Small cells are deployed in a crowded areas with a high demand for both coverage and capacity. It is hard to address both of these requirements simultaneous with a conventional mobile network architecture based on macro cells. In many case a wire is not available to connect the small cell to the core of the mobile network. Under these circumstances a wireless link could be a convenient solution for the backhaul. In this master’s thesis IEEE 802.11n technology was evaluated to assess its suitability for backhaul from a small wireless cell. The performance of wireless equipment manufactured by several vendors has been measured. The results of these measurements were analyzed and compared to a set of requirements established for small cell backhaul. The analysis has affirmed that IEEE 802.11n is capable of providing sufficient performance to be used for small cell backhaul in various deployment scenarios. Note that in this thesis we include femtocells, picocells, wireless LAN access points, and other technologies in the category of "small cells". Another research questions of this master’s thesis is security of small cell backhaul. In addition to protecting the backhaul link itself, the security research investigated the safety of the whole mobile network architecture remodeled with the introduction of small cells. A mechanism to integrate secure small cells into a mobile network was developed. The results obtained during the project will be used as an input for product development activities in the company hosting the project. The resulting product could become the target of future wireless system performance measurements. / Små celler sätts ut i områden med höga krav på täckning och kapacitet. Det är svårt att adressera båda dessa krav samtidigt med en konventionell mobil nätverksarkitektur baserad på makro-celler. I många fall finns ingen kabel tillgänglig att koppla den lilla cellen till kärnan i det mobila nätverket. Under dessa omständigheter kan en trådlös länk vara en lämplig lösning för backhaul. I denna avhandling utvärderas IEEE 802.11n-teknikens lämplighet för backhaul av små celler. Prestandan hos trådlös utrustning tillverkad av flera olika tillverkare har mätts. Resultaten av dessa mätningar analyserades och jämfördes med en mängd krav uppsatta för backhaul av små celler. Analysen har förankrat att IEEE 802.11n är kapabel till att tillhandahålla tillräcklig prestanda för backhaul av små celler i diverse miljöer. Notera att i denna avhandling så inkluderas femto-celler, pico-celler, Wireless LAN-åtkomstpunkter, och andra teknologier i kategorin små celler". Andra forskningsfrågor berörda i avhandlingen är säkerhet vid backhaul av små celler. Utöver att skydda backhaul-länken själv så undersökte säkerhetsforskningen säkerheten av hela mobilnätsarkitekturen när små celler används i arkitekturen. En mekanism för att integrera säkra små celler i ett mobilnät utvecklades. De resultat som införskaffades under projektets genomförande kommer att användas som input till produktutvecklingsaktiviteter hos företaget som sponsrade projektet. Den resulterande produkten skulle kunna bli mål för framtida prestandamätningar av trådlösa system.

This work concentrates on the application of diversity techniques and space time block coding for future mobile wireless communications. The initial system analysis employs a space-time coded OFDM transmitter over a multipath Rayleigh channel, and a receiver which uses a selection combining diversity technique. The performance of this combined scenario is characterised in terms of the bit error rate and throughput. A novel four element QOSTBC scheme is introduced, it is created by reforming the detection matrix of the original QOSTBC scheme, for which an orthogonal channel matrix is derived. This results in a computationally less complex linear decoding scheme as compared with the original QOSTBC. Space time coding schemes for three, four and eight transmitters were also derived using a Hadamard matrix. The practical optimization of multi-antenna networks is studied for realistic indoor and mixed propagation scenarios. The starting point is a detailed analysis of the throughput and field strength distributions for a commercial dual band 802.11n MIMO radio operating indoors in a variety of line of sight and non-line of sight scenarios. The physical model of the space is based on architectural schematics, and realistic propagation data for the construction materials. The modelling is then extended and generalized to a multi-storey indoor environment, and a large mixed site for indoor and outdoor channels based on the Bradford University campus. The implications for the physical layer are also explored through the specification of antenna envelope correlation coefficients. Initially this is for an antenna module configuration with two independent antennas in close proximity. An operational method is proposed using the scattering parameters of the system and which incorporates the intrinsic power losses of the radiating elements. The method is extended to estimate the envelope correlation coefficient for any two elements in a general (N,N) MIMO antenna array. Three examples are presented to validate this technique, and very close agreement is shown to exist between this method and the full electromagnetic analysis using the far field antenna radiation patterns.

Le codage de canal est une opération mathématique qui améliore la qualité des transmissions numériques en corrigeant les bits erronés en réception. Les contraintes des usages comme la qualité de réception, les débits d'utilisation, la latence de calcul, la surface ou encore la consommation électrique favorisent l'usage de différents codes dans la standardisation des protocoles de communication. La tendance industrielle est à la convergence des réseaux de communication pour des usages variés. Ce large choix de codage devient un handicap pour la conception de transmetteurs à bas coûts. Les réseaux médias favorisent des codes correcteurs d'erreurs avancés comme les turbocodes et les codes LDPC pour répondre aux contraintes de qualité de réception. Or ces procédés ont un coût de décodage important sur les récepteurs finaux. Une architecture adaptée à plusieurs types de codes capable d'évoluer en fonction d'une modification du protocole d'accès devient inévitable pour élaborer de nouveaux scénarios d'usages. Ce mémoire présente le principe du codage de canal et la plupart des codes correcteurs d'erreurs avancés sélectionnés dans les standards de communication courants. Les caractéristiques communes des codes QC-LDPC et des turbocodes sont soulignées. Les principaux algorithmes ainsi que certaines architectures de décodage sont présentés. La complexité matérielle des principaux algorithmes de décodage est évaluée. Ils sont comparés pour un même code et à un niveau de correction équivalent pour les codes QC-LDPC. Une étude similaire est réalisée sur les turbocodes. Les algorithmes de décodage sont appliqués sur des codes de tailles et de rendements proches et dimensionnés pour atteindre une correction similaire afin de sélectionner un algorithme de décodage conjoint aux deux familles de code. Les codes QC-LDPC et les turbocodes se structurent à l'aide d'une représentation en treillis commune. La technique de fenêtrage couramment appliquée au décodage des turbocodes est étudiée pour le décodage d'un code QC-LDPC. Enfin, l'entrelacement des codes QC-LDPC est mis en évidence et reconsidéré en fonction des contraintes matérielles. Un coeur de décodage de treillis compatible avec les standards 3GPP LTE et IEEE 802.11n est proposé. Plusieurs structures de décodage sont ensuite introduites incorporant un ou plusieurs de ces coeurs. L'intégration sur cible FPGA est détaillée. Un scénario d'utilisation avec un contexte de décodage évoluant à chaque message reçu est proposé ce qui souligne l'impact de la reconfiguration sur les débits de décodage. La structure multistandard nécessite 4,2 % (respectivement 5,3 %) de ressources matérielles supplémentaires à une structure compatible avec le standard 3GPP LTE (resp. IEEE 802.11n) seul. La dégradation du débit maximal due à la reconfiguration entre le décodage des mots de code est d'au plus 1 %. Une architecture à plusieurs coeurs est également portée sur une cible ASIC de 65 nm. Cette architecture fonctionne à une fréquence de 500 Mhz sur une surface de 2,1 mm2 décodant les mots de code 3GPP LTE et IEEE 802.11n, et acceptant une reconfiguration dynamique entre deux mots de code consécutifs.

This paper describes a wireless communication model based on IEEE 802.11n. Typical methods for channel equalisation and estimation are described, such as the least squares method and the minimum mean square error method. Equalization based on deep learning was used as well. Coded and uncoded bit error rate was used as a performance identifier. Experiments with topology of the neural network has been performed. Programming languages such as MATLAB and Python were used in this work.

This work deals with the wireless Wi-Fi networks, that used unlicenced ISM frequency band 2,4 GHz. These wireless networks are very extended in these days and used mainly for the Internet connection. With the multimedia data transfers expanding it’s necessary to ensure the specific quality of service QoS in wireless networks mainly for applications, which are sensitive to delay or packets lost. The main aim of this work is to describe Wi-Fi networks based on IEEE 802.11b/g/n standards, description of QoS techniques according to IEEE 802.11e standard and description of parameters describing QoS for the VoIP services. The practical part is divided on a two parts. The problems of measuring the radio link quality and the creation of simple program for quality of wireless connection analysis are solved in the first part. The second part incluledes measuring of the lost packets number in Wi-Fi network with the commercial application AirMagnet Laptop Wireless LAN Analyzer and measuring of the signal noise influence with the help of spectrum analyzer and vector signal generator.

This work concentrates on the application of diversity techniques and space time block coding for future mobile wireless communications. The initial system analysis employs a space-time coded OFDM transmitter over a multipath Rayleigh channel, and a receiver which uses a selection combining diversity technique. The performance of this combined scenario is characterised in terms of the bit error rate and throughput. A novel four element QOSTBC scheme is introduced, it is created by reforming the detection matrix of the original QOSTBC scheme, for which an orthogonal channel matrix is derived. This results in a computationally less complex linear decoding scheme as compared with the original QOSTBC. Space time coding schemes for three, four and eight transmitters were also derived using a Hadamard matrix. The practical optimization of multi-antenna networks is studied for realistic indoor and mixed propagation scenarios. The starting point is a detailed analysis of the throughput and field strength distributions for a commercial dual band 802.11n MIMO radio operating indoors in a variety of line of sight and non-line of sight scenarios. The physical model of the space is based on architectural schematics, and realistic propagation data for the construction materials. The modelling is then extended and generalized to a multi-storey indoor environment, and a large mixed site for indoor and outdoor channels based on the Bradford University campus. The implications for the physical layer are also explored through the specification of antenna envelope correlation coefficients. Initially this is for an antenna module configuration with two independent antennas in close proximity. An operational method is proposed using the scattering parameters of the system and which incorporates the intrinsic power losses of the radiating elements. The method is extended to estimate the envelope correlation coefficient for any two elements in a general (N,N) MIMO antenna array. Three examples are presented to validate this technique, and very close agreement is shown to exist between this method and the full electromagnetic analysis using the far field antenna radiation patterns.