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<p> Algebraic simplification is the task of reducing an algebraic expression to a simpler form without changing the meaning of the expression. Simplification is generally a difficult task and may have different meanings according to what the subject considers as "simple" . This thesis starts off by reverse-engineering the concept of algebraic processors in the IMPS interactive mathematical proof system - which is responsible for handling all the algebraic simplification tasks - and discusses its algorithm and usage in detail. Then it explores the idea of algebraic processors as generic programs that can be configured for any type of algebraic structure to simplify expressions of that type by first formalizing the theory of algebraic processors of IMPS and then extending it to provide solutions for related topics. Algebraic processors can be defined for any user-defined algebra, as long as it conforms to the structure defined in this paper. The processors are defined as external units that can communicate with other mechanized mathematics systems in a trustable fashion and provide a program and a proof of correctness for any requests of simplification. Finally, some related processors such as one for simplification in partial orders and equivalence classes are outlined with some discussion of possible future expansions.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

La famille des protéines IMPs (IGF2 mRNA binding proteins) compte trois membres IMP1, 2 et 3. Les IMPs participent au développement embryonnaire. IMP1 et IMP3 sont considérées comme des protéines oncofoetales. En effet, malgré leur faible expression dans les tissus adultes, elles se retrouvent fortement surexprimées dans des cellules tumorales. Malgré la forte homologie entre les membres de la famille, les IMPs présentent des différences fonctionnelles qui restent très mal comprises jusqu’à présent. De nombreuses études montrent que la protéine IMP3 est très abondante dans de nombreux cancers tels que les carcinomes utérin, rénal, pulmonaire, les hépatocarcinomes et les rhabdomyosarcomes. Ces dernières années, IMP3 est devenu un marqueur de mauvais pronostique pour les patients atteins de cancer. Au cours de ma thèse j’ai principalement travaillé sur une lignée cellulaire de rhabdomyosarcomes (RMS). Les RMS sont des tumeurs principalement pédiatriques mais qui peuvent survenir à tout âge. En outre, la moitié des patients atteints des RMS meurent dans l'année suivant leur rechute et 90% des patients meurent dans les cinq ans suivant leur rechute. De nouvelles approches thérapeutiques sont absolument nécessaires. Mon sujet de thèse consiste à comprendre par quels mécanismes moléculaires les IMPs participent au processus oncogénique des RMS embryonnaires (eRMS). Pour cela, je me suis intéressée à la régulation des cyclines par les IMPs. Dans le cadre de mon projet, j’ai étudié l’effet des IMPs sur trois cyclines différentes : D1, D3 et G1. J’ai montré qu’IMP3, à la différence des deux autres, est capable de contrôler l’expression des cyclines D1, D3 et G1 dans les eRMS, ainsi que dans huit autres lignées de cancer humain différentes. Cette régulation a également des effets sur le cycle cellulaire des eRMS, expliquant l’importance d’IMP3 dans les cancers. Par diverses approches biochimiques, j’ai démontré que, sur les trois IMPs, seule IMP3 est très enrichie dans le noyau des eRMS, dans lequel elle forme des complexes avec les ARNm des CCND1, D3 et G1. Les différents résultats obtenus suggèrent un modèle selon lequel ces interactions au sein du noyau semblent indispensables à la régulation de la traduction des trois cyclines en protégeant leurs ARNm du complexe de silencing RISC (RNA induced silencing complex) et constituent donc la clé du mécanisme par lequel IMP3 contrôle la prolifération des cellules cancéreuses. / RNA-binding proteins of the IMP family (IGF2 mRNA-binding proteins 1-3) are key post-transcriptional regulatory factors of gene expression. They are known to control cell motility, adhesion, and proliferation. In our previous work, we show that all three IMP proteins can directly bind the mRNAs of cyclins D1, D3, and G1 (CCND1, D3, and G1) in vitro. Nevertheless, only IMP-3 regulates their expression in a significant manner in vivo, thus controlling proliferation of a number of human cancer cell lines. Importantly, the nuclear localization of IMP-3 is essential for the post-transcriptional regulation of the expression of CCND1, CCND3, and CCNG1 (CCNs). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of IMP-3- specific regulation, we have identified its protein partners in human embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cells. We now show that in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, IMP-3 interacts with a number or RNA-binding nucleocytoplasmic proteins, including DHX9, PTBP1, NF90, NF110, HNRNPA1, HNRNPA2/B1 and HuR. These IMP-3 partners have a dramatic impact on the protein levels of the cyclins. Interestingly, the decrease of CCNs protein synthesis in IMP-3 depleted cells can be fully reversed by down-regulating the key proteins of RNAi machinery, such as AGO2 and GW182. These findings suggest that IMP-3- dependent RNP complexes pre-assembled in the nucleus can protect their target mRNAs from cytoplasmic RNAi-dependent repression in human cancer cells.

The investigated subject for this diploma thesis is getting know properties of the vanadium redox battery (VRB), especially electrolyte. Specialization is applied to the state of charge of this cell and its measurements using the optical methods. Upon different state of charge is changed oxidation number of vanadium and resultant color of the electrolyte. Using spectrofotometry method that characteristic property is undergone measurement. The basic thing was learning to handle a measurement system. The first practical measurement was executed on example foils. Upon measurement of vanadium cell there was obtained the values of absorbation, which they were used for determination of state of charge.

Yes / The application of photoelectrochemical methods presents the researcher with a powerful set of versatile tools by which photoactive materials, such as semiconductor quantum dots, at conductive interfaces may be interrogated. While the range of photoelectrochemical techniques available is quite large, it is surprising that very few have found their way into common usage within the nanoparticle community. Here a number of photoelectrochemical techniques and the principles upon which they are based are introduced. A short discussion on the criticality of ensuring the nanoparticles are reliably anchored to the substrate is followed by an introduction to the basic set of equipment required in order to enable the investigator to undertake such experiments. Subsequently the four techniques of transient photocurrent response to square wave illumination, photocurrent spectroscopy, intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) and intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS) are introduced. Finally, the information that can be acquired using such techniques is provided with emphasis being placed on a number of case studies exemplifying the application of photoelectrochemical techniques to nanoparticles at interfaces, in particular optically transparent electrodes.

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