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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Hydrological response unit-based blowing snow modelling over mountainous terrain

MacDonald, Matthew Kenneth 25 January 2011 (has links)
Wind transport and sublimation of snow particles are common phenomena across high altitude and latitude cold regions and play important roles in hydrological and atmospheric water and energy budgets. In spite of this, blowing snow processes have not been incorporated in many mesoscale hydrological models and land surface schemes. A physically based blowing snow model, the Prairie Blowing Snow Model (PBSM), initially developed for prairie environments was used to model snow redistribution and sublimation by wind over two sites representative of mountainous regions in Canada: Fisera Ridge in the Rocky Mountain Front Ranges in Alberta, and Granger Basin in the Yukon Territory. Two models were used to run PBSM: the object-oriented hydrological model, Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling Platform (CRHM) and Environment Canadas hydrological-land surface scheme, Modélisation Environmentale Communautaire Surface and Hydrology (MESH). PBSM was coupled with the snowcover energy and mass-balance model (SNOBAL) within CRHM. Blowing snow algorithms were also incorporated into MESH to create MESH-PBSM. CRHM, MESH and MESH-PBSM were used to simulate the evolution of snowcover in hydrological response units (HRUs) over both Fisera Ridge and Granger Basin.<p> To test the models of blowing snow redistribution and ablation over a relatively simple sequence of mountain topography, simulations were run from north to south over a linear ridge in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Fisera Ridge snowcover simulations with CRHM were performed over two winters using two sets of wind speed forcing: (1) station observed wind speed, and (2) modelled wind speed from a widely applied empirical, terrain-based windflow model. Best results were obtained when using the site meteorological station wind speed data. The windflow model performed poorly when comparing the magnitude of modelled and observed wind speeds. Blowing snow sublimation, snowmelt and snowpack sublimation quantities were considerably overestimated when using the modelled wind speeds. As a result, end-of-winter snow accumulation was considerably underestimated on windswept HRUs. MESH and MESH-PBSM were also used to simulate snow accumulation and redistribution over these same HRUs. MESH-PBSM adequately simulated snow accumulation in the HRUs up until the spring snowmelt period. MESH without PBSM performed less well and overestimated accumulation on windward slopes and the ridge top whilst underestimating accumulation on lee slopes. Simulations in spring were degraded by a large overestimation of melt by MESH. The early and overestimated melt warrants a detailed examination that is outside the scope of this thesis.<p> To parameterize snow redistribution in a mountain alpine basin, snow redistribution and sublimation by wind were calculated for three winters over Granger Basin using CRHM. Snow transport fluxes were distributed amongst HRUs using inter-HRU snow redistribution allocation factors. Three snow redistribution schemes of varying complexity were evaluated. CRHM model results showed that end-of-winter snow accumulation can be most accurately simulated when the inter-HRU snow redistribution schemes take into account wind direction and speed and HRU aerodynamic characteristics, along with the spatial arrangement of HRUs in the catchment. As snow transport scales approximately with the fourth power of wind speed (u4), inter-HRU snow redistribution allocation factors can be established according to the predominant u4 direction over a simulation period or can change at each time step according to an input measured wind direction. MESH and MESH-PBSM were used to simulate snow accumulation and ablation over these same HRUs. MESH-PBSM provided markedly better results than MESH without blowing snow algorithms.<p> That snow redistribution by wind can be adequately simulated in computationally efficient HRUs over mountainous terrain has important implications for representing snow transport in large-scale hydrology models and land surface schemes. Snow redistribution by wind caused mountain snow accumulation to vary from 10% to 161% of seasonal snowfall within a headwater catchment in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, and blowing snow sublimation losses ranged from 10 to 37% of seasonal snowfall.
12

Assessment of Watershed Model Simplification and Potential Application in Small Ungaged Watersheds: A Case Study of Big Creek, Atlanta, GA

Comarova, Zoia A, Ms 11 August 2011 (has links)
Technological and methodological advances of the past few decades have provided hydrologists with advanced and increasingly complex hydrological models. These models improve our ability to simulate hydrological systems, but they also require a lot of detailed input data and, therefore, have a limited applicability in locations with poor data availability. From a case study of Big Creek watershed, a 186.4 km2 urbanizing watershed in Atlanta, GA, for which continuous flow data are available since 1960, this project investigates the relationship between model complexity, data availability and predictive performance in order to provide reliability factors for the use of reduced complexity models in areas with limited data availability, such as small ungaged watersheds in similar environments. My hope is to identify ways to increase model efficiency without sacrificing significant model reliability that will be transferable to ungaged watersheds.
13

Optimizing two-dimesional shallow water based flood hydrological model with stream architectures

Sarates Junior, Adiel Seffrin January 2015 (has links)
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo explorar as dificuldades bem como os benefícios da utilização de arquiteturas Streams para a simulação de eventos hidrológicos baseados nas equações de águas rasas. Pra tal, é criado embasamento sobre modelagem hidrológica e os algumas classes de modelos existentes, arquiteturas heterogêneas e mais especificamente do modelo bidimensional usado baseado nas equações de Saint-Venan. Com isso é construida a linha de tempo referente às otimizações aplicadas ao modelo inicialmente serial até sua versão otimizada para GPUs, exibindo cada passo tomado em forma de algoritmo para chegar ao objetivo. Com estas otimizações foi obtido um speedup de quatro vezes para pequenas áreas e de 10 vezes com uma resolução média para uma grande área com um alto nível de detalhamento, quando comparado com uma versão de 24 threads. / This study aims to explore the difficulties and the benefits of using Streams architectures for the simulation of hydrological events based on shallow water equations. For this purpose, is created foundation on hydrological modeling and some classes of existing models, heterogeneous architectures, and more specifically the two-dimensional model based on the equations used Saint-Venan. A timeline is constructed relating the applied optimizations beginning from the first serial model optimized for a GPU version showing each step taken in the form of an algorithm to reach the best performance. With these optimizations a speedup about 4 times was obtained for small areas and 10 times with a middle level of detailing for a large area with a high level of detailing. These results were produced comparing the GPU performance with a CPU and 24 threads version.
14

Trocas hídricas entre rio e aquífero em duas litologias distintas do semiárido brasileiro / Water exchanges between river and aquifer in two different lithologies of Brazilian Semiarid

Fontenele, Sávio de Brito January 2015 (has links)
FONTENELE, Sávio de Brito. Trocas hídricas entre rio e aquífero em duas litologias distintas do semiárido brasileiro. 2015. 159 f. Tese (doutorado em engenharia agrícola)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-03-22T20:42:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_sbfontenele.pdf: 7131994 bytes, checksum: 7eb4f8d19a29992c9373c00fc1f1989c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-18T19:42:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_sbfontenele.pdf: 7131994 bytes, checksum: 7eb4f8d19a29992c9373c00fc1f1989c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-18T19:42:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_sbfontenele.pdf: 7131994 bytes, checksum: 7eb4f8d19a29992c9373c00fc1f1989c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / The interaction between surface water and groundwater is a dynamic process in time and space influenced by factors such as soil moisture, hydrodynamic properties, geomorphology, storage and runoff. The quantification and modeling of the processes related to this dynamic constitute prerequisites for the effective water resources management, given that this interaction affects water availability, especially in semi-arid regions. Before this problem, this study aimed to simulate hydrological processes flow transmission between river and groundwater in basins characterized by distinct lithologies, inserted in the Brazilian semiarid region by generating a semi distributed and flexible hydrological model. Two distinct basins of Ceará semiarid region were monitored and used for application of the model developed. A watershed located in sedimentary structure with large underground water reserves (São Jose watershed in the sedimentary basin of Araripe - South of Ceará) and the other one inserted into the crystalline environment and characterized by water scarcity (Patos-Cariús-Iguatu subbasin - Jaguaribe river stretch in the Central-South region of Ceará). The monitoring of these areas between 2010 and 2014 enabled the generation of data and the choice of 10 events from each watershed monitored to evaluate the dynamic river-aquifer. In the evaluation of the data obtained by the monitoring observed aquifer recharges when large volumes precipitates occur in short periods of time. The high temporal spacing difficult the generation of large flows and the rising water levels of the alluvial aquifer. The proposed model was developed considering the three main processes of river-aquifer interaction: full wave propagation, vertical infiltration and groundwater flow. The simulations of the events showed that conductance of the riverbed and effective porosity are the most sensitive parameters of the model. Variations of these parameters allowed the reduction of flood peaks and consequently increases in the aquifer hydraulic loads. However, the simulations showed an underestimation of the hydraulic loads of the aquifer. For the surface discharges were obtained low efficiency ratios (-16.73 to -3.43) for short-term events and small magnitude. Already for long term events and high magnitude, the Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient performed between 0 and 1 (0.35 to 0.49), indicating a good behavior of the models used. However, for these events the average absolute error between the measured and the simulated loads remained high. The model needs to be adjusted to better define the dynamics of the river-aquifer interaction. A greater number of simulations in both watersheds, with the available events could indicate better where adjustments must be made. The possibility of application of MIRAS model in different lithological means and different spatial scales of semi-arid regions was not possible due to the inability to simulate the model for MHSJ. Thus, one must understands the failure to formulate an alternative and possibly improve the model. Because the use of this tool is the best option for resolving problems and decision making. / A interação entre água superficial e subterrânea é um processo dinâmico no tempo e no espaço influenciado por fatores como umidade do solo, propriedades hidrodinâmicas, geomorfologia, armazenamento e escoamento superficial. A quantificação e a modelagem dos processos relacionados a essa dinâmica constituem-se pré-requisitos para a gestão eficiente de bacias hidrográficas, haja vista que essa interação afeta a disponibilidade hídrica, principalmente em regiões semiáridas. Diante dessa problemática, este estudo objetivou simular processos hidrológicos de transmissão de fluxo entre rio e aquífero em bacias hidrográficas caracterizadas por litologias distintas, inseridas na região semiárida brasileira, através da geração de um modelo hidrológico semidistribuído e flexível. Duas bacias hidrográficas distintas da região semiárida cearense foram monitoradas e utilizadas para aplicação do modelo desenvolvido. Uma microbacia localizada em meio sedimentar com grandes reservas hídricas subterrâneas (microbacia hidrográfica do São José na bacia sedimentar do Araripe – Sul do Ceará) e a outra inserida no meio cristalino e caracterizada por escassez hídrica (bacia hidrográfica Patos-Cariús-Iguatu – trecho do rio Jaguaribe na região Centro-Sul do Ceará). O monitoramento dessas áreas entre 2010 e 2014 possibilitou a geração de dados e a escolha de 10 eventos de cada bacia monitorada para avaliação da dinâmica rio-aquífero. Na avaliação dos dados obtidos pelo monitoramento observou-se recargas aquíferas quando grandes volumes precipitados ocorrem em curtos espaços de tempo. O elevado espaçamento temporal dificultaram a geração de grandes vazões e a elevação dos níveis freáticos do aquífero aluvionar. O modelo proposto foi elaborado considerando os três principais processos da interação rio-aquífero: propagação de onda de cheia, infiltração vertical e fluxo subterrâneo. As simulações dos eventos mostraram que condutância do leito do rio e porosidade efetiva são os parâmetros mais sensíveis do modelo. Variações desses parâmetros possibilitaram a redução dos picos de cheia e consequentemente acréscimos nas cargas hidráulicas aquíferas. No entanto, as simulações realizadas apresentaram subestimativas das cargas hidráulicas do aquífero. Para as descargas superficiais obteve-se baixos coeficientes de eficiência (-16,73 a -3,43) para eventos de curta duração e pequena magnitude. Já para eventos de longa duração e elevada magnitude, o coeficiente de eficiência de Nash e Sutcliffe apresentou-se entre 0 e 1 (0,35 a 0,49), indicando um bom comportamento dos modelos utilizados. No entanto, para esses eventos o erro médio absoluto entre as cargas medidas e as simuladas continuaram elevados. O modelo precisa de ajustes para definir melhor a dinâmica da interação rio-aquífero. Um número maior de simulações nas duas bacias hidrográficas, com os eventos disponíveis poderia indicar melhor onde devem ser feitos os ajustes. A possibilidade de aplicação do modelo MIRAS em diferentes meios litológicos e escalas espaciais distintas de regiões semiáridas não fora possível devido à impossibilidade de simular o modelo para a MHSJ. Dessa forma, precisa-se entender as falhas para formular uma alternativa e, possivelmente, melhorar o modelo. Pois, o uso dessa ferramenta é a melhor opção para a resolução de problemas e tomada de decisão.
15

Optimizing two-dimesional shallow water based flood hydrological model with stream architectures

Sarates Junior, Adiel Seffrin January 2015 (has links)
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo explorar as dificuldades bem como os benefícios da utilização de arquiteturas Streams para a simulação de eventos hidrológicos baseados nas equações de águas rasas. Pra tal, é criado embasamento sobre modelagem hidrológica e os algumas classes de modelos existentes, arquiteturas heterogêneas e mais especificamente do modelo bidimensional usado baseado nas equações de Saint-Venan. Com isso é construida a linha de tempo referente às otimizações aplicadas ao modelo inicialmente serial até sua versão otimizada para GPUs, exibindo cada passo tomado em forma de algoritmo para chegar ao objetivo. Com estas otimizações foi obtido um speedup de quatro vezes para pequenas áreas e de 10 vezes com uma resolução média para uma grande área com um alto nível de detalhamento, quando comparado com uma versão de 24 threads. / This study aims to explore the difficulties and the benefits of using Streams architectures for the simulation of hydrological events based on shallow water equations. For this purpose, is created foundation on hydrological modeling and some classes of existing models, heterogeneous architectures, and more specifically the two-dimensional model based on the equations used Saint-Venan. A timeline is constructed relating the applied optimizations beginning from the first serial model optimized for a GPU version showing each step taken in the form of an algorithm to reach the best performance. With these optimizations a speedup about 4 times was obtained for small areas and 10 times with a middle level of detailing for a large area with a high level of detailing. These results were produced comparing the GPU performance with a CPU and 24 threads version.
16

Optimizing two-dimesional shallow water based flood hydrological model with stream architectures

Sarates Junior, Adiel Seffrin January 2015 (has links)
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo explorar as dificuldades bem como os benefícios da utilização de arquiteturas Streams para a simulação de eventos hidrológicos baseados nas equações de águas rasas. Pra tal, é criado embasamento sobre modelagem hidrológica e os algumas classes de modelos existentes, arquiteturas heterogêneas e mais especificamente do modelo bidimensional usado baseado nas equações de Saint-Venan. Com isso é construida a linha de tempo referente às otimizações aplicadas ao modelo inicialmente serial até sua versão otimizada para GPUs, exibindo cada passo tomado em forma de algoritmo para chegar ao objetivo. Com estas otimizações foi obtido um speedup de quatro vezes para pequenas áreas e de 10 vezes com uma resolução média para uma grande área com um alto nível de detalhamento, quando comparado com uma versão de 24 threads. / This study aims to explore the difficulties and the benefits of using Streams architectures for the simulation of hydrological events based on shallow water equations. For this purpose, is created foundation on hydrological modeling and some classes of existing models, heterogeneous architectures, and more specifically the two-dimensional model based on the equations used Saint-Venan. A timeline is constructed relating the applied optimizations beginning from the first serial model optimized for a GPU version showing each step taken in the form of an algorithm to reach the best performance. With these optimizations a speedup about 4 times was obtained for small areas and 10 times with a middle level of detailing for a large area with a high level of detailing. These results were produced comparing the GPU performance with a CPU and 24 threads version.
17

Hazard map based on the simulation of sludge flow in a two-dimensional model, Case Quebrada Malanche-Punta Hermosa -Lima-Perú

Garcia, Luis Jimenez, Iruri Guzman, Osnar, Hurtado, Sissi Santos 30 September 2020 (has links)
El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / This research presents the numerical simulation to reproduce the transport and deposition processes of the sludge flow on March 15, 2017, strongly impacting the town of Pampapacta in Punta Hermosa-Peru.The debris flow initiation process in the basin was represented by hydrographs obtained from the estimated volumes of stormwater runoff and solid materials. The sludge flow was modeled in Flo2D to calculate hazard maps with the discharge event and others with different return periods.The numerical simulation results show acceptable results in relation to what happened. The model used to assess the hazard due to debris flow can predict and delineate, with acceptable precision, potentially hazardous areas for a landslide. The application of the proposed methodology to assess the hazard of disasters due to debris flows in basins and streams is useful to understand the extent of the impact of the mud flow during extreme weather events, as well as to develop emergency plans and formulate disaster policies.
18

Vulnerability curves for masonry buildings affected by hyperconcentrated flows as natural disaster risk management tools for the quantification of material damage

Jara, A., Quispe, T. Y., Castillo, L. F. 06 January 2022 (has links)
The damage assessment caused by floods, earthquakes, hurricanes among others phenomenons in the world are analyzed with methodologies such as "Vulnerability curves". In Peru, disasters caused by hyperconcentrated flows are alarming due to a climatic variability such as the "El Nio Costero"phenomenon. Therefore, this research has developed vulnerability curves for 1 and 2-story confined masonry buildings in Urb. San Idelfonso, Ica - Peru; linking the variables: flow depth, associated with the event produced by heavy rains at the top of the "Quebrada Cansas"caused by the "El Nio Costero"phenomenon in 2017, and the percentage of the damage based on the methodology of the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), whose formula is the repair value and total building value. The monetary amounts and items of the buildings are obtained from the RM 415-2017-VIVIENDA of the Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation of Peru. The process consisted of hydrological modeling in HEC-HMS, hydraulic modeling in FLO-2D, damage percentage estimate and vulnerability curves production. Finally, the vulnerability curves for hyperconcentrated flows were contrasted with similar studies regarding curves for flooding and debris flow. The results of the investigation showed that the "El Nio Costero"phenomenon in 2017 had an economic impact of at least 1.3 million soles in Urb. San Idelfonso. In addition, at least 24 buildings had a complete damage and 21 buildings an extensive damage.
19

Modelagem concentrada e semi-distribuída para simulação de vazão, produção de sedimentos e de contaminantes em bacias hidrográficas do interior de São Paulo / Parsimonious and physically-based models to evaluate streamflow, soil loss and pollution in watersheds in the interior of São Paulo

Santos, Franciane Mendonça dos 11 September 2018 (has links)
A escassez de dados hidrológicos no Brasil é um problema recorrente em muitas regiões, principalmente em se tratando de dados hidrométricos, produção de sedimentos e qualidade da água. A pesquisa por modelos de bacias hidrográficas tem aumentado nas últimas décadas, porém, a estimativa de dados hidrossedimentológicos a partir de modelos mais sofisticados demanda de grande número de variáveis, que devem ser ajustadas para cada sistema natural, o que dificulta a sua aplicação. O objetivo principal desta tese foi avaliar diferentes ferramentas de modelagem utilizadas para a estimativa da vazão, produção de sedimentos e qualidade da água e, em particular, comparar os resultados obtidos de um modelo hidrológico físico semi-distribuído, o Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) com os resultados obtidos a partir de modelos hidrológicos concentrados, com base na metodologia do número da curva de escoamento do Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) e no modelo Generalized Watershed Loading Function (GWLF). Buscou-se avaliar e apresentar em quais condições o uso de cada modelo deve ser recomendado, ou seja, quando o esforço necessário para executar o modelo semi-distribuído leva a melhores resultados efetivos. Em relação à simulação da vazão, os resultados dos dois modelos foram altamente influenciados pelos dados de precipitação, indicando que existem, possivelmente, falhas ou erros de medição que poderiam ter influenciado negativamente os resultados. Portanto, foi proposto aplicar o modelo semi-distribuído com dados de precipitação interpolados (DPI) de alta resolução para verificar a eficiência de seus resultados em comparação com os resultados obtidos com a utilização dos dados de precipitação observados (DPO). Para simulação da produção de sedimentos, e das concentrações de nitrogênio e fósforo, o SWAT realiza uma simulação hidrológica mais detalhada, portanto, fornece resultados ligeiramente melhores para parâmetros de qualidade da água. O uso do modelo semi-distribuído também foi ampliado para simular uma bacia hidrográfica sob a influência do reservatório, a fim de verificar a potencialidade do modelo para esse propósito. Os modelos também foram aplicados para identificar quais os impactos potenciais das mudanças no uso do solo previstas e em andamento. Os cenários estudados foram: I &#8211; cenário atual, II &#8211; cenário tendencial, com o aumento da mancha urbana e substituição do solo exposto e de parte da mata nativa por uso agrícola; III &#8211; cenário desejável, complementa o crescimento urbano tendencial com aumento de áreas de reflorestamento. As metodologias foram aplicadas em duas bacias hidrográficas localizadas no Sudeste do Brasil. A primeira é a bacia do rio Jacaré-Guaçu, incluída na Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos 13 (UGRHI-13), a montante da confluência do rio das Cruzes, com uma área de 1934 km2. O segundo caso de estudo, é a bacia do rio Atibaia, inserida na UGRHI-5, tem uma área de 2817,88 km2 e abrange municípios dos estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais. Como principal conclusão, o desempenho do modelo semi-distribuído para estimar a produção de sedimentos, e as concentrações de nitrogênio e fósforo foi ligeiramente melhor do que as simulações do modelo concentrado SCS-CN e GWLF, mas essa vantagem pode não compensar o esforço adicional de calibrá-lo e validá-lo. / The lack of hydrological data in Brazil is a recurrent problem in many regions, especially in hydrometric data, sediment yield and water quality. The research by simplified models has increased in the last decades, however, the estimation of hydrossedimentological data from these more sophisticated models demands many variables, which must be adjusted for each natural system, which makes it difficult to apply. At times it is necessary to respond quickly without much precision in the results, in these situations, simpler models with few parameters can be the solution. The objective of this research is to evaluate different modelling tools used estimate streamflow, sediments yield and nutrients loads values, and namely to compare the results obtained from a physically-based distributed hydrological model (SWAT) with the results from a lumped hydrological, the Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) and the Generalized Watershed Loading Function (GWLF) model. Both models use the curve number (CN) concept, determined from land use, soil hydrologic group and antecedent soil moisture conditions and were run with a daily time step. We are particularly interested in understanding under which conditions the use of each model is to be recommended, namely when does the addition effort required to run the distributed model leads to effective better results. The input variables and parameters of the lumped model are assumed constant throughout the watershed, while the SWAT model performs the hydrological analysis at a small unit level, designated as hydrological response units (HRUs), and integrates the results at a sub-basin level. In relation to the flow simulation, the results of the two models were highly influenced by the rainfall data, indicating that, possibly, faults or measurement errors could have negatively influenced the results. Therefore, it was proposed to apply the distributed model with high-resolution grids of daily precipitation to verify the efficiency of its results when compared to rainfall data. For simulation of sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus, SWAT performs a more detailed simulation and thus provides slightly better results. The use of the SWAT was also extended to simulate the influence of reservoir, in order to verify the potentiality of the model, in relation to the simulation. The models also were used to identify which are potential impacts of the ongoing land use changes. The scenarios were: I - Current scenario, II - trend scenario, with the increase of urban land and replacement of the exposed soil and part of the native forest by agricultural use; III - desirable scenario complements the trend urban growth with the replacement of exposed soil and part of the agricultural use by reforestation. The methodologies were applied on two watersheds located in the Southeast of Brazil. The first one is the Jacaré-Guaçu river basin, included in the Water Resources Management Unit 13 (UGRHI-13), upstream of Cruzes river confluence, with an area of 1934 km2. The second watershed is the Atibaia River Basin, a part of Water Resources Management Unit 5 (UGRHI-5). It has an area of 2817.88 km2 and covers municipalities of the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais.
20

Modelagem concentrada e semi-distribuída para simulação de vazão, produção de sedimentos e de contaminantes em bacias hidrográficas do interior de São Paulo / Parsimonious and physically-based models to evaluate streamflow, soil loss and pollution in watersheds in the interior of São Paulo

Franciane Mendonça dos Santos 11 September 2018 (has links)
A escassez de dados hidrológicos no Brasil é um problema recorrente em muitas regiões, principalmente em se tratando de dados hidrométricos, produção de sedimentos e qualidade da água. A pesquisa por modelos de bacias hidrográficas tem aumentado nas últimas décadas, porém, a estimativa de dados hidrossedimentológicos a partir de modelos mais sofisticados demanda de grande número de variáveis, que devem ser ajustadas para cada sistema natural, o que dificulta a sua aplicação. O objetivo principal desta tese foi avaliar diferentes ferramentas de modelagem utilizadas para a estimativa da vazão, produção de sedimentos e qualidade da água e, em particular, comparar os resultados obtidos de um modelo hidrológico físico semi-distribuído, o Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) com os resultados obtidos a partir de modelos hidrológicos concentrados, com base na metodologia do número da curva de escoamento do Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) e no modelo Generalized Watershed Loading Function (GWLF). Buscou-se avaliar e apresentar em quais condições o uso de cada modelo deve ser recomendado, ou seja, quando o esforço necessário para executar o modelo semi-distribuído leva a melhores resultados efetivos. Em relação à simulação da vazão, os resultados dos dois modelos foram altamente influenciados pelos dados de precipitação, indicando que existem, possivelmente, falhas ou erros de medição que poderiam ter influenciado negativamente os resultados. Portanto, foi proposto aplicar o modelo semi-distribuído com dados de precipitação interpolados (DPI) de alta resolução para verificar a eficiência de seus resultados em comparação com os resultados obtidos com a utilização dos dados de precipitação observados (DPO). Para simulação da produção de sedimentos, e das concentrações de nitrogênio e fósforo, o SWAT realiza uma simulação hidrológica mais detalhada, portanto, fornece resultados ligeiramente melhores para parâmetros de qualidade da água. O uso do modelo semi-distribuído também foi ampliado para simular uma bacia hidrográfica sob a influência do reservatório, a fim de verificar a potencialidade do modelo para esse propósito. Os modelos também foram aplicados para identificar quais os impactos potenciais das mudanças no uso do solo previstas e em andamento. Os cenários estudados foram: I &#8211; cenário atual, II &#8211; cenário tendencial, com o aumento da mancha urbana e substituição do solo exposto e de parte da mata nativa por uso agrícola; III &#8211; cenário desejável, complementa o crescimento urbano tendencial com aumento de áreas de reflorestamento. As metodologias foram aplicadas em duas bacias hidrográficas localizadas no Sudeste do Brasil. A primeira é a bacia do rio Jacaré-Guaçu, incluída na Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos 13 (UGRHI-13), a montante da confluência do rio das Cruzes, com uma área de 1934 km2. O segundo caso de estudo, é a bacia do rio Atibaia, inserida na UGRHI-5, tem uma área de 2817,88 km2 e abrange municípios dos estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais. Como principal conclusão, o desempenho do modelo semi-distribuído para estimar a produção de sedimentos, e as concentrações de nitrogênio e fósforo foi ligeiramente melhor do que as simulações do modelo concentrado SCS-CN e GWLF, mas essa vantagem pode não compensar o esforço adicional de calibrá-lo e validá-lo. / The lack of hydrological data in Brazil is a recurrent problem in many regions, especially in hydrometric data, sediment yield and water quality. The research by simplified models has increased in the last decades, however, the estimation of hydrossedimentological data from these more sophisticated models demands many variables, which must be adjusted for each natural system, which makes it difficult to apply. At times it is necessary to respond quickly without much precision in the results, in these situations, simpler models with few parameters can be the solution. The objective of this research is to evaluate different modelling tools used estimate streamflow, sediments yield and nutrients loads values, and namely to compare the results obtained from a physically-based distributed hydrological model (SWAT) with the results from a lumped hydrological, the Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) and the Generalized Watershed Loading Function (GWLF) model. Both models use the curve number (CN) concept, determined from land use, soil hydrologic group and antecedent soil moisture conditions and were run with a daily time step. We are particularly interested in understanding under which conditions the use of each model is to be recommended, namely when does the addition effort required to run the distributed model leads to effective better results. The input variables and parameters of the lumped model are assumed constant throughout the watershed, while the SWAT model performs the hydrological analysis at a small unit level, designated as hydrological response units (HRUs), and integrates the results at a sub-basin level. In relation to the flow simulation, the results of the two models were highly influenced by the rainfall data, indicating that, possibly, faults or measurement errors could have negatively influenced the results. Therefore, it was proposed to apply the distributed model with high-resolution grids of daily precipitation to verify the efficiency of its results when compared to rainfall data. For simulation of sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus, SWAT performs a more detailed simulation and thus provides slightly better results. The use of the SWAT was also extended to simulate the influence of reservoir, in order to verify the potentiality of the model, in relation to the simulation. The models also were used to identify which are potential impacts of the ongoing land use changes. The scenarios were: I - Current scenario, II - trend scenario, with the increase of urban land and replacement of the exposed soil and part of the native forest by agricultural use; III - desirable scenario complements the trend urban growth with the replacement of exposed soil and part of the agricultural use by reforestation. The methodologies were applied on two watersheds located in the Southeast of Brazil. The first one is the Jacaré-Guaçu river basin, included in the Water Resources Management Unit 13 (UGRHI-13), upstream of Cruzes river confluence, with an area of 1934 km2. The second watershed is the Atibaia River Basin, a part of Water Resources Management Unit 5 (UGRHI-5). It has an area of 2817.88 km2 and covers municipalities of the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais.

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