In this dissertation, we focus on development of algorithms for estimating the severity of air leakage and for predicting the out-of-adjustment of pushrod in an air brake system of heavy commercial vehicles. The leakage of air from the brake system causes a reduction in the steady-state pressure in the brake chamber and an increase in the lag of the braking pressure response thereby increasing the stopping distance of the vehicle. Currently a presence of leak in the system is detected for the severities of leak that cause the reservoir pressure to drop below a threshold, such as, the leakage of compressed air due to rupture of the reservoir or of the hoses carrying the compressed air. The leakage of air is also possible due to several other reasons such as, cracks in the hoses, loose couplings between the hoses etc. The severities of leak, corresponding to such situations, do not lead to the reservoir pressure drop below the threshold; therefore, their presence remains undetected. For the detection and estimation of such severities of leak, a diagnostic scheme has been given and is based on a model developed for the mass ow rate of the leakage of air from the air brake system. Out-of-adjustment of the pushrod is the extension of pushrod beyond a prede- ned value and for safety concerns, an extension beyond this value is not desired. Currently no warning system is available for monitoring the out-of-adjustment of pushrod, except, during the safety inspection. Inspection of the pushrod for outof- adjustment is the most labor-intensive and time consuming task during a typical safety inspection procedure. For efficient and continuous monitoring of the pushrod for out-of-adjustment, a diagnostic algorithm for estimating the steady-state pushrod stroke has been developed. The scheme is expected to expedite the inspection process for the out-of-adjustment of pushrod. Experimental data from the air brake test setup at Texas A and M University has been used for corroborating both the models. Also, the problem of parameter estimation of sequential hybrid systems such as the air brake system, has been addressed. The \hybrid" nature of the air brake system stems from the system being in di erent modes corresponding to di erent values of the displacement of the pushrod and is a result of di erent spring compliances associated with the pushrod in di erent ranges of its displacement. The air brake system is \sequential" in the sense that as the pressure increases, the displacement of the pushrod increases and there is a distinct sequence of modes that the system will transition through and upon a reduction in pressure, the sequence of modes is revisited in the reverse order. The mode to mode transition of the air brake system is governed by the parameters, such as, the clearance between the brake pad and the brake drum. The problem of estimation, that has been addressed, is as follows: Suppose the pressure in the air brake system were to be measured and that the motion of the pushrod is not measured. Is it possible to estimate the nal displacement of the pushrod without knowing the parameters, such as the clearance, that govern the system to transition from one mode to another?

An isolated hybrid system comprised of a dispatchable and a non-dispatchable power generation sources, is proposed to supply the load of a remote village in the west region of Haiti. The wind speed data and load data of this remote village are used to study the system. The non-dispatchable generation comes from a nature-dependent wind turbine, and the dispatchable one is a diesel generator. Using MATLAB/Simulink, dynamic simulations are performed to investigate the interaction between these two power sources for the load management, and the voltage and frequency behaviors during wind speed and load variations. Economic analyses of the system are also conducted. The cost of energy (COE), energy payback time (PBT), internal rate of return (IRR) and avoided cost (AC) of CO2¬, NOx and PM (Particles Materials) of the hybrid system are computed, and results are compared with those of the baseline diesel only case. Simulation results show that the wind turbine and the diesel generator can be operated suitably in parallel, and the economic analyses show the positive benefits of wind generation in reducing COE and increasing the avoided cost (AC) of emitted pollutions.

Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη ενός υβριδικού συστήματος, το οποίο αποτελείται από μια κυψέλη καυσίμου και μπαταρίες, για την τροφοδοσία ενός μεταβαλλόμενου AC φορτίου. Επίσης, μελετώνται οι διατάξεις των ηλεκτρονικών ισχύος που απαιτούνται για να γίνει εφικτή η διασύνδεση της κυψέλης καυσίμου και των μπαταριών με το AC φορτίο. Αρχικά, γίνεται αναφορά στα βασικά χαρακτηριστικά του υδρογόνου και τους λογους που οδήγησαν στην αύξηση της χρήσης του τα τελευταία κυρίως χρόνια. Ακόμα, παρουσιάζονται οι διάφορες μέθοδοι παράγωγης του υδρογόνου, το οποίο αποτελεί το καύσιμο των περισοστέρων τύπων κυψελών καυσίμου. Στη συνέχεια, ακολουθεί η δομή και η ανάλυση του τρόπου λειτουργίας των διάφορων τύπων κυψελών καυσίμου. Έπειτα, παρουσιάζονται συνοπτικά οι διακοπτικοί μετατροπείς συνεχούς ρεύματος, διατάξεις των ηλεκτρονικών ισχύος, τις οποίες χρειαζόμαστε για την εξομάλυνση και τη σταθεροποίηση σε μια επιθυμητή τιμή της τάσης εξόδου των κυψελών καυσίμου, καθώς και τη μετατροπή της συνεχούς τάσης σε εναλλασσόμενη. Ακόμα, γίνεται περιγραφή της πειραματικής διάταξης κυψελών καυσίμου 1.2kW της εταιρίας Ballard Power Systems. Η διάταξη αυτή χρησιμοποιήθηκε για τη λήψη μετρήσεων και την εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων σχετικά με τη λειτουργία μίας κυψέλης καυσίμου τύπου PEM, τόσο στη μόνιμη όσο και τη μεταβατική κατάσταση. Επίσης, αναπτύσσεται ένα μοντέλο του υβριδικού συστήματος στο Simulink, όπου προσομοιώνονται η κυψέλη καυσίμου 1.2kW της εταιρίας Nexa και οι μπαταρίες WP18-12I της εταιρίας LONG, ως πηγές τάσης. Ως μεταβλητό AC φορτίο χρησιμοποιείται μια θερμάστρα αλογόνου, με κατανάλωση ισχύος από 450W έως 1800W. Μελετάται η συμπεριφορά τόσο της κυψέλης καυσίμου όσο και των μπαταριών στις διάφορες αυξομειώσεις του φορτίου, καθώς και η απόκριση των μετατροπέων συνεχούς ρεύματος και του αντιστροφέα. Τέλος, παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από την προσομοίωση στο Simulink. Από τα αποτελέσματα εξάγονται συμπεράσματα για τη λειτουργία του μοντέλου και προκύπτουν πιθανές προτάσεις για τη βελτίωση της απόδοσης του συστήματος. / The purpose of the present thesis is the study of a hybrid system, that consists of a fuel cell and batteries, in order to supply a changing AC load with power. The power electronics, that are required to make possible the interconnection of the fuel cell and the batteries with the AC load, are also being studied. To begin with, there is a reference to the essential features of hydrogen and the reasons that led to its increased use, mainly in recent years. In addition to this, the different methods for hydrogen production are being displayed. Hydrogen is the fuel for most fuel cell types. Moreover, the structure and the analysis on how the various types of fuel cells operate is considered. Furthermore, there is a brief presentation on DC-DC converters, power electronic devices, that are necessary in order to normalize and stabilize at a desired value the output of the fuel cell and convert DC voltage into AC. What is more, there is a description of the experimental arrangement of the fuel cell 1.2kW of the Ballard Power Systems company. The aforementioned device was used for taking measurements and draw conclusions on the operation of a PEM type fuel cell, in both the permanent and the transitory state. Afterwards, a model of the hybrid system is being developed in Simulink. As far as the voltage sources are concerned, the 1.2kW fuel cell of the Ballard Power Systems company along with the batteries WP18-12I of the LONG company are being simulated. A halogen stove with power consumption varying from 450W to 1800W is being used as the variable AC load. The behavior of both the fuel cell and the batteries to the various load fluctuations is being studied, as well as the response of the DC converters and the inverter. Finally, the results obtained from the simulation in Simulink are being presented. From them, conclusions are drawn on the functioning of the model and possible proposals arise to improve the overall performance of the system.

Cyber-Physical Systems(CPS) are a group of systems that are involved with both physical processes and computational processes. The interaction of physical components and computational components makes it difficult to analyze, design and verify this type of systems. The problem becomes more complex when certain input or decision of these systems must be initiated by human. Cyber-Physical Systems with human operator in the loop are called Embedded Human Systems(EHS). To ensure the safety of EHS such as traffic control systems, space shuttle control systems, nuclear power plant control systems and so on, it is critically important for human operators to fully understand both physical and computational processes. However, humans are usually easily overwhelmed by concurrent information, the situation becomes worse when it comes to complex EHS with timing constraints.This dissertation proposes a domain specific modeling language that takes advantage of hybrid system abstraction to retain important system behaviors and automatically generates self-configured system verification software. The verification software could effectively reduce the computation time with parallel scheduling algorithm, thus the computation process that violates the design protocol can be halted without wasting computation resources. The modeling environment also allows user to conveniently set design constraints to avoid flaws early in prototype phase and reuse the available model for a family of different platforms. Several verification results of different platforms are shown to demonstrate the efficiency and reusability of the modeling environment.

This thesis is an investigation of barrenness and plant-to-plant variability (PPV) in ear development of maize (Zea mays L.). A three-year field experiment was conducted on homogenous plants with similar initial plant size, development and uniform spatial patterns in parental inbred lines CG60, CG102 and their F1 hybrid CG60 × CG102. Physiological processes underlying barrenness were dissected into plant growth through development and dry matter partitioning to the ear at canopy, subpopulation, and primarily, individual plant levels. The growth and development of the ultimately barren individuals were followed from early vegetative stage to physiological maturity (PM) using a non-destructive allometric methodology. Plant-to-plant variability in ear development, related to plant development, was measured destructively from ear initiation to 1 wk after silking and at PM. Results showed that the individual plants exhibited differential responses to their previous growth and development in the two parental inbred lines. No physiological traits in growth and development or dry matter partitioning to the ear during the critical period bracketing silking could characterize individual barren plants. The F1 hybrid was resistant to barrenness even at 160,000 plants ha-1. At 80,000 plants ha-1, the spikelet number per row (SNPR) and spikelet number per ear (SNPE) exhibited less PPV around silking than earlier stages of development. For the three genotypes, PPV in plant morphological traits and ear length was relatively constant throughout development. In addition, the period around the kernel row number (KRN) formation stage was the only time-window that the PPV in stem volume, representing PPV in above-ground plant dry matter (PDM), affected PPV in SNPR and KRN for the three genotypes, with SNPR being more affected. Although the F1 produced greater PDM at silking and 1 wk after silking, it had shorter ear length and less ear dry matter than the two parental inbred lines at the corresponding stages. When the relationships are elucidated among early ear development, plant growth, leaftip development, and dry matter partitioning to the ear, during the vegetative to silking stages and under stress conditions, then the physiological processes underlying barrenness of the tested inbred lines could be further characterized. / Syngenta, the Ontario Research Fund, the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

Approaching problems with global warming due to the use of fossil fuels, means that new system solutions have to be investigated. This report investigates the possibility to expand an existing photovoltaic system with a wind turbine generator to simplify the expansion of renewable energy sources. Through an extensive literature study and simulation in SIMULINK the result has been developed and tested. It shows that it is possible to connect a wind turbine generator to the same inverter as the PV-modules if no MPPT algorithm for the PV-modules is integrated. To protect the inverter a dump load has to be connected. Because of the complexity a DC-coupled system brings, AC-coupling is advised when expanding PV-modules with a WTG. The optimal wind turbine is considered to be a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected to the AC-bus through a full-effect inverter. The turbine should be chosen according to the intended location based on wind conditions and desired energy production.

In the first part of this thesis, the design of a compass robot is explored by considering its components and their interaction with each other. Three components including robot's structure, gear and motor are interacting during design process to achieve better performance, higher stability and lower cost. In addition, the modeling of the system is upgraded by considering the torque-velocity constraint in the motor. Adding this constraint of DC motor make the interaction of different components more complicated since it affects the gear and walking dynamics. After achieving the design method, different actuators (motor+ gear+ batteries) are selected for a given structure and the their performance is compared in the terms of cost, efficiency and their effect on the walking stability. In the second part of the thesis, structural optimization of the compass robot with stability constraint is investigated. The stability of a compass robot as a hybrid system is analyzed by Poincare map. Including stability analysis in the optimization process, makes it very complicated. In addition, the objective function of the system has to be evaluated in the convergent limit cycle. Different methods are examined to solve this problem. Limit cycle convergence is the best solution among the existing methods. By adding convergence constraint to the optimization, in addition of making the stability analysis valid, it helps the optimization estimates the correct objective function in each iteration. Finally, the optimization process is improved in two steps. The first step is using a predictive model in the optimization which covers the stable domain so that one does not need to check the stability of walking in each iteration. The Support Vector Domain Description (SVDD) approach which is applied to establish the stable domain, improve the decreases the optimization time. Another important step to upgrade the optimization is developing a computational algorithm which obtains the convergent limit cycle and its fixed-point in a short time. This algorithm speeds up the optimization time tremendously and allows the optimization search in a broader area. Combining SVDD approach in combination with Fixed-Point Finder Algorithm improve the optimization in the terms of time and broader area for search.

Ulm, Univ., Diss., 2001.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Köln.

University, Diss., 2005--Düsseldorf.