Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) have gained popularity at an unprecedented rate, at home, at work and in public hot spot locations. In this thesis, a Selectivity Function Scheduler (SFS) is proposed for IEEE 802.11e WLANs. The SFS aims at providing Quality of Service (QoS) assurance for different traffic types such as delay bound and throughput while maintaining fairness among flows and accommodating fluctuations of real-time applications. The SFS defines several functionalities that accurately analyze and compute the number of data frames at each traffic stream’s transmission queue, and allocate adaptive transmission opportunities (TXOPs) to traffic streams based on online observed physical rate instead of minimum physical rate. Moreover, the SFS incorporates a selectivity function (SF) that differentiates between traffic streams and assigns polling priorities accordingly. SFS appropriately calculates variable service interval lengths depending on actual traffic conditions. The SFS scheme is evaluated under different mixes of traffic and for various characteristics of the IEEE 802.11e and compared with the performance of the standard scheduler. Simulation results indicate that the SFS scheme achieves better system performance in terms of high throughput and low packet drop ratio, succeeds in providing QoS assurance for both constant bit rate (CBR) and variable bit rate (VBR) traffic. The SFS scheme also shows higher fairness among users of a same class, as well as between different classes. / Thesis (Master, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2008-08-27 14:20:34.806

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L'objet de nos travaux porte sur la proposition d'une architecture hybride IEEE 802.11e/AFDX (Avionics Full Duplex switched ethernet) et sur l'étude des techniques permettant l'interconnexion d'un réseau avionique filaire AFDX et d'un réseau sans fil IEEE802.11e pour des applications de maintenance au sol. Ces techniques devront être capables de satisfaire les exigences temporelles des flux AFDX, en particulier la latence de bout à bout et la gigue. Pour des raisons de déterminisme d'accès au médium, nous avons focalisé nos travaux sur l'adaption de la méthode d'accès HCCA (HCF Controlled Channel Access) pour supporter les exigences de QoS du réseau AFDX. L'utilisation de la technologie IEEE 802.11e et de sa méthode d'accès HCCA n'est pas sans contrainte. L'HCCA est plus orientées pour transporter des flux multimédias tels que la voix et la vidéo, ces derniers n'imposant pas les mêmes contraintes temporelles ni le même niveau d'intégrité des données que les flux AFDX. Pour répondre aux exigences des trafics AFDX (gigue et latence), il est primordial d'améliorer l'HCCA. Nous proposons ainsi une méthode d'accès basée sur l'HCCA appelé AFS-HCCA (AFDX Flows Scheduling with HCCA). Notre méthode implémente deux ordonnanceurs: (1) un ordonnanceur local distribué sur toutes les stations (QSTA) et (2) un ordonnanceur centralisé et contrôlé par le point d'accès (HC). L'ordonnanceur local nommé AWS (AFDX Wireless Scheduler) améliore considérablement celui de référence HCCA, car il sérialise les trames en fonction de leurs contraintes temporelles et intègre une méthode de retransmission contrôlée. AWS n'agit pas sur l'optimisation de la bande passante, d'où notre proposition de deux stratégies supplémentaires: Optimized Solution et Released Bandwidth Solution. Les résultats obtenus par l'ordonnancement AWS distribué et ses stratégies de gestion de la bande passante montrent de réelles nouvelles performances par rapport à la norme HCCA. Cependant, il est indispensable d'ordonnancer de façon centralisée l'ensemble de ces flux pour garantir un accès optimal au médium. Nous avons proposé deux méthodes d'ordonnancement hors-ligne : AFBA (Advanced Fixe BandWidth Allocation) et VBA (Variable Bandwidth Allocation). AFBA alloue des bandes passantes fixes calculées à priori pour satisfaire les exigences temporelles de tous les flux AFDX. VBA quant à lui est basé sur une allocation de bandes passantes variables calculée en fonction des arrivées des trames dans les files d'attente de chaque station. Les ordonnanceurs locaux et centraux avec leurs variantes ont été modélisés et simulés avec OPNET à partir de différents scénarios réels de flux AFDX. Les résultats montrent que l'HCCA de référence de la norme 802.11e n'est pas adapté aux fortes contraintes temporelles de l'AFDX. Nos contributions en termes de sérialisation des flux et d'optimisation de la bande passante réduisent les pertes de trames de 93%, même dans un pire cas avec un réseau chargé et un taux d'erreur binaire élevé. / The object of our works concerns at the suggestion of hybrid architecture IEEE 802.11e / AFDX (Avionics Full Duplex switched ethernet) and the study of techniques allowing the interconnection of a wired avionic network AFDX and a wireless network IEEE802.11e for applications of maintenance the ground

Diplomová práce je psána v angličtině a věnuje se standardu IEEE 802.11e, obsahujícím podporu kvality služeb a taky pojednává o kvalitě služeb QoS (Quality of Service) v systému UMTS. Rozebrány jsou hlavní teoretické pilíře daných mechanizmů a praktická část se zabývá simulacemi síťových modelů. Standard 802.11e objasňuje propojení vrstev na fyzické úrovni a zmiňuje metody přístupu k přenosovému médiu DCF, PCF, HCF, EDCA, HCCA. Dále přístupové kategorie a také odlišnosti v MAC podvrstvě, je rozebrána problematika při přenosu prioritních dat na základě identifikátorů. Vzpomenuta je taky struktura formátu rámce a techniky s rozprostřeným spektrem. Časové limity pro doručení prioritních dat a požadavky kladené na tyto data je možné snadno srovnat v tabulkách. Problematika kvality služeb je velice komplexní záležitost, nicméně jsou rozebrány základní klíčové parametry jako koncové zpoždění, jitter, zahazování dat, propustnost, velikost front a hodnota MOS. Zmíněny jsou i mechanizmy integrovaných RSVP a diferencovaných služeb pro zajištění QoS. U systému třetí generace UMTS je objasněna architektura a společná kooperace se systémem GSM. Vzájemné propojení obou sítí je zřejmé z obrázků. Zvýšený zájem je věnován vrstvovému modelu a funkcím RRM pro zajištění QoS. Objasněny jsou různé druhy předávání hovorů, tzv. Handover Control a funkce Admission Control. Rozebrány jsou jednotlivé třídy provozu Conversational, Streaming, Interactive a Background. Praktická část se odehrává v simulačním prostředí programu OPNET Modeler. Byly vytvořeny dva modely s různými scénáři pro srovnání zajištění QoS. Model objasňující princip standardu IEEE 802.11e obsahuje dvě bezdrátové sítě s přístupovými body a stanicemi, na kterých jsou sledovány simulace s různým zatížením přenášených dat. Pro porovnání výsledků je zkoumán rozdíl při použití metody HCF v síti s podporou QoS. Model UMTS sítě obsahuje základnové stanice Node B s možností vysílání do tří sektorů. Mobilní účastník pohybující se po trajektorii představuje princip funkce Softer Handover. Konfrontace mezi scénáři je zastoupena kompresí záhlaví pomocí funkce PDCP a rozlišení Type of Service. Obzvláště je sledováno chování prioritních dat hlasu a videa u obou sítí. Naměřená data zastupují grafy a průběhy výsledních charakteristik. Analýza diskutuje odlišnosti u sítě bez podpory a s podporou kvality služeb. Rozdíly jsou porovnány a vyhodnoceny dle metodiky QoS. Součástí práce je i řešení problémů při návrhu UMTS sítě a podány jsou taky užitečné tipy a návrhy na jejich odstranění. Projekty v simulačním softwaru jsou popsány dle postupu vyhotovení, avšak hloubka podrobností je potlačena. Detaily nejsou rozebírány, protože se očekává pokročilá znalost mechanizmů a jistá dávka zkušeností s programem.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-21, 2004 / Town & Country Resort, San Diego, California / IEEE 802.11e is an amendment of the medium-access control (MAC) layer of the standard for wireless local area networking IEEE 802.11. The goal of 802.11e is to provide 802.11 networks with Quality of Service (QoS). 802.11 has three physical layers (PHY) of practical importance: 802.11b, 802.11a, and 802.11g. 802.11a and 802.11g provide data rates between 6 and 54 Mbps, and 802.11b provides data rates of 5.5 Mbps and 11 Mbps. However these data rates are not the actual throughput. The actual throughput that a user will experience will be lower. The throughput depends on both the PHY and MAC layers. It is important to estimate what exactly is the throughput when the physical layer is 802.11a, 802.11b, or 802.11g, and the MAC layer is 802.11e. In other words, how does providing QoS change the throughput for each of the three physical layers? In this paper we provide answers to this problem. Analytic formulae are derived. The maximum achievable throughput and minimum delay involved in data transfers are determined. The obtained results have further significance for the design of high-throughput wireless protocols.

Wireless networks are common in large organisations that can cover multiple floors and buildings. Wireless networks become expensive as they grow and more control and coordination is needed to operate and management them. This thesis describes how CloudMAC, a software defined networking solution (SDN), were implemented in OpenDaylight Hydrogen, a SDN controller. CloudMAC reduces complexity in large wireless local area networks. CloudMAC splits access points (AP) into, a physical (accesses the wireless medium) and a logical (handles the processing of data) part. These two part are then placed in different locations in a wired network. The parts are connected by making tunnels through the network. Some of the communications in wireless networks are time sensitive. Such time sensitive communication is easily disturbed during congestion. To improve CloudMAC, quality of service (QoS) was implemented. QoS was used both in the wired network and in accessing the wireless medium. Evaluations shows how to evaluate queues utilization and performance.

With the increasing use of multimedia applications on the wireless network, the functionalities of the IEEE 802.11 WLAN was extended to allow traffic differentiation so that priority traffic gets quicker service time depending on their Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. The extended functionalities contained in the IEEE Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, i.e. the IEEE 802.11e specifications, are recommended values for channel access parameters along traffic lines and the channel access parameters are: the Minimum Contention Window CWmin, Maximum Contention Window CWmax, Arbitration inter-frame space number, (AIFSN) and the Transmission Opportunity (TXOP). These default Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) contention values used by each traffic type in accessing the wireless medium are only recommended values which could be adjusted or changed based on the condition of number of associated nodes on the network. In particular, we focus on the Contention Window (CW) parameter and it has been shown that when the number of nodes on the network is small, a smaller value of CWmin should be used for channel access in order to avoid underutilization of channel time and when the number of associated nodes is large, a larger value of CWmin should be used in order to avoid large collisions and retransmissions on the network. Fortunately, allowance was made for these default values to be adjusted or changed but the challenge has been in designing an algorithm that constantly and automatically tunes the CWmin value so that the Access Point (AP) gives out the right CWmin value to be used on the WLAN and this value should be derived based on the level of activity experienced on the network or predefined QoS constraints while considering the dynamic nature of the WLAN. In this thesis, we propose the use of feedback based control and we design a controller for wireless medium access. The controller will give an output which will be the EDCA CWmin value to be used by contending stations/nodes in accessing the medium and this value will be based on current WLAN conditions. We propose the use of feedback control due to its established mathematical concepts particularly for single-input-single-output systems and multi-variable systems which are scenarios that apply to the WLAN.

The diploma thesis addresses facility of QoS control with GNU/Linux tools iptables and iproute. An attention is focused especially on HTB and HFSC traffic shaping methods with regard to utilization in wireless networks. The paper also includes a simulation of ensuring QoS in wireless network with 802.11e amendment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelus Guirardello.pdf: 2153688 bytes, checksum: be50be16f89d021ebb7cf89fb146485c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-21 / This work presents a proposal of politic that prioritize the access to the wireless medium, considering environment conditions. The QoS policy considers the propagation conditions, through the analyze of the signal to noise ratio and type of service. The prioritization proposal considers each access category (AC) of the 802.11e standard, using queues with different priorities. The proposal uses the parameters specified by the 802.11e, through a dedicated firmware. This prioritization enables a new strategy for the QoS policy, for example to provide the station with the highest rate of transmission a biggest probability to access the medium. This work presents an experimental approach, through a channel emulator. The tests consider three different scenarios to evaluate the performance of the original MAC and the performance of queue priority, considering the effects of the parameters CWmin and AIFSN. The experiments developed in the work demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed policy. / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de pol?tica que priorize o acesso sem fio ao meio, considerando as condi??es do ambiente. A pol?tica de QoS considera as condi??es de propaga??o, atrav?s da an?lise da rela??o sinal ru?do e do tipo de servi?o. A prioriza??o proposta considera o acesso cada categoria (AC), do padr?o 802.11e, utilizando filas com diferentes prioridades. A proposta utiliza os par?metros definidos pela 802.11e, atrav?s de um firmware dedicado. Essa prioriza??o possibilita uma nova estrat?gia para a pol?tica de QoS, por exemplo, para fornecer a uma esta??o com taxa mais alta maior probabilidade de acesso ao meio. Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem experimental, atrav?s de um emulador de canal. Os testes consideram tr?s cen?rios diferentes para avaliar o desempenho da MAC original e do desempenho da prioriza??o de fila proposta, considerando os efeitos dos par?metros CWmin e AIFSN. As experi?ncias desenvolvidas no ?mbito do trabalho demonstram a efic?cia da pol?tica proposta.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Fernando Fontolan.pdf: 1957918 bytes, checksum: c54c21cddbc7cc91dd162510efebc7c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / The IEEE802.11 standard assumes that the stations (STAs) of a communications network have the same condictions during medium access, through the usage of the DCF (Distributed Coodination Function). The DCF states that all stations have the same probability of medium access, regardless of transmission rates or signal to noise ratios. Furthermore, such networks also presents an anomaly by which it is possible that a station with low transmission rate may request the channel for an extended period of time. In this context, this work proposes a QoS policy-based implementation based on the 802.11e standard, which aims to maintain a scenario of greater justice in IEEE802.11 networks. In doing so, it is proposed an algorithm to determine a Justice Index associated to a specific network, by examining the STAs connection rate, their type of service and the requirements for customer service. Thus, stations are served at rates that consider the physical characteristics of the network, in order to optimize their resources, from the viewpoint of the service provider. Results were obtained on simulated networks using the NS2 software considering the proposed policy of justice and show that the analyzed scenarios yield network troughput gain or at least result in a condition similar to that obtained without the use of the proposed justice policy. / O padr?o IEEE802.11 foi especificado presumindo condi??es de igualdade em rela??o ao acesso ao meio por parte das STAs de uma rede, pelo emprego do m?todo DCF , onde todas as STAs possuem a mesma probabilidade de acesso ao meio, sem levar em considera??o sua taxa de transmiss?o ou sua rela??o sinal-ru?do. No entanto, ? necess?rio ressaltar que tais redes apresentam uma anomalia, atrav?s da qual ? poss?vel que uma STA com baixa taxa de transmiss?o venha a ocupar o canal por um grande per?odo de tempo. Nesse contexto, esse trabalho apresenta uma proposta de pol?tica de QoS baseada na implementa??o do padr?o 802.11e, que objetiva manter um cen?rio de maior justi?a em redes IEEE802.11. Para isso ? proposto um algoritmo de c?lculo de ?ndice de justi?a atrav?s da an?lise da taxa de conex?o, do tipo de servi?o e dos requisitos necess?rios para atendimento do servi?o. Assim, as STAs s?o servidas a taxas que levam em conta as caracter?sticas f?sicas da rede, de forma a otimizar os seus recursos, do ponto de vista do provedor. Resultados obtidos com a pol?tica proposta em redes simuladas atrav?s do software NS2 demonstram que os cen?rios analisados resultaram em um ganho em rela??o ao troughput da rede ou, no m?nimo, em uma condi??o semelhante ? obtida sem a utiliza??o da pol?tica.