Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by positive, negative and cognitive symptoms with poor functional outcomes, placing an enormous burden on the individual, caregivers and society. Although deficits in cognition are an integral part of the disease and the best predictor of functional outcomes, there is as yet no established treatment addressing them. Avoidance of a hidden place on a continuously rotating arena (Carousel) requires cognitive control and is a rodent model of cognitive coordination of information from dissociated spatial frames, which is impaired in acute pharmacological and neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. Cognitive training on the Carousel during adolescence alleviates adult cognitive deficit in a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia and improves neural coordination (oscilations in the beta and gamma band), which is thought to be necessary for cognition. We examined if cognitive training during adolescence eliminates the deficit in neuronal coordination observed in adult rats after acute systemic NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (0.15 mg/kg). During adolescence, rats were either trained in spatial avoidance on Carousel or merely handled. As adults, rats received two 5-min exploration sessions in the same (A/A) or in two distinct...

<div>This study explores the perceptions of critical stakeholders as to the viability of a fully remote apprenticeship delivery system (FRADS), as well as its ability to serve as a functionally equivalent path of inclusion for access-limited populations. One of the first recorded pedagogical models, apprenticeship was also one of the first to be regulated. The effectiveness of the method of training a novice to enter the adult world of work through apprenticeship is undisputed, when it is conducted in a manner approximate to that from which it derived: a process that occurs over time, with continuous interaction between novice and expert. Despite millennia of practice, and a few emerging programs called Virtual Apprenticeships, the critical real-time skills-based mentoring component (on the job instruction/training, or OJI/OJT) of the modern apprenticeship is still only carried out fully in face-to-face programs. With the move to work-from-home (WFH) resulting from the global COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, assessing the viability of a FRADS is timely. This qualitative exploratory study is a first step in the discussion. Bounded by the parameters of the U.S. Certified Apprenticeship Guidelines for Registered Apprenticeships and the constructs of viability and functional equivalence, participants of three critical stakeholder groups—policy makers, service managers, and front-line service workers—offer their pre-pandemic perceptions of the construct of a FRADS. Guided by the work of Jahoda, et al., (1957), Northrop (1949,1959), and Swedberg (2018), this qualitative exploratory methodology identified perceptual data points that are then compared against a framework of viability derived from IEG’s Service Delivery Evaluation Framework (Caceres, et al., 2016). And, because this represents a large systems change (LSC), I included aspects of Weiner’s (2009) Organizational Readiness for Change—valance and efficacy—as additional indicators of potential viability. Stakeholders examined key components of IEG’s evaluative criteria applied to a face-to-face apprenticeship as a functionally equivalent, technology-mediated apprenticeship delivery system. Additional stakeholder perceptions, mid-pandemic, along with a review of scholarly articles, media reports, and Department of Labor statistics concerning the impact of the WFH mandates foreground the gap a purposeful FRADS might fill. Analysis of some of the findings are represented in a preliminary process map. </div>

Das Darmhormon Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) ist ein vielversprechendes Therapeutikum in der Behandlung des Typ 2-Diabetes. Allerdings liegen nur wenige Daten über die molekulare Wirkung des Hormons vor. Daher wurden die intrazellulären Effekte, die GLP-1-induzierten Signaltransduktion und Genexpression am Beispiel der pankreatischen ß-Zellinie INS-1 untersucht. In den INS-1-Zellen zeigte sich nach einer GLP-1-Stimulation eine zeit-, dosis- und glukose-abhängige Phosphorylierung von ERK1/2 bzw. der Aktivierung der Transkriptionsfaktoren Elk-1 und CREB. Während GLP-1 die beiden Signalmoleküle bereits nach wenigen Minuten transient aktivierte, führte Glukose zu einer verzögerten, aber anhaltenden Aktivierung. Beide Stimulanzien gemeinsam bewirkten eine synergistische Aktivierung von ERK1/2 und CREB. Sowohl am Mechanismus der glukose- als auch GLP-1-induzierten Aktivierung sind Ca2[plus]-regulierte Signalprozesse in antagonistischer Weise involviert. So führte die Inhibition von CaM-Kinasen und der intrazellulären Ca2[plus]-Erhöhung zu einer Reduktion der GLP-1- und glukosestimulierten ERK1/2-Phosphorylierung, die induzierte Aktivierung von CREB wurde leicht verstärkt. Die Inhibition der PKA und MEK ließen die Rückschlüsse zu, daß die Aktivie-rung der MAPK-Kaskade teilweise durch die PKA vermittelt wird und eine Wechselwirkung zwischen den Kaskaden existiert. Insbesondere die Induktion der frühen Gene junB, c-fos, nur-77 und zif268, die mit der GLP-1-induzierten ERK1/2- und CREB-Phosphorylierung korrelierten, belegten, daß GLP-1 einen Teil seiner Wirkung über diese Signalwege vermittelt. Die Glukosewirkung hinsichtlich der IEG-Induktion war gering. Beide Stimuli gemeinsam führten analog zum synergistischen Effekt auf signaltransduktorischer Ebene zu einer gesteigerten und verlängerten IEG-Expression, die somit die physiologische Bedeutung von GLP-1 als Glukosekompetenzfaktor unterstrichen.