Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems are a key technology for next generation high speed wireless communication standards like 802.11n, WiMax etc. MIMO enables spatial multiplexing to increase channel bandwidth which requires the use of multiple antennas in the receiver and transmitter side. The increase in bandwidth comes at the cost of high silicon complexity of MIMO detectors which result, due to the intricate algorithms required for the separation of these spatially multiplexed streams. Previous implementations of MIMO detector have mainly dealt with the issue of complexity reduction, latency minimization and throughput enhancement. Although, these detectors have successfully mapped algorithms to relatively simpler circuits but still, latency and throughput of these systems need further improvements to meet standard requirements. Additionally, most of these implementations don’t deal with the requirements of reconfigurability of the detector to multiple modulation schemes and different antennae configurations. This necessary requirement provides another dimension to the implementation of MIMO detector and adds to the implementation complexity. This thesis focuses on the efficient VLSI implementation of the MIMO detector with an emphasis on performance and re-configurability to different modulation schemes. MIMO decoding in our detector is based on the fixed sphere decoding algorithm which has been simplified for an effective VLSI implementation without considerably degrading the near optimal bit error rate performance. The regularity of the architecture makes it suitable for a highly parallel and pipelined implementation. The decoder has intrinsic traits for dynamic re-configurability to different modulation and encoding schemes. This detector architecture can be easily tuned for high/low performance requirements with slight degradation/improvement in Bit Error Rate (BER) depending on needs of the overlying application. Additionally, various architectural optimizations like pipelining, parallel processing, hardware scheduling, dynamic voltage and frequency scaling have been explored to improve the performance, energy requirements and re-configurability of the design.

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This thesis deals with the investigation and assessment of communication standards LTE-Advance and WiFi (IEEE 802.11n/ac). The EVM error parameter is examined for each standard. To work with different standards a universal workplace have been proposed (testbed). This universal workplace serves for adjusting transmitting and receiving means and for processing signals transmitted and interpreted. Matlab was chosen for this work, through which only control devices such as generators and analyzers from Rohde & Schwarz. This workplace also measures the coexistence of these standards. At the conclusion of this thesis, different coexistence scenarios were designed and evaluated through testbed results.

Frame aggregation is one of the major MAC layer enhancements in the IEEE 802.11 family that boosts the network throughput performance. It aims to achieve higher throughput by transmitting huge amount of data in a single transmit oppor- tunity. With the increasing awareness of energy e ciency, it has become vital to rethink about the design of such frame aggregation protocol. Aggregation techniques help to reduce energy consumption over ideal channel conditions. However, in a noisy channel environment, a new energy-aware frame aggregation scheme is required. In this thesis, a novel Green Frame Aggregation (GFA) scheduling scheme has been proposed and evaluated. GFA optimizes the aggregate size based on channel quality in order to minimize the consumed energy. GFA selects the optimal sub-frame size that satisfies the loss constraint for real-time applications as well as the energy budget of the ideal channel situations. The design, the implementation, and evaluation of GFA using testbed deployment is done. The experimental analysis shows that GFA outperforms the conventional frame aggregation methodology in terms of energy e ciency by about 6⇥ in the presence of severe interference conditions. Moreover, GFA also outperforms the static frame sizing method in terms of network goodput and maintains almost the same end- to-end latency.

Les communications sans fil sont essentielles pour les nouveaux systèmes des transports. Ainsi, ces communications sans fil doivent être capables d'opérer sans interruption quelque soit l'environnement électromagnétique (EM) dans lequel elles se trouvent. Pour cette raison, nous nous étudions comment certains environnements EM affectent les systèmes de communication. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux trains à grande vitesse. Dans ce secteur, on peut trouver des interférences EM intentionnelles (IEMI) et des interférences EM non intentionnelles (EMI). Nous avons considéré comme EMI les signaux interférences électromagnétiques transitoires produites par les pertes de contact entre la caténaire et le pantographe. Pour les IEMI, nous avons utilisé des signaux d'interférence générés par des brouilleurs. Nous avons étudié la vulnérabilité du réseau de communication IEEE 802.11n face à ces différents types d'interférences. Par la suite nous avons identifié le mécanisme d'accès au canal comme un point potentiellement vulnérable aux deux types d'interférences. En effet, une interférence de faible puissance peut faire croire que le canal est occupé, empêchant toute communication. Concernant les IEMI, nous avons remarqué que la période de balayage de la bande de fréquence du signal du brouillage est un paramètre important pour que celui-ci soit efficace. Pour les signaux EMI, nous avons identifié la période DIFS comme étant un autre paramètre vulnérable de la norme, car à partir d'un certain niveau de puissance d'interférence et dès que l'intervalle de répétition entre les transitoires est inférieur au DIFS, la communication est systématiquement interrompue. / Wireless communications are essential for new transportation systems. Thus, these wireless communications must be able to operate without interruption, regardless of the electromagnetic (EM) environment. For this reason, we study how some EM environments affect communication systems. In this thesis, we are particularly interested in the transportation sector, especially high speed trains. In this sector, both unintentional EM interferences (EMI) and intentional EM interferences (IEMI) can be found. We considered unintentional EM interferences (EMI), such as transient EM interference signals produced by contact losses between the catenary and the pantograph. For intentional EM interferences (IEMI) we used interference signals as those generated by low power commercial jammers. We have studied the vulnerability of the IEEE 802.11n communication network facing these different interference types. We identified the channel access mechanism as a vulnerable feature of IEEE 802.11n. As a matter of fact, in the presence of low power interferences, the channel can be considered busy by the channel access mechanism, preventing any communication. With regard to the IEMI, we have noticed that the sweep period of the frequency band of the jamming signal is an important parameter on the jamming performance. For transient EM interference signals, we identified the DIFS period as another vulnerable parameter of the standard. Indeed, when the repetition interval between transients is lower than DIFS period, with a certain interference power level, the communication is systematically interrupted.

The need for higher data rates in WLANs boosts drastically because tremendous consumer interest in emerging multimedia applications, such as HDTV, has been increased. Currently, the IEEE 802.11a/b/g WLANs provide a limited data rate for the current user application requirements. In order to overcome substantial limitations of the existing WLANs, the next generation of WLANs, IEEE 802.11n, is in the course of development and expected to support higher throughput, larger coverage area and better QoS. The high performance IEEE 802.11n WLAN can improve data rate significantly by using smart antenna systems in the physical layer to take advantage of multi-path fading of wireless channels. In this thesis, an analytical model is developed to study the MAC performance and the underlying smart antenna technologies used in multi-path fading channels. Multiple antennas employed in the AP arise two popular approaches to provide a significant performance improvement, diversity and multiplexing. Considering the diversity gain of multiple antennas at the AP in which the AP with multiple antennas serves one user at a time, the capacity and throughput can be obtained. In addition, the AP is possible to serve multiple users in the downlink, by exploiting the multiplexing gain of the wireless channel. We investigate the maximum network throughput when the traffic intensity of the AP approaches to one. Unlike most of previous research which focus on either the physical or the MAC layer performance, our analytical model jointly considers the MAC protocol and the smart antenna technology.

The need for higher data rates in WLANs boosts drastically because tremendous consumer interest in emerging multimedia applications, such as HDTV, has been increased. Currently, the IEEE 802.11a/b/g WLANs provide a limited data rate for the current user application requirements. In order to overcome substantial limitations of the existing WLANs, the next generation of WLANs, IEEE 802.11n, is in the course of development and expected to support higher throughput, larger coverage area and better QoS. The high performance IEEE 802.11n WLAN can improve data rate significantly by using smart antenna systems in the physical layer to take advantage of multi-path fading of wireless channels. In this thesis, an analytical model is developed to study the MAC performance and the underlying smart antenna technologies used in multi-path fading channels. Multiple antennas employed in the AP arise two popular approaches to provide a significant performance improvement, diversity and multiplexing. Considering the diversity gain of multiple antennas at the AP in which the AP with multiple antennas serves one user at a time, the capacity and throughput can be obtained. In addition, the AP is possible to serve multiple users in the downlink, by exploiting the multiplexing gain of the wireless channel. We investigate the maximum network throughput when the traffic intensity of the AP approaches to one. Unlike most of previous research which focus on either the physical or the MAC layer performance, our analytical model jointly considers the MAC protocol and the smart antenna technology.

In recent years, there have been tremendous advances in wireless & mobile communications, including wireless radio techniques, networking protocols, and mobile devices. It is expected that different broadband wireless access technologies, e.g., WiFi (IEEE 802.11) and WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) will coexist in the future. In the meantime, multimedia applications have experienced an explosive growth with increasing user demands. Nowadays, people expect to receive high-speed video, audio, voice and web services even when being mobile. The key question that needs to be answered, then, is how do we ensure that users always have the "best" network performance with the "lowest" costs in such complicated situations? The latest IEEE 802.11n standards attains rates of more than 100 Mbps by introducing innovative enhancements at the PHY and MAC layer, e.g. MIMO and Frame Aggregation, respectively. However, in this thesis we demonstrate that frame aggregation's performance adheres due to the EDCA scheduler's priority mechanism and consequently resulting in the network's poor overall performance. Short waiting times for high priority flows into the aggregation queue resolves to poor channel utilization. A Delayed Channel Access algorithm was designed to intentionally postpone the channel access procedure so that the number of packets in a formed frame can be increased and so will the network's overall performance. However, in some cases, the DCA algorithm has a negative impact on the applications that utilize the TCP protocol, especially the when small TCP window sizes are engaged. So, the TCP process starts to refrain from sending data due to delayed acknowledgements and the overall throughput drops. In this thesis, we address the above issues by firstly demonstrating the potential performance benefits of frame aggregation over the next generation wireless networks. The efficiency and behaviour of frame aggregation within a single queue, are mathematically analysed with the aid of a M=G[a;b]=1=K model. Results show that a trade-off choice has to be taken into account over minimizing the waiting time or maximizing utilization. We also point out that there isn't an optimum batch collection rule which can be assumed as generally valid but individual cases have to be considered separately. Secondly, we demonstrate through extensive simulations that by introducing a method, the DCA algorithm, which dynamically determines and adapts batch collections based upon the traffic's characteristics, QoS requirements and server's maximum capacity, also improves e ciency. Thirdly, it is important to understand the behaviour of the TCP ows over the WLAN and the influence that DCA has over the degrading performance of the TCP protocol. We investigate the cause of the problem and provide the foundations of designing and implementing possible solutions. Fourthly, we introduce two innovative proposals, one amendment and one extension to the original DCA algorithm, called Adaptive DCA and Selective DCA, respectively. Both solutions have been implemented in OPNET and extensive simulation runs over a wide set of scenarios show their effectiveness over the network's overall performance, each in its own way.

This thesis describes theoretic proposal and two practical realization of multi - point wireless network, first for communications between two endpoints and second for wireless signal coverage of a structured space. The wireless network is realized by the equipment working in unlicenced 2,4GHz and 5GHz ISM band. The wireless device are configured in three different wireless mods: WDS, WDS bridge and AP. This paper contains short information about IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n standard and associated proprietary wireless specifications. Practical workshop describes several variants connections and present the result of throughtput measurements, depending on wireless network topology.

This thesis describes theoretic proposal and two practical realization of multi - point wireless network, first for communications between two endpoints and second for wireless signal coverage of a structured space. The wireless network is realized by the equipment working in unlicenced 2,4GHz and 5GHz ISM band. The wireless device are configured in three different wireless mods: WDS, WDS bridge and AP. This paper contains short information about IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n standard and associated proprietary wireless specifications. Practical workshop describes several variants connections and present the result of throughtput measurements, depending on wireless network topology.