The presence of a giant planet in a low-viscosity disc can create a gap edge in the disc's radial density profile sharp enough to excite the Rossby wave instability. This instability may evolve into dust-trapping vortices that might explain the `banana-shaped' features in recently observed asymmetric transition discs with inner cavities. Previous hydrodynamical simulations of planet-induced vortices have neglected the time-scale of hundreds to thousands of orbits to grow a massive planet to Jupiter size. In this work, we study the effect of a giant planet's runaway growth time-scale on the lifetime and characteristics of the resulting vortex. For two different planet masses (1 and 5 Jupiter masses) and two different disc viscosities (alpha= 3 x 10-4 and 3 x 10-5), we compare the vortices induced by planets with several different growth time-scales between 10 and 4000 planet orbits. In general, we find that slowly-growing planets create significantly weaker vortices with lifetimes and surface densities reduced by more than 50 per cent. For the higher disc viscosity, the longest growth time-scales in our study inhibit vortex formation altogether. Additionally, slowly-growing planets produce vortices that are up to twice as elongated, with azimuthal extents well above 180. in some cases. These unique, elongated vortices likely create a distinct signature in the dust observations that differentiates them from the more concentrated vortices that correspond to planets with faster growth time-scales. Lastly, we find that the low viscosities necessary for vortex formation likely prevent planets from growing quickly enough to trigger the instability in self-consistent models.

Subsea pipelines are used extensively throughout the world’s oceans to transport oil and gas from offshore facilities to land, often hundreds of miles. These pipelines range in diameter from three to sixty inches and are installed in deeper depths every year, currently as deep as 2,900 meters. Pipeline construction and installation costs are a large percentage of offshore projects and thus, methods toward reducing costs is an imperative objective. With pipeline installation projects taking place in harsher environments, vessel operability is vital. This work presents an improved method for determining limiting criteria for pipelay operations to more effectively plan and execute offshore projects. This improvement is based on the consideration of total effective pipeline stresses as the limiting criterion rather than the traditionally used limiting pitch angle. Limiting sea curves based on a sample dynamic pipeline analysis are shown and their incorporation in workability planning is discussed.

Numerous hydrodynamic theories may be used to predict the performance of marine propellers. The goal of this thesis is to investigate and implement a lifting line theory as a program written in FORTRAN and to test its capabilities on some Wageningen B-Series propellers. Special attention is given to the validation of the routines involved in the implementation of the theory. Difficulties were experienced in obtaining results that accurately reflect the published experimental results, and some discussion is included regarding possibilities for the sources of these errors. Also discussed are the results of other lifting line codes and their respective differences from the current implementation.

This thesis documents the hydrodynamics code Cholla and a numerical study of multiphase galactic winds. Cholla is a massively-parallel, GPU-based code designed for astrophysical simulations that is freely available to the astrophysics community. A static-mesh Eulerian code, Cholla is ideally suited to carrying out massive simulations (> 2048 ³ cells) that require very high resolution. The code incorporates state-of-the-art hydrodynamics algorithms including third-order spatial reconstruction, exact and linearized Riemann solvers, and unsplit integration algorithms that account for transverse fluxes on multidimensional grids. Operator-split radiative cooling and a dual-energy formalism for high mach number flows are also included. An extensive test suite demonstrates Cholla's superior ability to model shocks and discontinuities, while the GPU-native design makes the code extremely computationally efficient - speeds of 5-10 million cell updates per GPU-second are typical on current hardware for 3D simulations with all of the aforementioned physics. The latter half of this work comprises a comprehensive study of the mixing between a hot, supernova-driven wind and cooler clouds representative of those observed in multiphase galactic winds. Both adiabatic and radiatively-cooling clouds are investigated. The analytic theory of cloud-crushing is applied to the problem, and adiabatic turbulent clouds are found to be mixed with the hot wind on similar timescales as the classic spherical case (4-5 t_cc) with an appropriate rescaling of the cloud-crushing time. Radiatively cooling clouds survive considerably longer, and the differences in evolution between turbulent and spherical clouds cannot be reconciled with a simple rescaling. The rapid incorporation of low-density material into the hot wind implies efficient mass-loading of hot phases of galactic winds. At the same time, the extreme compression of high-density cloud material leads to long-lived but slow-moving clumps that are unlikely to escape the galaxy.

La connaissance du comportement hydrodynamique et du transfert de matière de la bulle est importante car elle fournira des indications pour la sélection des conditions de fonctionnement et la conception du réacteur dans de tels processus. Cette thèse a réalisé une étude expérimentale pour les bulles d’air isolées en ascension dans diverses solutions de polymères (Breox, Polyacrylamide (PAAm) and Xanthan gum) qui peuvent simuler les propriétés des eaux usées. Les travaux sont divisés en trois parties: Tout d’abord, en dressant l’état de l'art sur les techniques de visualisation pour le transfert de matière, trois techniques ont été testées pour les bulles d’air (diamètre équivalent ≈ 1 mm) en ascension dans l'eau, notamment la fluorescence induite par plan laser (PLIF, fluorophore: résorufine fluorescente), la PLIF avec inhibition (fluorophore: complexe de ruthénium) et techniques colorimétriques (colorant: résorufine rose), respectivement. Par la suite, sur la base des images capturées par une caméra haute vitesse, le comportement hydrodynamique des bulles d'air (diamètres équivalents: 0,7 à 7 mm) s'élevant dans les solutions de polymères (PAAm et Xanthan) a été étudiée, notamment la vitesse, la trajectoire et la forme de la bulle. Enfin, appliquant la technique PLIF-I, les phénomènes de transfert de matière et de diffusion dans le sillage de bulles d'air (diamètre équivalent 1 ≈ mm) dans différentes solutions aqueuses de polymères (PAAm et Breox) ont été étudiés. / The knowledge on the hydrodynamic property and mass transfer of bubbles is important since it will give guidelines for selecting the operation condition and for reactor design in such processes. For this purpose, this PhD manuscript has implemented an experimental investigation of single air bubbles rising in various polymer solutions (Breox, Polyacrylamide (PAAm) and Xanthan gum) which can simulate the property of the sewage. The works can divided into three parts: Firstly, with a review of the current visualization techniques for mass transfer, three techniques have been tested for air bubble (equivalent diameter ≈ 1 mm) rising in water including traditional Planar Laser Induced Fluorescent (PLIF, dye: fluorescent resorufin), Fluorescent quenching technique (PLIF with Inhibition, dye: ruthenium complex) and colorimetric techniques (dye: pink resorufin), respectively. Secondly, based on images captured by a high speed camera, the hydrodynamics of the bubble single air bubbles (equivalent diameters: 0.7-7 mm) rising in the polymer solutions (PAAm and Xanthan) have been investigated including the bubble velocity, trajectory and bubble shape. Finally, based on PLIF-I technique, the mass transfer and diffusion phenomena in the wake of single air bubbles (equivalent diameter ≈ 1 mm) rising in various aqueous polymer solutions (PAAm and Breox) are investigated.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal identificar as condições necessárias para a formação de lodo granular aeróbio em um reator de bateladas sequenciais, desenvolvendo uma estratégia de partida para obter a granulação e também avaliando as propriedades morfológicas do lodo formado. Ao longo da pesquisa, também foram avaliados os resultados que podem ser alcançados mediante a aplicação deste tipo de tratamento para esgoto universitário, em termos de remoção de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio e fósforo. Dividiu-se a pesquisa em duas fases, onde na primeira, desenvolvida no Laboratório de Saneamento da Escola Politécnica, utilizou-se um reator em escala de bancada e na segunda, desenvolvida no Centro Tecnológico de Hidráulica, um reator em escala piloto, ambos operando em bateladas sequenciais e com uma mesma razão altura diâmetro (H/D) de aproximadamente 10. Ambas as fases foram divididas em cinco etapas, cujo critério de divisão foi a redução progressiva do tempo de sedimentação do ciclo da batelada, inicialmente em 30 minutos, na etapa 1, e 5 minutos na etapa 10. Primeiramente, foi operado o reator de bancada por 330 dias, onde alimentou-se o sistema com efluente sintético. Em seguida, o reator piloto foi operado também por aproximadamente 330 dias, o qual foi alimentado com esgoto universitário. A pesquisa pode ser caracterizada como um período de partida para ambas as fases, onde não se obteve uma operação estável dos reatores, não sendo possível atingir um regime estacionário, uma vez que não foi realizado descarte de lodo intencional, devido à alta perda de sólidos com o efluente tratado ao final de cada ciclo. Os resultados mostraram que é possível obter a granulação aeróbia, indicando que as condições essenciais são a hidrodinâmica do reator, ou seja, a forte aeração gerando uma alta força de cisalhamento sobre as partículas e a alimentação de efluente pelo fundo do reator, fazendo com que este escoe em contato com o lodo em um ambiente anaeróbio. A estratégia operacional que envolve redução progressiva do período disponibilizado para a sedimentação do lodo contribui para aumentar a porção de biomassa granular dentro do sistema e assim favorecendo o desenvolvimento e crescimento das partículas granulares maiores e mais pesadas. No final da Etapa I foi pela primeira vez observada à presença de partículas granulares. A morfologia dos grânulos foi avaliada em termos do diâmetro de Feret e circularidade das partículas presentes. Outras propriedades do lodo foram avaliadas, como os índices volumétricos de lodo, sólidos sedimentáveis, as propriedades de remoção de carga orgânica e nutrientes. Os valores de Índice Volumétrico de Lodos (IVL) observados ficaram na faixa tipicamente observada para lodo floculento de boa sedimentabilidade. Ocorreram boas remoções de carga orgânica (DBO solúvel de 87% e DQO solúvel de 82%), assim como a eficiência de remoção de amônia, cuja média na fase I foi de 68%. Também ocorreu desnitrificação, com valores de nitrito e nitrato no efluente tratado com médias de 2,62 e 3,26 mg/L respectivamente. A remoção de fósforo foi avaliada em termos de fósforo solúvel, onde a eficiência média obtida foi de 41%. Observaram-se grânulos cujos diâmetros médios ficaram em torno de 0,3 mm, sendo que a média dos valores máximos de cada Etapa da Fase I foi de 2,3 mm. Com aproximadamente 250 dias de operação surgiram organismos filamentosos aderidos às superfícies dos grânulos formados. O crescimento de tais organismos foi progressivo, primeiramente refletindo na queda do coeficiente de circularidade dos grânulos, conferindo forma mais irregular aos mesmos e depois levando à finalização da operação do reator de bancada aos 330 dias, quando a proliferação acentuada de filamentosos resultou na quebra dos grânulos e desaparecimento destes. Na fase II, operou-se o reator em escala piloto por aproximadamente 330 dias. Nesta fase da pesquisa aplicou-se um fator de carga volumétrica e uma relação alimento-microrganismos menor do que na Fase I, contudo também foi possível observar o início do processo de granulação ainda sob tempos de sedimentação elevados (25 minutos), sendo que a granulação evoluiu ao longo da operação do reator, onde realizou-se a redução progressiva do período de sedimentação do ciclo da batelada. Os diâmetros médios dos grânulos, durante todo esse período, foram de 0,8 mm, sendo que a média dos diâmetros máximos de cada Etapa da Fase II foi de 4,8 mm. Os valores de índice volumétrico de lodo foram baixos, mostrando evolução do processo de granulação, contudo ainda na faixa considerada para lodo floculento, evidenciando ainda a presença de uma parcela considerável da biomassa na forma de flocos. Os resultados obtidos para as velocidades de sedimentação por zona também levaram à mesma conclusão. As propriedades de tratamento do lodo foram monitoradas e os resultados mostraram uma remoção de carga de 91% para DBO solúvel e 88% para DQO solúvel. A remoção de amônia apresentou eficiência média para o período de 50% e a remoção de nitrogênio kjeldahl total foi de 52%. Observaram-se valores baixos de nitritos e nitratos ao longo de toda a segunda fase, indicando a ocorrência de desnitrificação. As remoções de fósforo total e solúvel apresentaram média para o período de 75% e 76%, respectivamente. Não ocorreu proliferação de organismos filamentosos durante a operação do reator piloto. / The present study\'s main objective was to identify the necessary conditions for the formation of aerobic granular sludge in a sequential batch reactor, developing a starting strategy to obtain granulation and also evaluating the morphological properties of the formed sludge. It was also evaluated the aerobic sludge\'s treatment properties in terms of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus removal, the main contaminants present in the low strength wastewater fed to the reactor. The research was divided into two phases, where the first one a bench scale reactor was operated and a second one where a pilot scale reactor was used, both in sequential batch mode and with the same height diameter ratio (H/D) ratio of approximately 10. Phase I, (bench scale reactor) lasted for 330 days, and the system was fed with synthetic effluent. Then the pilot reactor was also operated for about 330 days (Phase II), which was fed with low strength wastewater. The research can be characterized as a start-up period for both phases, where a steady state for the reactor was not obtained, once no intentional sludge discharge was performed and an increased suspended solids concentration was observed in the effluent withdrawn at the end of each cycle during all the survey. The results showed that the essential conditions to obtain aerobic granulation are the hydrodynamics/flow patterns inside the reactor, that is, the strong aeration generating a high shear force over the particles surface and the plug flow effluent feed from the bottom of the reactor, in an anaerobic environment. The operational strategy that involves progressive reduction of the batch settling period creates a selective pressure that increases the portion of granular biomass within the system and thus favoring the development and growth of larger and heavier granular particles. At the end of phase I the presence of granular particles was observed for the first time. The morphology of the granules was evaluated in terms of the Feret\'s diameter and the circularity coefficient from the particles present in the sludge. Other properties of the sludge were evaluated, such as the sludge volumetric index, settleable solids and organic load and nutrient removal capacities. The observed values of SVI remained within a range typically correlated for flocculent sludge with good settling properties. Satisfactory organic load removal (87% soluble BOD and 82% soluble COD) was observed, as well as ammonia removal, which average value was around 68%. Denitrification also occurred, once nitrite and nitrate values in the treated effluent were low throughout the bench reactor operation. The removal of phosphorus was evaluated in terms of soluble phosphorus, where the average removal efficiency obtained was 41%. The granules average Feret\'s diameter for all this period was 0.3 mm and the average maximum value for all the stages of the first phase was 2.3 mm. With approximately 250 days of operation, filamentous organisms appeared adhered to the formed granules surfaces. The growth of these organisms was progressive, firstly reflecting in the drop of the circularity coefficient, resulting in a more irregular shape of the granules surface and then leading to the reactor\'s failure at 330 days of operation, when the filamentous overgrowth resulted in the granules breaking and disappearance. In phase II a pilot scale reactor was operated for approximately 330 days. In this phase, a lower volumetric loading factor and food to microorganism feed ratio were applied, compared to Phase I. However, it was also possible to observe the beginning of the granulation process still under high settling periods (25 minutes), with development of the granulation process throughout Phase II, using the same strategy based on the progressive reduction of the batch settling interval. The average Feret\'s diameter during this whole period was 0.8 mm, and the average maximum value for all the stages of the second phase was 4.8 mm. The values of sludge volumetric index decreased indicating evolution of the granulation process, yet still in the range considered for flocculent sludge, evidencing also the presence of a considerable amount of flocculant biomass. The results obtained for settling velocities also led to the same conclusion. The sludge treatment properties were monitored, and the results showed a 91% removal efficiency for soluble BOD and 88% removal efficiency for soluble COD. The average ammonia removal efficiency for the period was 50% and the average total kjeldahl nitrogen removal of 52%. Low nitrite and nitrate values were observed throughout the second phase in the treated effluent, indicating the occurrence of denitrification. The average total and soluble phosphorus removal for the period was 75% and 76%, respectively. No filamentous overgrowth was observed during the pilot reactor operation.

This thesis describes an investigation into the effect of fluid and flow parameters on cavitation dynamics and cavitation erosion. A rotating disc test apparatus was developed fo: dow-type cavitation studies. A vibratory test device was also developed to study the role of cathodic and anodic potentials applied to cavitating bodies. Some major results are given below. Erosion "peaksat about 50°C in water, but under certain conditions material degradation caused by increased corrosion rate cancels out thermodynamic effects at higher temperatures. An erosion peak is also observed as a function of static pressure. Damage increases with velocity until cavitation is fully developed, at which stage the influence of velocity becomes negligible. The changes in erosion zone geometry and mass loss caused by temperature, velocity and pressure variations may be correlated with the effect these parameters have on the cavitation pressure profile. Efforts are described to develop a system for measuring this profile in the rotating disc device. Water quality including dissolved ions, as well as solid and gas impurities, influences both cavitation inception and the amount of cavitation damage caused. The synergism between cavitation erosion and corrosion causes high damage rates in corrosive, cavitating liquids. Solid impurities at medium concentrations may enhance or retard cavitation damage substantially, depending on the physical properties of the solid. Below the saturation level, increasing concentration of dissolved air in water results in a slight decrease in damage, but damage can be almost completely eliminated by the release of air bubbles into the cavitation region. Another important result is that the gas developed by the application of external potentials to a cavitating body provides protection against cavitation erosion through a gas cushioning mechanism. Cathodic protection of cavitating bodies will thus serve to decrease damage rates even in the case of corrosion-resistant materials like stainless / GR 2016

The relationship between cross-flow at a waterjet inlet and delivered thrust is not fully understood. A direct thrust measurement system was designed for a waterjet propelled, free running USV. To induce sway velocity at the waterjet inlet, which was considered equivalent to the cross flow, circles of varying radii were performed at Reynolds Numbers between 3.48 x 106 and 8.7 x 106 and radii from 2.7 to 6.3 boat lengths. Sway velocities were less than twenty percent of mean forward speed with slip angles that were less than 20°. Thrust Loading Coefficients were compared to sway as a percent of forward speed. In small radius turns, no relationship was seen, while in larger radius turns, peaks of sway velocity corresponded with drops in thrust, but this was determined to be caused by reduced vehicle yaw in these intervals . Decoupling of thrust and yaw rate is recommended for future research. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013.

Scale model tests are conducted of a Surface Effect Ship in a near-shore developing sea. A beach is built and installed in a wave tank, and a wavemaker is built and installed in the same wave tank. This arrangement is used to simulate developing sea conditions and a 1:30 scale model SES is used for a series of experiments. Pitch and heave measurements are used to investigate the seakeaping response of the vessel in developing seas. The air-cushion pressure and the vessel speed are varied, and the seakeeping results are compared as functions of these two parameters. The experiment results show a distinct correlation between the air-cushion pressure and the response amplitude of both pitch and heave. The results of these experiments are compared against results of a computer model of a Surface Effect Ship (SES). / by Michael Kindel. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2012. Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

A modelagem matemática do escoamento em duas dimensões é uma ferramenta importante para a pesquisa hidráulica e o desenvolvimento de projetos. Nesta dissertação é apresentado um estudo da hidrodinâmica bidimensional através de modelos matemáticos, sendo inicialmente introduzidas as equações básicas da mecânica dos fluídos que regem o movimento em duas direções. Em seguida são discutidas alguns modelos apresentados pela bibliografia, de onde podem ser obtidas valiosas informações sobre a técnica de modelação. Após a apresentação do método das diferenças finitas, um modelo matemático implícito é proposto para a aplicação em estudos bidimensionais onde é necessário o cálculo detalhado do campo de velocidades, evitando-se as restrições devido a estabilidade e acuracidade do método de diferenças. Como conclusão, são apresentados alguns exemplos de aplicação e comparações dos resultados com outros modelos. / Numerical modelling of two-dimensional flow is very important as a tool for hydraulic research and design. This work starts with a review of basic fluid mechanics equations of the wave motion in two-directions. Then some aspects of models proposed by several authors are discussed. The Finite Diference method is presented and na implicit model is proposed for aplication in detailed studies. The stability and acuraccy are investigated to recognize the range of model aplication. Some practical examples and comparisons are shown to test model capabilities.