Esta pesquisa de mestrado aborda o projeto geométrico de aeródromos a partir dos padrões e recomendações da ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) e da FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). Os padrões e recomendações da ICAO foram extraídos do documento Annex 14 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation e de documentos por ele referenciados. Para o caso da FAA, serviu de base o documento Airport Design: Advisory Circular 150/5300-13, incluindo-se aqueles nele referenciados e considerados pertinentes ao escopo do estudo. Seguindo-se uma estrutura de critérios de projeto proposta, os padrões e recomendações da ICAO e da FAA são comparados entre si, explicitando-se as diferenças nas especificações em si e também na forma como estas especificações são feitas por cada norma. Para o caso em que comparações diretas não são possíveis, as comparações são feitas a partir de um conjunto de aeronaves com características conhecidas. No caso dos critérios cuja avaliação é mais complexa, equacionamentos matemáticos são propostos. Apresenta-se também uma série de flexibilizações dos padrões, as quais são voltadas à acomodação das aeronaves A380-800 e B747-8 em aeroportos existentes. Estas flexibilizações provêm das conclusões do A380 Airport Compatibility Group (AACG) e do Boeing 747-8 Airport Compatibility Group (BACG), no caso dos padrões da ICAO. Para a as flexibilizações dos padrões da FAA, servem de base os Engineering Briefs (EBs) por ela emitidos. Finalmente, com base nos critérios de projeto considerados, é feita uma análise do Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo/Guarulhos quanto à operação das aeronaves A380-800 e B747-8. / This Master Thesis tackles aerodrome geometric design according to the standards and recommended practices from the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) and the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). ICAO standards and recommended practices are from the document Annex 14 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation and from the referred documents. In turn, FAA documents herein addressed are the Airport Design: Advisory Circular 150/5300-13 and others referred in this one. By following a proposed design criteria framework, ICAO and FAA standards and recommended practices are compared. From such comparison, it is shown the differences in specifications itself and also in the way by which ICAO and FAA specify their standards. For the cases where direct comparisons are not possible, it is used a set of aircrafts of known characteristics. For the most complex design criteria, mathematical equations are also proposed. Another addressed issue is the flexibilization of design standards, which aims the accommodation of A380-800 and B747-8 aircrafts at existing airports. The ICAO flexibilizations are made from conclusions of the A380 Airport Compatibility Group (AACG) and the Boeing 747-8 Airport Compatibility Group (BACG). FAA flexibilizations are from this same agency, namely through EBs (Engineering Briefs). Lastly, the addressed design criteria are applied to analyse the operation of A380-800 and B747-8 aircrafts at São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport.

Esta pesquisa de mestrado aborda o projeto geométrico de aeródromos a partir dos padrões e recomendações da ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) e da FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). Os padrões e recomendações da ICAO foram extraídos do documento Annex 14 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation e de documentos por ele referenciados. Para o caso da FAA, serviu de base o documento Airport Design: Advisory Circular 150/5300-13, incluindo-se aqueles nele referenciados e considerados pertinentes ao escopo do estudo. Seguindo-se uma estrutura de critérios de projeto proposta, os padrões e recomendações da ICAO e da FAA são comparados entre si, explicitando-se as diferenças nas especificações em si e também na forma como estas especificações são feitas por cada norma. Para o caso em que comparações diretas não são possíveis, as comparações são feitas a partir de um conjunto de aeronaves com características conhecidas. No caso dos critérios cuja avaliação é mais complexa, equacionamentos matemáticos são propostos. Apresenta-se também uma série de flexibilizações dos padrões, as quais são voltadas à acomodação das aeronaves A380-800 e B747-8 em aeroportos existentes. Estas flexibilizações provêm das conclusões do A380 Airport Compatibility Group (AACG) e do Boeing 747-8 Airport Compatibility Group (BACG), no caso dos padrões da ICAO. Para a as flexibilizações dos padrões da FAA, servem de base os Engineering Briefs (EBs) por ela emitidos. Finalmente, com base nos critérios de projeto considerados, é feita uma análise do Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo/Guarulhos quanto à operação das aeronaves A380-800 e B747-8. / This Master Thesis tackles aerodrome geometric design according to the standards and recommended practices from the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) and the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). ICAO standards and recommended practices are from the document Annex 14 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation and from the referred documents. In turn, FAA documents herein addressed are the Airport Design: Advisory Circular 150/5300-13 and others referred in this one. By following a proposed design criteria framework, ICAO and FAA standards and recommended practices are compared. From such comparison, it is shown the differences in specifications itself and also in the way by which ICAO and FAA specify their standards. For the cases where direct comparisons are not possible, it is used a set of aircrafts of known characteristics. For the most complex design criteria, mathematical equations are also proposed. Another addressed issue is the flexibilization of design standards, which aims the accommodation of A380-800 and B747-8 aircrafts at existing airports. The ICAO flexibilizations are made from conclusions of the A380 Airport Compatibility Group (AACG) and the Boeing 747-8 Airport Compatibility Group (BACG). FAA flexibilizations are from this same agency, namely through EBs (Engineering Briefs). Lastly, the addressed design criteria are applied to analyse the operation of A380-800 and B747-8 aircrafts at São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport.

This thesis pertains to development of preliminary combustor design tools for prediction of NOx emissions from aircraft gas turbine combustors. These tools are developed in the form of chemical reactor models and their objective is to predict the formation of NOx based on combustor geometry and engine input parameters such as inlet pressure, inlet temperature, fuel flow and air flow. The construction of the reactor networks follow from cold flow computational fluid dynamics results as it provides a way for allocating volumes to each reactor in the network. The ability of the model to predict NOx has been analysed by comparing predictions with measured data and theoretical trends. The model predictions for different combustors satisfy theoretical trends across various thrust levels in that the model correctly captures the effect of various input parameters on NOx formation and predicts most power conditions for various combustors within 15% of the measured value.

This thesis pertains to development of preliminary combustor design tools for prediction of NOx emissions from aircraft gas turbine combustors. These tools are developed in the form of chemical reactor models and their objective is to predict the formation of NOx based on combustor geometry and engine input parameters such as inlet pressure, inlet temperature, fuel flow and air flow. The construction of the reactor networks follow from cold flow computational fluid dynamics results as it provides a way for allocating volumes to each reactor in the network. The ability of the model to predict NOx has been analysed by comparing predictions with measured data and theoretical trends. The model predictions for different combustors satisfy theoretical trends across various thrust levels in that the model correctly captures the effect of various input parameters on NOx formation and predicts most power conditions for various combustors within 15% of the measured value.

This project examines the safety management of civil aircraft accident investigation authorities in International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Member States, with particular emphasis on the independence of the investigations. The research aims to establish the current level of resources and methodology adopted by Member States’ accident investigation authorities. The output of this work not only identifies the current situation but informs initiatives for some of the States in the process of establishing their investigation capability. ICAO Annex 13 was analysed and found to be based on the principle of independent accident investigations. Also, a four dimensional measuring index (4DMI) has been developed to measure the independence of accident investigations in ICAO Member States. Data were collected from 45 States and are presented in the thesis. As a result of applying the 4DMI to the collected data, the States were ranked according to their scores, and divided into four categories of independence. Analysis of the four categories and the scores from the four dimensions revealed that States approach the concept of investigation independence in different ways; however, there are several practices that are common within the highest independence category and several other practices that are common within the lowest independence category. The research recommends that States should work towards improving their overall investigation independence by implementing the seven identified practices in the High-Independence category and distance themselves from the five practices identified as common in the Low-Independence category.

This project examines the safety management of civil aircraft accident investigation authorities in International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Member States, with particular emphasis on the independence of the investigations. The research aims to establish the current level of resources and methodology adopted by Member States’ accident investigation authorities. The output of this work not only identifies the current situation but informs initiatives for some of the States in the process of establishing their investigation capability. ICAO Annex 13 was analysed and found to be based on the principle of independent accident investigations. Also, a four dimensional measuring index (4DMI) has been developed to measure the independence of accident investigations in ICAO Member States. Data were collected from 45 States and are presented in the thesis. As a result of applying the 4DMI to the collected data, the States were ranked according to their scores, and divided into four categories of independence. Analysis of the four categories and the scores from the four dimensions revealed that States approach the concept of investigation independence in different ways; however, there are several practices that are common within the highest independence category and several other practices that are common within the lowest independence category. The research recommends that States should work towards improving their overall investigation independence by implementing the seven identified practices in the High-Independence category and distance themselves from the five practices identified as common in the Low-Independence category.

Esta tese propõe um modelo computacional para análise de conformidade de áreas e superfícies de proteção de aeródromos aos critérios de projeto geométrico previstos no Anexo 14 da ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization). Não foram encontrados na literatura softwares open source com esta finalidade. Os critérios da ICAO impõem áreas e superfícies imaginárias de proteção que se originam na vizinhança de cada uma das pistas de pouso e/ou de decolagem. Dessas exigências normativas decorre um complexo conjunto de áreas em solo e superfícies no espaço aéreo, as quais ordenam a presença de objetos fixos e móveis dentro e fora dos limites do sítio aeroportuário. Os dados de entrada do modelo proposto compreendem: informações sobre a topografia e sobre os limites internos e externos do sítio; a posição de objetos fixos e móveis; a categoria da aeronave; o procedimento de aproximação empregado; e informações sobre a configuração do sistema de pistas. O modelo computacional proposto integra conceitos de CAD (Computer Aided Design) e de GIS (Geographic Information System) para a geração automática de geometrias georreferenciadas, de acordo com um MDE (Modelo Digital de Elevação), internamente representado por uma malha TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network). Além da geração virtual das geometrias, o modelo permite a detecção automática de eventuais interferências nas áreas e superfícies de proteção pelos objetos fixos e móveis. O modelo apresenta os resultados das análises por meio de janelas gráficas e permite a exportação dos arquivos KML para um globo virtual, como o Google Earth. Os arquivos KML representam as áreas e superfícies de proteção e os objetos fixos e móveis, destacando os obstáculos detectados. A modelagem proposta foi implementada em linguagem Python, testada e validada para instâncias fictícias e para um caso real, relacionado ao Aeroporto de Viracopos em Campinas, no Brasil (SBKP). Buscas sistemáticas na literatura científica nacional e internacional indicam que a modelagem aqui proposta é inédita, contribuindo para preencher a lacuna identificada na revisão bibliográfica realizada. / This thesis proposes a computational model for analysis of conformity of aerodrome protection areas and surfaces according to ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) Annex 14 geometric design criteria. No open source software with this purpose could be found in the literature. ICAO criteria impose imaginary protection areas and surfaces that start at the vicinity of each runway, leading to a complex set of geometries on the ground and in the airspace. Fixed and movable objects, both inside and outside the aerodrome property limits, are controlled by means of this set of imaginary surfaces. Input data for the herein proposed model comprises: aerodrome site topography and internal and external boundaries; fixed and movable objects position; aircraft category; approach procedures; and runway system configuration data. The model integrates CAD (Computer Aided Design) and GIS (Geographic Information System) technologies in order to automatically generate georeferenced geometries, that take into account a DEM (Digital Elevation Model), internally represented by a TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) approach. In addition to geometry generation, the proposed model also performs obstacle assessment regarding the suppositional geometric interferences between protection areas and surfaces and the fixed and movable objects. The model results are outputted by means of screen plots, execution console (detected geometric interferences) and KML (Keyhole Markup Language) files, to be exported to virtual globes, like Google Earth. The KML files represent the geometries of protection areas and surfaces as well as fixed and movable objects, highlighting detected obstacles. The model was implemented in Python language and tested for validation, employing both fictitious and a real instance, related to the Viracopos International Airport (SBKP), in Campinas, Brazil. The undergone bibliographic search, considering national and international literature, indicates that this research introduces an unprecedented model, filling in a gap in the literature.

In air traffic, safety is the key word. Safety is kept in numerous ways. One of these ways is with the help of Aeronautical Information (AI). AI is all information regarding air traffic, i.e. aerodrome hours of operation, weather reports and information about unserviceable navigational aids. Sometimes it happens that some of the information does not reach the pilots in the aircraft, which can have a negative impact on safety. This thesis examines the flow of AI all the way from the originator of the information to the end-user, and analyzes it to find where the errors occur. The thesis is based on the rules and regulations set by ICAO, the International Civil Aviation Organization, two field trips to the Swedish AI provider LFV, and interviews with four airlines, Novair, NextJet, Malmö Aviation, and SAS. The results exposes where in the flow the weakness exists, and finally gives advice as to how these weaknesses can be addressed.

Esta tese propõe um modelo computacional para análise de conformidade de áreas e superfícies de proteção de aeródromos aos critérios de projeto geométrico previstos no Anexo 14 da ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization). Não foram encontrados na literatura softwares open source com esta finalidade. Os critérios da ICAO impõem áreas e superfícies imaginárias de proteção que se originam na vizinhança de cada uma das pistas de pouso e/ou de decolagem. Dessas exigências normativas decorre um complexo conjunto de áreas em solo e superfícies no espaço aéreo, as quais ordenam a presença de objetos fixos e móveis dentro e fora dos limites do sítio aeroportuário. Os dados de entrada do modelo proposto compreendem: informações sobre a topografia e sobre os limites internos e externos do sítio; a posição de objetos fixos e móveis; a categoria da aeronave; o procedimento de aproximação empregado; e informações sobre a configuração do sistema de pistas. O modelo computacional proposto integra conceitos de CAD (Computer Aided Design) e de GIS (Geographic Information System) para a geração automática de geometrias georreferenciadas, de acordo com um MDE (Modelo Digital de Elevação), internamente representado por uma malha TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network). Além da geração virtual das geometrias, o modelo permite a detecção automática de eventuais interferências nas áreas e superfícies de proteção pelos objetos fixos e móveis. O modelo apresenta os resultados das análises por meio de janelas gráficas e permite a exportação dos arquivos KML para um globo virtual, como o Google Earth. Os arquivos KML representam as áreas e superfícies de proteção e os objetos fixos e móveis, destacando os obstáculos detectados. A modelagem proposta foi implementada em linguagem Python, testada e validada para instâncias fictícias e para um caso real, relacionado ao Aeroporto de Viracopos em Campinas, no Brasil (SBKP). Buscas sistemáticas na literatura científica nacional e internacional indicam que a modelagem aqui proposta é inédita, contribuindo para preencher a lacuna identificada na revisão bibliográfica realizada. / This thesis proposes a computational model for analysis of conformity of aerodrome protection areas and surfaces according to ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) Annex 14 geometric design criteria. No open source software with this purpose could be found in the literature. ICAO criteria impose imaginary protection areas and surfaces that start at the vicinity of each runway, leading to a complex set of geometries on the ground and in the airspace. Fixed and movable objects, both inside and outside the aerodrome property limits, are controlled by means of this set of imaginary surfaces. Input data for the herein proposed model comprises: aerodrome site topography and internal and external boundaries; fixed and movable objects position; aircraft category; approach procedures; and runway system configuration data. The model integrates CAD (Computer Aided Design) and GIS (Geographic Information System) technologies in order to automatically generate georeferenced geometries, that take into account a DEM (Digital Elevation Model), internally represented by a TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) approach. In addition to geometry generation, the proposed model also performs obstacle assessment regarding the suppositional geometric interferences between protection areas and surfaces and the fixed and movable objects. The model results are outputted by means of screen plots, execution console (detected geometric interferences) and KML (Keyhole Markup Language) files, to be exported to virtual globes, like Google Earth. The KML files represent the geometries of protection areas and surfaces as well as fixed and movable objects, highlighting detected obstacles. The model was implemented in Python language and tested for validation, employing both fictitious and a real instance, related to the Viracopos International Airport (SBKP), in Campinas, Brazil. The undergone bibliographic search, considering national and international literature, indicates that this research introduces an unprecedented model, filling in a gap in the literature.

The objective of the thesis was to focus on all the necessary requirements needed at first for establishing an airline company and then for establishing a regular air route. The thesis also contains a practical part - an analysis of Delta Air Lines company and her two already operated direct and regular air routes Prague - New York and Prague - Atlanta. The thesis has through the company focused on description of operating passenger air transportation from the point of view a network airliner. Part of the objective was to show the contemporary state of the air transportation branch and outlining its possible future development with regard to the chosen airline company.