Orientadores: Michel Daoud Yacoub, Paulo Cardieri / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T19:06:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Seo_CarlosEduardo_M.pdf: 1219462 bytes, checksum: 82d4d1e386063360592e56cb2b76b1b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este trabalho visa o estudo de redes ad hoc sem ?o, em especial, os protocolos da subcamada MAC do modelo OSI. Neste tipo de rede sem controle centralizado, o acesso ao meio se torna uma parte crítica no processo de comunicação entre terminais. Assim sendo, a principal motivação deste trabalho é investigar como os protocolos da subcamada MAC podem afetar o desempenho da rede do ponto de vista das aplicações, em especial, tráfego VoIP e de dados. Para tal, foram feitas análises comparativas entre diversos protocolos, baseadas em resultados de simulações feitas no simulador de redes ns2. Tais resultados mostram que a maior parte das alternativas ao protocolo padrão IEEE 802.11 ainda precisam amadurecer para que possam tornarse comercialmente viáveis. Um protocolo, no entanto, se destaca dos demais em cenários de tráfego misto (voz e dados), apresentando melhoria de desempenho em relação ao IEEE 802.11: o IEEE 802.11e, variante do IEEE 802.11 com funções de suporte a QoS / Abstract: This work presented here is focused on studying ad hoc wireless networks, in particular, the MAC sublevel protocols from the OSI reference model. In these networks, the lack of a centralized control makes the medium access control a critical part in the communication process between network terminals. Thus, the main objective of this work is to investigate how the MAC sublevel protocols may interfere in network performance from the application point of view, in particular, VoIP and data transmission. In order to accomplish this goal, several comparative analysis between protocols have been made, based on simulation results from the ns2 network simulator. The results show that the alternatives to the IEEE 802.11 standard suggested so far aren¿t mature enough to be commercially viable, although there is one protocol that is very promising: the IEEE 802.11e, a variant of IEEE 802.11 with QoS support functions / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

In future mobile networks service quality might be poor. A new measure is needed to be able to assess services in terms of their effectiveness and usefulness despite their lacking visual appeal. Cognitive Quality of Service is a way to measure the effectiveness in use of a networked service. This thesis introduces Cognitive Quality of Service and puts it in relation to other ways to measure quality in streaming media. Through four studies the concept is used to improve multicast performance in a WLAN, to assess the effectiveness of simple animations compared to video, to build an application that fuses video and animations and to assess the differences between various levels of streaming video quality. Guidelines on how to measure Cognitive Quality of Service are introduced based on a review of available literature and later analyzed in light of the studies presented in the thesis. It turns out that the guidelines are sound and should be used as a basis for assessing Cognitive Quality of Service. Finally, the usefullness of Cognitive Quality of Service is analyzed. It turns out that it is especially useful when comparing different media, e.g. animations and video. In the video only case even bit-rate might be a useful predictor of subjective quality. / I framtiden kommer användare att titta på videosekvenser i trådlösa apparater, exempelvis mobiltelefoner. På grund av tekniska faktorer som störningar och på grund av kostnaden för det kommer den kvalitet som de erhåller inte att vara jämförbar med till exempel den kvalitet som kan erhållas när man tittar på tv. Trots det kan man anta att sådan video kan vara intressant och upplysande. I avhandlingen introduceras och används begreppet Cognitive Quality of Service (CQoS) - kognitiv servicekvalitet. Begreppet definieras av att den överföring som ger den bästa förståelsen och känslomässiga reaktionen också har bäst CQoS. För att mäta CQoS bör man följa vissa riktlinjer, särskilt som det är svårt att mäta förståelse i samband med att man tittar på video. Författaren har tillsammans med medarbetare tittat på hur man kan förbättra förhållandena för själva radioöverföringen (studie I). Genom en algoritm som ger multicast-paket bättre skydd mot kollisioner visas att man kan erhålla förbättrad överföringskapacitet för strömmande video i ett trådlöst nätverk. Animeringar är ett alternativ till video som kräver låg bandbredd. I ett experiment har man undersökt hur väl animeringar står sig mot video av olika kvalitet när det gäller att upplysa användaren och ge en bra upplevelse (studie II). Det visade sig att animeringar var bättre för förståelsen medan video gav en bättre känslomässig upplevelse. Vanare åskådare föredrog videon medan ovanare åskådare föredrog animeringarna. Frågan som ställdes var då hur man kunde kombinera respektive mediums fördelar för att få en så bra blandning som möjligt. Å ena sidan var animeringarna billiga och lätta att förstå medan videon var dyrare och mer intressant. Ett prototypgränssnitt skapades. Där kunde användaren själv välja vilken mix mellan de två alternativen som skulle visas (studie III). Det visade sig att försökspanelen föredrog video och dessutom ville ha mer information om spelare och match. Trots animationernas förträfflighet kan man anta att det ändå är video som kommer att dominera i framtiden. En sista studie genomfördes för att se om man kunde finna liknande resultat vid olika kvalitetsgrader i video som man tidigare hade funnit mellan video och animeringar (studie IV). Det visade sig att så länge man höll sig till ett format var sambanden enklare. Mer var helt enkelt bättre upp till en viss gräns där det inte tillförde mer att öka överföringsresurserna för videon. Sammanfattningsvis visar studierna att CQoS kan ge värdefull designkunskap. I synnerhet när man jämför olika presentationsformer som i det här fallet animeringar och video. Nästa steg blir att gå vidare med att applicera CQoS i tvåvägskommunikation, särskilt i Conversational Multimedia (CMM)– ungefär bildtelefoni – där det är särskilt goda möjligheter att sammanställa en för omständigheterna anpassad mediamix.

Architecture et mécanismes de bout en bout pour les communications mobiles et sans fil dans l'Internet. La gestion performante de la mobilité et l'amélioration des performances des couches basses sont deux enjeux fondamentaux dans le contexte des réseaux sans fil. Cette thèse apporte des solutions originales et innovantes qui visent à répondre à ces deux problématiques empêchant à ce jour d'offrir des possibilités de communication performantes et sans couture aux usagers mobiles accédant à l'Internet via des réseaux d'accès locaux sans fil (WLAN). Ces solutions se distinguent en particulier par l'impact minimum qu'elles ont sur les protocoles standards de l'Internet (niveaux transport et réseau) ou de l'IEEE (niveaux physique et liaison de données). S'inscrivant dans les paradigmes de "bout en bout" et "cross-layer", notre architecture permet d'offrir des solutions efficaces pour la gestion de la mobilité : gestion de la localisation et des handover en particulier. En outre, nous montrons que notre approche permet également d'améliorer l'efficacité des transmissions ainsi que de résoudre efficacement plusieurs syndromes identifiés au sein de 802.11 tels que les anomalies de performance, l'iniquité entre les flux et l'absence de contrôle de débit entre la couche MAC et les couches supérieures. Cette thèse résout ces problèmes en combinant des modèles analytiques, des simulations et de réelles expérimentations. Ces mécanismes adaptatifs ont été développés et intégrés dans une architecture de communication qui fournit des services de communication à haute performance pour réseaux sans fils tels que WIFI et WIMAX. / Wireless networks, because of the potential pervasive and mobile communication services they offer, are becoming the dominant Internet access networks. However, the legacy Internet protocols, still dominant at that time, have not been designed with mobility and wireless in mind. Therefore, numerous maladjustments and “defaults of impedance” can be observed when combining wireless physical and MAC layers with the traditional upper layers. This thesis proposes several solutions for a pacific coexistence between these communication layers that have been defined and designed independently. Reliable mobility management and Low layer performance enhancements are two main challenging issues in the context of wireless networks. Mobility management (which is mostly based on mobile IP architecture nowadays) aims to continuously assign and control the wireless connections of mobile nodes amongst a space of wireless access networks. Low layer performance enhancements mainly focus on the transmission efficiency such as higher rate, lower loss, interference avoidance. This thesis addresses these two important issues from an original and innovative approach that, conversely to the traditional contributions, entails a minimum impact on the legacy protocols and internet infrastructure. Following the “end to end” and “cross layer” paradigms, we address and offer efficient and light solutions to fast handover, location management and continuous connection support through a space of wireless networks. Moreover, we show that such an approach makes it possible to enhance transmission efficiency and solve efficiently several syndromes that plague the performances of current wireless networks such as performance anomaly, unfairness issues and maladjustment between MAC layer and upper layers. This thesis tackles these issues by combining analytical models, simulations and real experiments. The resulting mechanisms have been developed and integrated into adaptive mobility management communication architecture that delivers high performing communication services to mobile wireless systems, with a focus on WIFI and WIMAX access networks.

Les chercheurs au travers de plusieurs domaines essaient de fournir des solutions pour intégrer les objets et les systèmes dans l’internet des objets (IdO ou IoT pour Internet of Things en anglais). Il y a deux domaines parmi les domaines les plus importants d’IdO. Le premier est de tester et évaluer l’IdO. Plusieurs milliards d’objets sont déjà connectés à l’internet. Ces objets peuvent communiquer entre eux directement sans intervention humaine. Les entreprises et les développeurs doivent être capable de tester et d’évaluer des scénarios différents dans plusieurs environnements. Ces environnements doivent être capable d’échanger des services entre eux. Nous présentons notre architecture IoTaaS (Internet of Things Testing As A Service). IoTaaS est un environnement distribué pour tester et évaluer l’IdO. Nous présentons aussi la première mise en oeuvre expérimentale qui est appelée CEMAT (Cloud Environment for Mobile Application Testing) qui permet de tester les applications mobiles et les objets connectés. Le deuxième domaine correspond aux méthodes de communication. Nous présentons notre conception de communications COLDE (Connectionless Data Exchange) pour échanger une petite quantité de données publiques entre les clients Wi-Fi et les points d’accès sans qu’ils aient besoin d’être associés. Alors que COLDE présente la méthode nécessaire pour échanger ces données, le concept de services Lightweight décrit les données échangées en utilisant le protocole COLDE. / Researchers across many domains are working to provide solutions that enable integration of objectsand systems into the Internet of Things (IoT). There are two domains which are among the mostimportant ones in IoT. First domain is IoT testing and evaluation. The billions of objects whichare connected to IoT would intercommunicate without any human intervention. Enterprises anddevelopers should be able to test and evaluate different operational scenarios of their systems indifferent environments. Testing environments should be able to exchange services. We present ourarchitecture IoTaaS (Internet of Things Testing As A Service). IoTaaS is a hierarchy of a distributedcloud for testing and evaluating IoT. We also present the pilot implementation of IoTaaS under thecode name CEMAT (Cloud Environment for Mobile Application Testing) which focuses on mobiledevices and their connected objects. The second domain is about communication methods andtechniques. Several IoT applications depend on public data exchange. We present our design toexchange small amount of public data on wireless network without establishing a connection. COLDE(Connectionless Data Exchange) is our extension to protocol the IEEE 802.11. COLDE utilizesthe management frames to allow Wi-Fi devices and access points to exchange small amounts ofdata without having any association. COLDE describes how we can exchange data without beingconnected. Lightweight services concept explains which data could be transferred using COLDE.Simulation experiments and real world implementation are presented along with their results.

The work deals with the use of software-defined radio as a probe for monitoring the operation of wireless communication according to the IEEE 802.11a/g standard. In the theoretical introduction, the concept of software-defined radio as a hardware device with software programmable circuits enabling the transmission or reception of signals in theoretically any frequency band is introduced. The introduction also contains adescription of selected devices and the IEEE 802.11 protocol with its most used additionsand modulations. In the first part of the practical part of the work, wireless communication is capturedusing a wireless network card in monitoring mode. The intercepted communication was decrypted and this decrypted traffic was compared with the data captured by the probe within the network. These results then served as acomparative basis for software-defined radio capturing. The focus of this work is to verify the capabilities of software-defined radio and its use for sniffing wireless communicationin the frequency band 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. The attempt to use a software-defined radio here results from the scalability and adaptability that a wireless card cannot offer due to fixed hardware parameters. LimeSDR mini, LimeSDR and bladeRF 2.0 devices were used for capture. First, the configuration of the operating system, the installation of drivers and programs for control and work with selected devices are described. After verifying the functionality of the software-defined radio, a model of a signal decoder with the parameters of the IEEE 802.11g standard captured from the radio spectrum was put into operation. Finally, the data streams captured by the software-defined radio and the wireless network card were compared side by side. The results showed that the software-defined radio in the used configuration captures only a part of the total volume of transmitted frames.

This work is focused on the issue of wireless networks according to the IEEE 802.11 standard. The main subject of research is the Rate Adaptation Algorithms (RAA). The work also contains a description of simulation environments NS-3 and OMNeT in terms of adaptation algorithms. At the end of the work there is a summary of wireless network simulations in NS-3 and OMNeT environments and their comparison with the actual measurement of network parameters.

The master's thesis deals with the issue of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) from the viewpoint of the security and functional principle of security mechanisms. The transition to the issue concerning the security is accompanied by the methods of wireless data transmission operating on the level of physical layer (FHSS, DSSS, OFDM, MIMO), which is followed by the summary of individual 802.11 standards. The next part deals with the issue of shared transmission medium (CSMA/CA), influence of interference and correcting mechanisms (RTS/CTS). Within the security, the principles of the authentication along with the commonly used methods of security (WEP, WPA, WPA2) are described in detail. The first part concerning security deals with the security in the form of the WEP protocol, which is considered insufficient nowadays and points out the imperfect implementation and the consequent risks. The following part describes the security in the form of WPA which eliminates the implementation weaknesses of the previous WEP security protocol. The description of commonly used mechanisms of authentication (PSK, 802.1x), required temporary key management (PTK, GTK), data integrity (MIC) and encryption which uses TKIP protocol are also included. The last part, possible WLAN security, is aimed at the full support of 802.11i standard, which is called WPA2 (sometimes RSN). That part describes the basic encryption security element CCMP, which is based on the AES block cipher modes. The practical part of the thesis deals with the security verification of current wireless networks. In the process of verification the accessible HW means and programming tools of Open Source Software (OSS) are used. By means of verification it has been pointed out that there are possible security risks resulting from the security method which has been used. Also several recommendations how to reduce the security risks of the used method to minimum are mentioned.

This Master´s thesis deals especially with exploration of the handover process and with searching for ways of in?uencing this process. The goal of this thesis is to create tools for recording of access point utilization and in?uence the handover of wireless clients based on the obtained data. An access point with open ?rmware, which allows low-level management, was necessary for practical tests. First chapter deals with a survey of current o?er of open ?rmware available for access points and then the appropriate candidate for this thesis is chosen – the OpenWRT project. Second chapter deals with the con?guration of OpenWRT system and basic settings of the chosen wireless router – TP-Link TL-WR1043ND. Next chapter deals with analysis of the handover process in wireless networks. Information obtained by this analysis is used during the creation of the graphic application. The fourth chapter presents the basics of Microsoft Native Wi-Fi API and introduces basic functions used by this API. Those functions were used during the creations of the application. Last two chapters present the created graphic application. The ?fth chapter deals with the application design and examination of its functionality and used functions. Last chapter then documents usability of the application in real environment.

The main aim of this thesis is to familiarize with options of services using real-time data transfer in wireless networks. Theoretical part presents wireless network based on IEEE 802.11 standard and its practical use. Large part is focuses on 802.11e standart, that provides support for quality of service in wireless networks. Furthemore this thesis deals with transport and applicaton protocols supporting multimedia streaming over computer network. Second chapter is focused on analyzing real computer network with purpose in measuring parametrs influencing quality of service such as bandwith, delay, jitter and loss. Last part deals with the design of wireless network in OPNET Modeler enviroment with focus on simulating parameters that influence quality of service.

Wi-Fi, internet, IEEE 802.11, RouterOS, Mikrotik, 10GHz