DNA methylation is a key epigenetic mark which undergoes global reprogramming during early mammalian embryonic development, resulting in almost complete erasure of the mark after fertilisation of the zygote. Genome-wide patterns of DNA methylation are subsequently re-established in the implanting blastocyst by de novo DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b along with their catalytically inactive co-factor Dnmt3l, while these DNA methylation patterns are maintained through cell divisions by maintenance methyltransferase Dnmt1. The exact mechanisms by which these DNA methyltransferase enzymes are targeted to specific genomic regions remain unclear, but may involve interaction with modified histones and/or the participation of co-factors. Lsh (lymphoid specific helicase), a putative chromatin remodelling helicase, has been implicated in facilitating de novo methylation, as Lsh knockout embryos and derived somatic cell lines display substantial but specific DNA methylation losses at repetitive elements and single copy genes. This study aims to define the requirement for Lsh in establishing de novo DNA methylation and gene expression patterns during the early stages of mouse embryonic development. The '2i' culture system using two small molecule kinase inhibitors was harnessed to convert lsh-/- mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to a hypomethylated 'ground state' of pluripotency. Culture conditions were then altered to transition these ground state mESCs to cells representing later, more methylated stages of development ('serum' mESCs, epiblast stem cells and embryoid bodies). Implementation of this model system suggests that Lsh does not contribute to DNA methylation establishment in a pluripotent context, but rather is important for facilitating de novo DNA methylation during differentiation to culture models representing later developmental stages. These investigations also reveal that Lsh differentially regulates DNA methylation at major and minor satellite repeats depending on cellular context, and that this regulation may involve a role for Lsh in maintenance of DNA methylation.

Au cours de ma thèse, je me suis intéressée à deux modifications épigénétiques dans les cellules humaines, la méthylation de l'ADN et les modifications d'histones, et à leur relation avec deux processus cellulaires fondamentaux : l'expression génique et la réplication de l'ADN, en accordant une attention particulière aux gènes hétéro-chromatiques. J'ai étudié ces relations à travers des projets distincts en utilisant le syndrome ICF (Immunodeficiency, Centromeric instability, Facial abnormalities) comme modèle commun. Causé par un défaut épigénétique constitutif (inactivation de la DNA méthyltransfèrase 3B), le syndrome ICF (OMIM #242860) représente une source exclusive d'informations sur le rôle des modifications épigénétiques chez l'Homme. Dans un premier projet, nous avons montré que les gènes hétérochromatiques sont soumis à une hypométhylation importante et échappent à la répression transcriptionnelle dans le syndrome ICF, avec la conservation des marques d'histones. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons observé que dans les cellules ICF la réplication du génome était plus rapide, concomitant avec une réduction de la longueur de phase S. De plus, nous avons observé un timing de réplication avancé au niveau de deux loci hétérochromatiques chez les patients ICF analysés. En parallèle de ces deux projets, j'ai mené un troisième projet, plus appliqué, centré sur le cancer colorectal.Dans ce projet, nous avons étudié la fiabilité d'un nouveau biomarqueur épigénétique (hypométhylation des loci B melanoma antigen) dans la détection des lésions pré-cancéreuses et montré que l'hypométhylation des loci BAGE est un événement précoce de la transformation des cellules du colon et est fréquent dans les adénomes histologiquement avancés. / During my PhD I studied two epigenetic modifications that occur in human cells, DNA methylation and histone modifications, and their relationship with two fundamental cellular processes: gene expression and DNA replication, with a particular attention to heterochromatic genes. I investigated this relationship in distinct projects using ICF (Immunodeficiency, Centromeric instability, Facial anomalies) syndrome as a common model. ICF syndrome (OMIM ID #242860) represents an exclusive source of information on the role of epigenetic modifications in humans, being caused by a constitutive epigenetic defect (i.e. de novo DNA methyltransferase 3B mutations). In a first project we showed that heterochromatic genes undergo hypomethylation and escape from silencing in ICF syndrome, with preservation of histone marks. In a second study we observed that whole-genome DNA replication is faster in ICF cell lines, with a concomitant shortening of the S-phase length. Besides, we observed earlier replication timing at two heterochromatic loci. In addition to these two studies, I carried out a third more applicative project focused on colorectal cancer. In this project we investigated the reliability of a new epigenetic biomarker (hypomethylation of B melanoma antigen loci) in the detection of pre-cancerous lesions and showed that BAGE loci hypomethylation is an early event in colon transformation and is frequent in histologically advanced adenomas.