado em um sistema de cogeração. Na geração distribuída em escala municipal, o estudo de uma configuração de planta piloto foi elaborado para operar em empreendimento vinculado a alguma forma às cidades. Para o projeto de uma instalação piloto, dentre as opções de tecnologias envolvidas, as mais recomendadas seriam o ciclo IGCC (gaseificação do resíduo sólido urbano) e diferentes concepções de ciclos híbridos (incineração de resíduo sólido urbano, integrada a conjuntos a gás acionados com biogás de aterro ou gás natural). Na geração centralizada em escala nacional, empregaram-se centrais de grande porte que são usualmente encontradas na literatura. Nesta parte do estudo verificou-se a utilidade de um ciclo IGCC, com tecnologia avançada de co-gaseificação de resíduo sólido urbano e carvão aplicada a um gaseificador entrained-flow, sistema ASU (Air Separation Unit), com injeção de oxigênio e captura de CO2 pré-combustão, como alternativa eficiente de geração de energia frente às tecnologias convencionais, como a incineração e o aterro sanitário para o tratamento de materiais residuais. / Currently, the major concern related to the environment and reduction of fossil fuels has led the academic/scientific community to focus on new energy conversion technologies that can guarantee production levels necessary to meet human needs, but also that consider the means to minimize environmental impacts. In this work, it is proposed to establish the state of the art of thermoelectric generation structure, conceptualizing the technological structure of thermal cycles in the world, in the context of distributed and centralized thermal power plants, as well as their technological characteristics. Thermodynamic studies are performed in thermal power plants of different configurations, considering scales in industrial, municipal and national levels. For the purpose of evaluating the performance of a thermal power plant, it is presented the development of a thermal modeling for combined cycles with an integrated gasification (IGCC) and their variations, using mass, energy and exergy system balances. In distributed generation at the industrial level, an analysis in the paper and pulp sector was held. It is shown that its by-product, the black liquor, an environmental liability, would be better used if sent through a process of gasification before being burned in a combined cycle cogeneration system. In distributed generation at the municipal level, the study of a pilot plant configuration is designed to operate in an enterprise linked to some form to the cities. For the design of a pilot plant, from the options of technologies involved, the most recommended would be the IGCC cycle (gasification of municipal solid waste) and different conceptions of hybrid cycles (municipal solid waste incineration, integrated to gas cycles powered with landfill biogas or natural gas). For the centralized generation at the national level, it was employed large-scale plants that are usually found in the literature. In this part of the study it is demonstrated the utility of an IGCC cycle, with advanced technology co-gasification of municipal solid waste and coal applied to an entrained-flow gasifier, ASU system (Air Separation Unit), with oxygen injection and capture of CO2 in a pre combustion mode as an efficient alternative compared to power generation with conventional technologies such as incineration and the use of a landfill for the treatment of waste materials. / ANEEL: PD-0553-0022/2012