This study has looked behind the mask of nineteenth-century theocracy to see Mormons in the Great Basin creating a democratic society of regionally concentrated kin groups where obligations and rewards for individuals were increasingly determined by age and life cycle position. As generations of young adults acted together in selfinterest dispersing their villages on receding frontiers, they forged a balance between competition and cooperation which merged the immediate need of individuals to establish and support families with the collective memory of their Mormon past. In so doing, they created an identity for themselves which was unique in the arid West. Residents of villages in Cache County, Utah, stratified by age as they worked to resolve the contradictions threatening their survival on the frontier. Initial settlers selected locations and built villages for efficient distribution of water. They tended to remain in their villages as they aged, slowly accumulating property while families grew to maturity. The number of residents increased through migration and high birth rates although village sites lacked sufficient water to sustain growth. Most village youth could not establish farms without migrating from home because the hydraulic structure of villages prevented spatial expansion. Many at maturity responded to the limits of water supply by building new villages and homesteads on northern frontiers, in Idaho during the early 1880s and in Canada and Idaho dry farms after 1900. They moved north in successive waves at quarter century intervals because baby booms following initial settlement clustered them in similar age cohorts. They began their own booms as they built communities on the frontier. The patterns of village maturation and age specific out-migration which sparked settlement in northern Utah, Idaho, and Canada were also at work in varying degrees in regions south of Salt Lake City--in southern Utah, Mormon Arizona, and Mexico. Throughout Mormondom, people responded to their own needs in lands of limited wealth. As they did, they created an ethnic identity which increasingly defined their range of options as they moved from one stage in the life cycle to another. (229 pages)

Este trabalho propõe uma soleira assimétrica elíptica-circular com apenas dois pontos de descontinuidade, com parâmetros geométrico associados à vazão específica de projeto, com possibilidade de padronização e cujas características hidráulicas (linha d´água, pressões, coeficiente de vazão) podem ser determinadas teoricamente. Um sistema de equações diferenciais parciais permite o desenvolvimento de um modelo computacional para determinação dos valores teóricos dessas características. A validação dos valores teóricos das características hidráulicas da soleira por um modelo computacional foi realizada com a confrontação desses mesmos valores obtidos em um modelo físico, permitindo a comparação de pressões, linha d´água, coeficiente de vazão e profundidade crítica. / In this work is proposed an asymmetrical (elliptical-circular) weir with two points of discontinuity only, with geometrical parameters associated to the specific design discharge, allowing the standardization, and whose hydraulic characteristics (water profile, pressures and discharge coefficient) may be theoretically determinate. Their hydraulic characteristics, developed by a system of partial differential equations, system allowing the development of a computational model to determine the theoretical values of the weir hydraulic characteristics. The validation of these theoretical values of the weir hydraulic characteristics, obtained by a computational model, was made by the comparison between the values of water profile, pressures, discharge coefficient and critical depth obtained by the theoretical model and the values obtained by the physical model.

Este trabalho propõe uma soleira assimétrica elíptica-circular com apenas dois pontos de descontinuidade, com parâmetros geométrico associados à vazão específica de projeto, com possibilidade de padronização e cujas características hidráulicas (linha d´água, pressões, coeficiente de vazão) podem ser determinadas teoricamente. Um sistema de equações diferenciais parciais permite o desenvolvimento de um modelo computacional para determinação dos valores teóricos dessas características. A validação dos valores teóricos das características hidráulicas da soleira por um modelo computacional foi realizada com a confrontação desses mesmos valores obtidos em um modelo físico, permitindo a comparação de pressões, linha d´água, coeficiente de vazão e profundidade crítica. / In this work is proposed an asymmetrical (elliptical-circular) weir with two points of discontinuity only, with geometrical parameters associated to the specific design discharge, allowing the standardization, and whose hydraulic characteristics (water profile, pressures and discharge coefficient) may be theoretically determinate. Their hydraulic characteristics, developed by a system of partial differential equations, system allowing the development of a computational model to determine the theoretical values of the weir hydraulic characteristics. The validation of these theoretical values of the weir hydraulic characteristics, obtained by a computational model, was made by the comparison between the values of water profile, pressures, discharge coefficient and critical depth obtained by the theoretical model and the values obtained by the physical model.

This diploma thesis deals with returning of modified troughs of small watercourses to the natural state - revitalisation. The general idea of the river beds and water environment revitalisation will be explained in the theoretical part. It will also deal with its history, development and practical application. The practical part will contain an own project creation. It is a project of the adjusted small watercourses bed revitalisation in the level of study. A section of a fine river was used for this thesis. It is called Žďárský Stream and it belongs to the cadastral area Žďár near the Kaplice. Individual parts of the river and its basin will be mapped in this work. It will also consider the hydrological and geographical conditions and it will propose a technical solving for a local revitalisation of the adjusted river bed. It will ínclude natural factors support, the ecological-morphological improvement, the migrational permeability and other links to the river environment.

Studying the behavior of hydraulic structures under various extreme conditions is far beyond the reach of traditional build-test experimental methods. Following the typical method, it is necessary to provide the downscaled model to be used in the laboratory and determine various structural parameters against unforeseen scenarios, which should be mimicked in the laboratory. Usually, human and instrument errors as well as scale effects are some of the causes of inaccurate results; therefore, substitute methods have always been sought to determine the stability and efficiency of various hydraulic devices. The implementation of computer models, also referred to as numerical simulation, is one of the most efficient ways to reduce time and cost, and at the same time, add to the degree of confidence in the design process. Improvements in computational power of supercomputers in recent decades have led researchers and engineers to become familiar with these numerical models and implement them in various studies. One of the basic hydraulic structures that is widely used to measure the flow for open channels is the Parshall flume. Although the Parshall flume is simple to use, the application of various rating equations for different sizes highly affects the output value, which is the flowrate. To avoid this, appropriate rating equation must be developed for various sizes that are not listed in the standard Parshall flume size chart. With the help of the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) techniques, numerous turbulence models i.e., standard k-ε, RNG k-ε, realizable k-ε, k-ω, k-ω SST, k-ω SST DES, Smagorinsky and Dynamic k equation, have been used to simulate different geometric setups for different sizes of Parshall flumes. The result from various families of turbulence models, i.e., Reynold Average Navier-Stokes (RANS), Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Detached Eddy Simulation (DES), used in this study, provide promising values with acceptable margins of error, which were found to be less than 3% in all cases except one. The application of numerical modeling to simulate the flow in Parshall flumes is used to verify the reliability of applying OpenFOAM as the open-source CFD used for all the simulations in this study. The data obtained from the numerical simulations are considered a reliable source to adjust the rating equation for any future non-standard Parshall flume. Overall, it should be pointed out that the quality of non-linear turbulence models, i.e., Shih-Q, LC, and v²-f, were considerably higher than those obtained using linear turbulence models.