Solid state white light emitting diode lighting devices outperform conventional light sources in terms of lifetime, durability, and lumens per watt. However, the capital contribution is still to high to encourage widespread adoption. Furthermore, the colour from today's devices is unsuitable for general room illumination and thus new phosphor materials are needed. This dissertation will examine the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles and the possibility of using hybrid inorganic-organic frameworks in the search for new lighting phosphors. Nanoparticles of the oxide compound yttrium aluminium garnet were synthesized using an emulsion technique, though it was found that the high temperature processing needed for good optical properties was not compatible with maintaining nanosized particles. In terms of hybrid framework phosphors, several aspects of this new area have been explored. The mechanical and optical properties of a dense cerium oxalate formate hybrid framework compound have been investigated. Its strength was found to be nearly as great as some classical ceramic compounds, and clearly robust enough for device applications. While the photoluminescence of the cerium oxalate formate was not suitable for solid state lighting, the impressive mechanical properties evaluated are expected to be valid for a wide range of dense inorganic-organic frameworks. A novel approach to solid state lighting phosphors was introduced by using ligand-based photoluminescence in hybrid frameworks. Novel frameworks were prepared using 9,10-anthraquinone-2,3-dicarboxylic acid in combination with calcium, manganese, nickel, and zinc. These compounds show excellent photoluminescent emission for use in solid state lighting applications, although the luminescence is quenched at room temperature due to dynamic effects. The excitation, while reaching the blue part of the spectrum, falls just short of what is needed for use today's devices. To address these issues, a second class of novel framework compounds was prepared using 9-fluorenone-2,7-dicarboxylic acid in combination with calcium, strontium, barium, cadmium, and manganese. They are more rigid structures and show good luminescence at room temperature with a photoluminescent excitation spectrum extending further into the blue than the anthraquinones. Additionally, quantum yield in the calcium fluorenone is nearly double that of its parent ligand, suggesting that there is an enhancement in luminescent properties as a result its inclusion in a framework structure. An explanation for the differences in efficiency between seemingly similar compounds are drawn from their compositions, crystal structures, photoluminescence, and specific heat properties. Finally, some structural and chemical targets for future hybrid phosphor development are identified based on the relationships identified in this work.

Med användning av ramverk kan förenkling av utritningen med pixel- och vektorgrafik i webbläsaren ske vid användning av WebGL API:t och Canvas 2D API:t. Men problemet är, att en dålig utritningshastighet är inget som vill upplevas när en 2D scen ritas ut i en webbapplikation. Genom att jämföra olika ramverk mot varandra, som använder sig av WebGL API:t eller Canvas 2D API:t, togs det reda på vilket av dessa ramverk som var snabbare i utritning. Tre ramverk valdes ut till studien för att göra mätningar på. Det implementerades en webbapplikation för att jämföra hur lång tid en utritning tar i de valda ramverken vid olika scenarier. Resultatet visade att ett hybridramverk som använde sig av förstnämnda API:t och föll tillbaka på andranämnda API:t var snabbare i 9 av 10 scenarier. I en fortsatt studie skulle flera ramverk kunna jämföras och även jämföras i olika användningsfall för att se hur ramverken presterar i dessa.

Developers widely use actor frameworks to build highly distributed systems. However, modern actor frameworks are limited in their network implementations, with Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) being the main protocols used for network communication. This thesis investigates the use of specialized network protocols to improve the performance of actor frameworks in distributed systems. Message-passing, while commonly based on TCP, needs more performance and security than other protocols; therefore, the focus will be on different low-latency transport protocols that could substitute TCP. This work examines actor communication at the transport layer, considering the constraints of the deployment that often dictate the choice of a transport protocol. We explore how Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUIC), a low-latency transport protocol, affects actor systems performance and reliability by investigating the benefits of replacing TCP with QUIC in Kompact, a component-actor hybrid framework. We provide an overview of other low-latency protocols that fit various actor frameworks and implement QUIC in the networking layer of Kompact. Thereof, we evaluate the performance of QUIC, UDP and TCP in two different scenarios, such as file transfers outside of actor systems and ping-pong latency measurements within Kompact. The results show that glsquic outperforms TCP for larger file transfers outside actor systems, accomplishing higher throughput and faster download times. However, in the Kompact benchmark, QUIC did not outperform TCP due to issues with QUIC’s event loop implementation. The study also highlights the importance of proper synchronization between event loops in distributed systems. The findings suggest that QUIC has the potential to improve performance and reliability in actor systems by reducing latency and enhancing reliability through features such as multiplexing and connection migration. / Utvecklare använder i stor utsträckning actor-ramverk för att bygga väldigt distribuerade system. Moderna actor-ramverk är dock begränsade i sina nätverksimplementationer, med TCP och UDP som de huvudsakliga protokollen för nätverkskommunikation. Denna avhandling undersöker användningen av specialiserade nätverksprotokoll för att förbättra prestandan hos actor-ramverk i distribuerade system. Meddelandehantering, som vanligtvis är baserad på TCP, kräver högre prestanda och säkerhet än andra protokoll. Därför kommer fokus att ligga på olika låg-latens transportprotokoll som kan ersätta TCP. Denna undersökning undersöker actor-kommunikation på transportlagret, med hänsyn till de begränsningar som ofta dikterar valet av transportprotokoll. Vi utforskar hur QUIC, ett låg-latens transportprotokoll, påverkar prestanda och tillförlitlighet i actor-system genom att undersöka fördelarna med att ersätta TCP med QUIC i Kompact, ett komponent-actor hybrid-ramverk. Vi ger en översikt över andra låg-latens protokoll som passar olika actor-ramverk och implementerar QUIC i nätverkslagret av Kompact. Därigenom utvärderar vi prestandan för QUIC, UDP och TCP i två olika scenarier, såsom filöverföringar utanför actor-system och ping-pong-latensmätningar inomKompact. Resultaten visar att QUIC överträffar TCP för större filöverföringar utanför actor-system, uppnår högre genomströmning och snabbare nedladdningstider. Men i Kompact-benchmarken överträffade QUIC inte TCP på grund av problem med QUICs event-loop-implementering. Studien belyser också vikten av korrekt synkronisering mellan event-loops i distribuerade system. Resultaten antyder att QUIC har potential att förbättra prestanda och tillförlitlighet i actor-system genom att minska latens och förbättra tillförlitligheten genom funktioner som multiplexing och anslutningsmigration.

Open–framework inorganic materials are an important class of compounds because of their many applications in the areas of ion–exchange, separation and catalysis. Ever since the discovery of microporous aluminophosphates by Flanigen and co–workers in the early 80’s, the field of open–framework compounds has witnessed explosive growth. It is now established that the open–framework compounds comprise of almost all the elements of the periodic table. In addition, it has been shown that the inorganic anions in the open–framework compounds can be partially substituted by rigid organic linkers such as the oxalate. The resulting inorganic–organic hybrid structures are interesting due to the variable nature of the binding properties of the organic and inorganic moieties. The present thesis consists of systematic studies on the formation of amine–templated inorganic open–framework structures and inorganic–organic hybrid compounds based on the main group, transition metal and actinide elements. In Chapter 1 of the thesis an overview of inorganic open-framework materials is presented, with an emphasis on the elements that have been employed in the present study. Chapter 2 has two parts (Parts A and B) describing the synthesis and structure of open-framework tin(II) containing compounds. In Part A, the syntheses and structures of amine–templated tin(II) phosphates are presented, and in Part B, the syntheses and structures of a family of tin(II) oxalate compounds are discussed. Weak intermolecular forces such as hydrogen-bond interactions, π•••π interactions, and lone-pair–π interactions have been observed in these compounds, and appear to lend structural stability. As part of this study, efforts have been made to evaluate the energies associated with the π•••π interactions and the lone-pair–π interactions using suitable theoretical models. In Chapter 3, a new family of organically templated hybrid materials based on indium, synthesized by partially substituting the inorganic anion (phosphite/phosphate/suphate) by the oxalate group, is presented. These compounds exhibit a wide range of structures in which the oxalates play a variety of roles. The observation of the first zero-dimensional molecular hybrid structure and the isolation of concomitant polymorphic compounds is noteworthy. The molecular hybrid structure is reactive and undergoes transformation reactions under both acidic and basic conditions. In Chapter 4, the synthesis and structural studies of five new open–framework phosphate and phosphite compounds of gallium are presented. All the compounds have three-dimensional structures, and the formation of a gallium phosphate based on only one type of building unit (spiro–5) is noteworthy. While a large number of organically templated transition metal phosphates have been synthesized, studies on transition metal phosphites are not many. In Chapter 5, the synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of a family of transition metal (cobalt, vanadium, manganese) phosphite structures templated by the organic amines are presented. A previously known vanadyl phosphite has also been isolated and investigated by temperature dependent ESR and magnetic susceptibility studies. All the transition metal compounds exhibit antiferromagnetic behavior. In Chapter 6, the synthesis, structure, and transformation reactions in amine-templated actinide phosphonoacetates are presented. The compounds, which are based on uranium and thorium, are built up from the connectivity between the metal polyhedra and the phosphonoacetate/oxalate units, forming two– and three–dimensional structures. It has been shown that the two–dimensional uranyl phosphonoacetate–oxalate compound can be prepared by two different synthetic approaches: (i) solvent–free solid state reaction at 150˚C and (ii) room temperature mechanochemical (grinding) route. The formation of oxalate hybrids using the phosphonocarboxylate ligand is a new approach in the synthesis of multi-component hybrid compounds.