Etat des lieux : Les souris Tg2576, modèles de la maladie d'Alzheimer (MA), développent avec l'âge des troubles mnésiques, qui peuvent être réduits par l'exposition précoce à des conditions de vie cognitivement stimulantes, dite enrichissement environnemental. Hypothèse : L'effet pro-mnésique de l'enrichissement environnemental précoce provient-il d'une réduction de l'hypersynchronie neuronale, cause potentielle des troubles mnésiques chez les souris modèles de la MA ? Méthodes : Nous avons mis en évidence une hypersynchronie neuronale puis étudié l'effet de l'enrichissement environnemental sur ce phénotype chez les souris Tg2576, en utilisant des méthodes pharmacologiques, électro-encéphalographiques et immunohistochimiques. Résultats - conclusion : L'hypersynchronie neuronale apparait avant les premiers troubles mnésiques chez les souris Tg2576 mais n'est pas influencée par l'enrichissement environnemental. / Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by an accumulation of amyloid peptides and by a progressive memory loss. These AD features can be modeled in transgenic mouse lines that overexpress mutant forms of the amyloid precursor protein. Environmental cognitive stimulations can delay memory decline in AD patients. Our team showed that an early environmental enrichment (EE) durably improves memory performances in Tg2576 mice, a progressive model of AD. Nevertheless, the neurobiological processes underlying the maintenance of memory performances in these mice remain unknown. EE might prevent some pathological events that contribute to memory deficits in Tg2576 mice. Among them, we focused on neuronal hypersynchrony. Indeed, AD patients and related mouse models exhibit seizures and some antiepileptic treatments can improve their memory performances. In this context, the two principal aims of this work were: 1) to evidence neuronal hypersynchrony in Tg2576 mice and precise its onset relative to the onset of memory deficits in this mouse line, 2) to determine if an environmental enrichment protocol that durably improves memory performances in these mice is able to reduce neuronal hypersynchrony. To this purpose, we assessed neuronal hypersynchrony at different ages in Tg2576 males as well as in Tg2576 females housed in enriched or standard conditions. To this end, we measured seizure susceptibility to a proconvulsant agent and the frequency of spontaneous interictal spikes on electroencephalographic recordings (EEG). We also looked for a marker of chronic seizures: the expression of neuropeptide Y in mossy fibers. In this thesis, we evidenced that neuronal hypersynchrony appears as soon as 1.5 months of age in Tg2576 mice, before their first memory deficits but that environmental enrichment does not influence it. We also observed that interictal spikes preferentially occur during sleep, their rate rising to its maximum during paradoxical sleep. Finally, Tg2576 mice present an overall increase in the power of EEG oscillations between 5 and 100 Hz, which is not affected by environmental enrichment. In conclusion, my thesis work showed that neuronal hypersynchrony precedes memory decline in Tg2576 mice and that environmental enrichment would rather promote the establishment of alternative cognitive strategies than preventing some alterations of brain neuronal activity such as neuronal hypersynchrony.