In dieser Arbeit wurden die beiden Membranen Schweinekornea und Rindernasenmukosa hinsichtlich ihrer Permeabilität für den lipophilen Arzneistoff Androstendion (AD), der sowohl zur ophthalmologischen Anwendung als auch für die nasale Applikation mit systemischer Wirkung von Interesse ist, verglichen. Zusätzlich wurden identische Versuche mit der synthetischen Membran, Nephrophan(r), durchgeführt. Neben der gepufferten Arzneistofflösung, für die aufgrund des differenzierten Membranaufbaus Permeationskoeffizienten (Peff) für AD im Verhältnis von 3:1:4 (Mukosa : Kornea : Nephrophan(r)) resultierten, standen zwei entwickelte wasserkontinuierliche, nicht-ionische Mikroemulsionen (ME) und ihre Einzelkomponenten als Trägerformulierungen bei den Permeationsstudien im Vordergrund. Darüber hinaus wurde ein ME-System mit einem kationischen Kotensid entwickelt, charakterisiert und in die Untersuchungen einbezogen. Die getesteten Trägerformulierungen führten an den einzelnen Membranen zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen. Um auch den "hydrophilen Permeationsweg" einzuschließen, wurde parallel Fluorescein-Na (FSC) als hydrophile Modellsubstanz getestet. Als mögliche Ursache für diese differenzierten Ergebnisse wurde ein Einfluss der Additiva und Formulierungen auf das Verteilungsverhalten des lipophilen AD zwischen Donatorlösung und Membran in Betracht gezogen und daher in einem weiteren Versuchsblock die Penetrationsrate untersucht. Darüber hinaus wurde parallel dazu der metabolische Abbau, den AD während des Membrandurchtritts durch die vorhandenen Enzyme erfahren kann, berücksichtigt. Die Resultate zeigten Übereinstimmung mit den Permeationsergebnissen indem die Additiva und Formulierungen die Penetration in das Gewebe und den Metabolismus mehr oder weniger herabsetzten. Zur Charakterisierung der systemischen Verfügbarkeit von AD nach nasaler Applikation wurden im Anschluss an die Permeations- und Penetrationsversuche In-vivo-Studien an Kaninchen durchgeführt, die hier allerdings lediglich mit orientierendem Charakter einbezogen werden konnten. Um schließlich die Verhältnisse am Auge bzw. den mehrschichtigen Tränenfilm hinsichtlich einer Applikation der ME-Systeme modellhaft zu simulieren, wurden biophysikalische Untersuchungen in einem Langmuir-Trog mit Meibom''schen Drüsensekret als Oberflächenfilm durchgeführt, die über mögliche Interaktionen der Formulierungen bzw. ihrer Bestandteile mit der Tränenlipidschicht des Auges Auskunft geben sollten. Hier zeigten sich günstige Einflüsse der ME auf die Tränenlipidschicht, die vor allem bei einer Anwendung der ME bei Trockenem Auge von Vorteil sein können. / In these studies in vitro permeability of porcine cornea and bovine nasal mucosa was investigated and compared to each other using the lipophilic drug androstenedione (AD), which is of interest for ocular use as well as nasal, systemical administration. Additionally, the artificial membrane, Nephrophan(r), was used for identical investigations. Because of the differentiated membrane structure AD-permeation behaviour out of buffer solution resulted in a ratio of permeability coefficients (Peff) of 3:1:4 (nasal mucosa : cornea : Nephrophan(r)). Furthermore, two water-continuous, non-ionic microemulsions (ME) and their isolated components were investigated as carrier formulations. Additionally, a new ME containing a cationic co-surfactant was developed, characterized and included in the permeability studies as well. Permeation out of these carrier formulations also resulted in different Peff in case of all tissues. For including studies of the hydrophilic transport way flourescein-sodium (FSC) was investigated as well representing a hydrophilic model substance. Influence of the additives and formulations on the partition behaviour of AD between membrane and donor solution was considered to partially cause these results. Therefore, penetration of AD was investigated together with the metabolic conversion of AD caused by enzymes located in the biological membranes. The additives and formulations decreased penetration into the tissue as well as metabolism of the drug. These findings corresponded with and could therefore explain the results of the permeability studies to some extend. For characterizing systemical availability of AD after nasal administration and improving the results of the permeability and penetration investigations in vivo studies using rabbits were carried out. However, these studies could give but marginal information and therefore be incorporated for orientation only. Furthermore, biophysical investigations were carried out using a Langmuir trough with Meibomian gland secrete (MGS) as the surface layer in order to simulate the multiple layer tear film. These studies were supposed to give some information about interactions between the ME or their isolated components, respectively, and the lipid layer of the tear film, regarding ocular administration of these formulations. The results showed suitable influence of the ME on the MGS, which can especially be advantageous for a use in Dry eye syndrome.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work involved the preparation and characterization of an inclusion complex of Trimethoprim (TMP) a drug used in the treatment of infections and hydroxypropylgamma- cyclodextrin (HP-γ-CD). Owing to the low aqueous solubility of this drug, high dosages are required to provide a satisfactory therapeutic effect, although this also brings severe side effects to some patients. Thus here we aimed to increase the TMP aqueous solubility in order to potentially reduce the side effects by complexation in a CD derivative. Prior to the inclusion study, some relevant physiochemical parameters of the drug such as pKa, solubility in several pH values as well as absorption coefficient were determined. The inclusion complex has been prepared by the suspension method and collected by lyophilization. Primary evidence of the inclusion of TMP in HP-γ-CD was provided by the increase of the solubility in presence of HP -γ - CD, from the phase-solubility diagram obtained at different temperatures and pH values. The apparent stability constants K 1:1 for the complex formed at different temperatures and pH values were found strongly depend on the conditions, being higher at low pH. A 1:1 stoichiometry was suggested for the complex both from the phase-solubility diagram and from the continuous variation method Additional evidences of the inclusion were provided by thermal analysis (DSC), which suggested that TMP is not present in the sample as an isolated crystalline solid. The XRD analysis evidenced the loss of the TMP crystalline character in the complex, which is commonly observed for CD complexes but may be also a consequence of the lyophilization process. The presence of bands characteristic of both species was observed in the infrared spectrum of the complex. Although differences observed in the relative intensities cannot directly evidence complex formation, they don t exclude this possibility. Direct evidence of TMP inclusion in the CD cavities were given from 1H-1H bidimensional ROESY spectrum, which also showed that the inclusion mode involves penetration of the trimethoxyphenyl group in HP-γ-CD. / Este trabalho envolveu a preparação e caracterização de complexo de inclusão entre Trimetoprim (TMP), substância utilizada no tratamento de infecções, em hidroxipropil- γ-ciclodextrina (HP-γ-CD), objetivando o aumento da solubilidade aquosa do convidado. A baixa solubilidade do TMP torna necessário o uso de altas dosagens, causando diversos efeitos colaterais, que em testes futuros poderão ser reduzidos pelo aumento da solubilidade do mesmo. Determinaram-se, inicialmente, alguns parâmetros físico-químicos do fármaco e, posteriormente, preparou-se o complexo do mesmo em HP-γ-CD pelo método da suspensão. A ocorrência de inclusão foi evidenciada através do aumento da solubilidade do convidado em presença de HP-γ-CD, nos estudos do diagrama de solubilidade de fases em diferentes temperaturas e pH. Obteve-se, ainda a partir destes estudos, valores de 220,7 M-1 a 20oC e 144,7M-1 a 25oC e 55410 M-1 para pH 4,0; 2188 M-1 para pH 7,0 e 123 M-1 para pH 9,0 para a constante de associação do complexo, demonstrando interações relativamente fortes. A estequiometria 1:1 para o complexo foi sugerida tanto a partir do diagrama de solubilidades quanto pelo método das variações contínuas. Evidências adicionais da inclusão foram propiciadas por calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), que sugeriu que o TMP não se encontra como um sólido isolado. As análises dos difratogramas obtidos mostraram perda do padrão de ordenamento cristalino do TMP quando comparado ao difratograma do complexo, o que pode também ter resultado do processo de liofilização. A partir da análise por espectroscopia infravermelho, observou-se a presença de bandas de ambas as espécies (hospedeiro e convidado) no espectro da amostra HP-γ-CD/TMP coletada por liofilização. Contudo, diferenças observadas quanto a intensidades relativas e mascaramento de bandas não evidenciam diretamente a formação do complexo, porém não excluem tal possibilidade. De acordo com os resultados de espectroscopia de RMN 1H-1H bidimensional (ROESY), ficou evidenciada a inclusão do TMP na cavidade da HP-γ-CD, mostrando adicionalmente que a entrada na cavidade se dá através do grupo trimetoxifenila.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work involved the preparation and characterization of an inclusion complex of Trimethoprim (TMP) a drug used in the treatment of infections and hydroxypropylgamma- cyclodextrin (HP-γ-CD). Owing to the low aqueous solubility of this drug, high dosages are required to provide a satisfactory therapeutic effect, although this also brings severe side effects to some patients. Thus here we aimed to increase the TMP aqueous solubility in order to potentially reduce the side effects by complexation in a CD derivative. Prior to the inclusion study, some relevant physiochemical parameters of the drug such as pKa, solubility in several pH values as well as absorption coefficient were determined. The inclusion complex has been prepared by the suspension method and collected by lyophilization. Primary evidence of the inclusion of TMP in HP-γ-CD was provided by the increase of the solubility in presence of HP -γ - CD, from the phase-solubility diagram obtained at different temperatures and pH values. The apparent stability constants K 1:1 for the complex formed at different temperatures and pH values were found strongly depend on the conditions, being higher at low pH. A 1:1 stoichiometry was suggested for the complex both from the phase-solubility diagram and from the continuous variation method Additional evidences of the inclusion were provided by thermal analysis (DSC), which suggested that TMP is not present in the sample as an isolated crystalline solid. The XRD analysis evidenced the loss of the TMP crystalline character in the complex, which is commonly observed for CD complexes but may be also a consequence of the lyophilization process. The presence of bands characteristic of both species was observed in the infrared spectrum of the complex. Although differences observed in the relative intensities cannot directly evidence complex formation, they don t exclude this possibility. Direct evidence of TMP inclusion in the CD cavities were given from 1H-1H bidimensional ROESY spectrum, which also showed that the inclusion mode involves penetration of the trimethoxyphenyl group in HP-γ-CD. / Este trabalho envolveu a preparação e caracterização de complexo de inclusão entre Trimetoprim (TMP), substância utilizada no tratamento de infecções, em hidroxipropil- γ-ciclodextrina (HP-γ-CD), objetivando o aumento da solubilidade aquosa do convidado. A baixa solubilidade do TMP torna necessário o uso de altas dosagens, causando diversos efeitos colaterais, que em testes futuros poderão ser reduzidos pelo aumento da solubilidade do mesmo. Determinaram-se, inicialmente, alguns parâmetros físico-químicos do fármaco e, posteriormente, preparou-se o complexo do mesmo em HP-γ-CD pelo método da suspensão. A ocorrência de inclusão foi evidenciada através do aumento da solubilidade do convidado em presença de HP-γ-CD, nos estudos do diagrama de solubilidade de fases em diferentes temperaturas e pH. Obteve-se, ainda a partir destes estudos, valores de 220,7 M-1 a 20oC e 144,7M-1 a 25oC e 55410 M-1 para pH 4,0; 2188 M-1 para pH 7,0 e 123 M-1 para pH 9,0 para a constante de associação do complexo, demonstrando interações relativamente fortes. A estequiometria 1:1 para o complexo foi sugerida tanto a partir do diagrama de solubilidades quanto pelo método das variações contínuas. Evidências adicionais da inclusão foram propiciadas por calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), que sugeriu que o TMP não se encontra como um sólido isolado. As análises dos difratogramas obtidos mostraram perda do padrão de ordenamento cristalino do TMP quando comparado ao difratograma do complexo, o que pode também ter resultado do processo de liofilização. A partir da análise por espectroscopia infravermelho, observou-se a presença de bandas de ambas as espécies (hospedeiro e convidado) no espectro da amostra HP-γ-CD/TMP coletada por liofilização. Contudo, diferenças observadas quanto a intensidades relativas e mascaramento de bandas não evidenciam diretamente a formação do complexo, porém não excluem tal possibilidade. De acordo com os resultados de espectroscopia de RMN 1H-1H bidimensional (ROESY), ficou evidenciada a inclusão do TMP na cavidade da HP-γ-CD, mostrando adicionalmente que a entrada na cavidade se dá através do grupo trimetoxifenila.