The growth and removal of inclusions in stirred ladles hasbeen studied. First, the importance of different growthmechanisms suggested in the literature were studied. Simulationresults from a fundamental model of an induction-stirred ladlehave been used as input in the calculations. Based on thegrowth calculations it was concluded that four of the growthmechanisms need not to be considered since they contribute solittle: i) diffusion of oxygen and aluminum to the inclusionsurface, ii) diffusion coalescence, iii) Brown motioncollision, and iv) laminar shear collision. The majorcontributor to inclusion growth is turbulent collision. Growthdue to Stoke's collisions is also somewhat important if largedifferences among inclusion sizes exist. Growth of inclusions in gas stirred ladles was studied usinga similar approach as the one for induction stirred ladles, butwith use of simulation results from a fundamental mathematicalmodel of a gas-stirred ladle. Similarly to what was found inthe case of induction stirring, it was found that turbulentcollisions and Stokes collisions appeared to be the majormechanisms for inclusion growth. The contribution of laminarshear collisions to growth was deemed negligible compared tothat of turbulent collisions. For the gas stirred ladle different removal mechanisms werealso studied, based on input data from a mathematical model ofa gas-stirred ladle. It was found that different modelssuggested to predict the inclusion removal due to bubbleflotation gave very different results. Also, all models assumeda spherical shape of the gas bubbles, which was found to beless realistic. Therefore, a new model for inclusion removal byspherical cap bubble flotation was developed. In the newcalculations, the most important mechanisms of inclusionremoval were found to be removal to the top slag and removal bybubble flotation, assuming spherical-cap bubbles and planecontact. When the bubbles were assumed to be spherical,resulting removal rates were lower than when they were assumedto be spherical caps. Based on these results it is concludedthat more research is needed to obtain a better understandingof the importance of bubble flotation on inclusion removal.Experiments are clearly needed to determine which modelconcepts produce predictions in best agreement withcorresponding data from actual steelmaking processes. / NR 20140805

Due to growing demands for steel powder properties and continuous evolution of the powder metallurgy (PM) production it is necessary to apply new investigation technics and research applications for quality investigation of the PM products. In addition, it is important to be able to predict the probable maximum size of inclusions. The industrial scale sampling of steel was made in Höganäs AB. The three dimensional (3D) analysis of non-metallic inclusions obtained by electrolytic extraction (EE) method was applied for metal samples taken from liquid steel before water-atomization and after powder forging process. It was demonstrated that the application of the 3D analysis has a perspective and possibility to be used independently or like a reference during 2D analysis of inclusions in powder metallurgy products. The tundish samples have the maximum total number of inclusions but have smaller size of complex inclusion. The size range of inclusions in the ladle and tundish samples is between 1 and 46 μm. The main type of inclusions is spherical (Si-Ca-Al-Mg-O in composition). The powder forged samples have two main types of non-metallic particles: “gray” carbon saturated (10-250 μm) and “bright” clustered oxide particles (1-37 μm with Cr-Si-Mn-Mg-Al-O in composition). The probable maximum size of inclusions was estimated based on a new particle size distribution (PSD) and the standard extreme value distribution (EVD) methods. Both methods predicted that in 1 kg of metal the maximum size of spherical inclusions is < 15 μm in liquid steel samples and the maximum length of “bright” clustered oxide particles is < 63 μm in powder forged samples. However, the prediction of the maximum size by PSD method showed necessity of the further optimization.

The results of a combined mineral equilibria and fluid inclusion study show that the Manhattan Prong, southeastern New York, has experienced multiple metamorphic events. Two episodes of intrusion, separated by approximately 100 million years, have superimposed contact aureoles on the Taconic regional metamorphic gradient in the northeastern Manhattan Prong and have modified the regional assemblage to different degrees. The assemblage Sil-Bt-Grt-Qtz-Pl+Ksp+Ms in regionally metamorphosed Manhattan Schist records P-T conditions of 4-5 kbar and 650-700 oC. Garnet porphyroblasts, homogenous with respect to major elements but zoned with respect to P and Y, contain ubiquitous, primary, CO2-rich fluid inclusions which have a Th = 10-24 oC. Manhattan Schist collected adjacent to the Croton Falls and Peach Lake mafic complexes, intrusions thought to be related to the Late Ordovician Cortlandt Complex, record P-T estimates of 4 kbar and 700 oC and 4.2 kbar and 550-600 oC respectively. The lack of fluid inclusions in garnet porphyroblasts indicates that the regional metamorphic assemblage has been completely modified by the contact effects of the mafic intrusions. However, the presence of Ky+Sta along with the slight compositional zoning of garnets in Peach Lake samples suggests that the contact assemblage may have been modified by a later metamorphism. Manhattan Schist collected adjacent to ~350 Ma granites (Brock, 1993) has been partially modified by contact metamorphism and shearing but vestiges of the regional metamorphic assemblage remain. Garnet porphyroblasts contain abundant CO2-rich fluid inclusions and P-T estimates using Bt and Pl inclusions and garnet core compositions are similar to estimates of regional metamorphic conditions. Evidence of modification includes garnet overgrowths that are elevated in Ca and depleted in Mn, Y and Sc, and CO2-rich fluid inclusions that have reequilibrated to higher density (Th = 2-18 oC). Rim compositions of porphyroblasts yield P-T estimates of 5-6 kbar and 550-600 oC. The elevated Ca content of the overgrowths along with the presence of Ky in the matrix suggests that the reaction An = Ky + Grs + Qtz may have been active during the overprinting metamorphism. The increase in pressure recorded in the granite aureoles in the Manhattan Prong is inconsistent with the results of P-T studies of the Rowe-Hawley belt, approximately 20 km to the east across Cameron's Line. This suggests that these two terranes may have been separated in the Devonian. / Master of Science

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18802号 / 理博第4060号 / 新制||理||1584(附属図書館) / 31753 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)教授 竹村 惠二, 教授 平原 和朗, 教授 大沢 信二 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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<P> The Faymar Gold Property, near Timmins Ontario, is cross-cut by two quartz-carbonate veins. Isotopic measurements of carbon species in fluid inclusions in these quartz-carbonate veins, reveal the presence of CO2 and other light carbon species (eg. CH4). The inclusion contents were liberated using thermal decrepitation. The results obtained are found to vary quite significantly with various periods and temperatures of heating. The most useful results were obtained from samples heated for 5 minutes at 550 °C. The short heating period reduces fractionation and reaction effects. Mass spectrometer measurements of the carbon isotopes reveal that the CO2 and total carbon in the inclusions are characterized by a δ13c of -3.O and -4.7 respectively. A magmatic source for the fluids most easily explains these values. Petrographic observations indicate that secondary inclusions dominate. Thus, the isotopic measurements are of fluids which post-date the deposition of the quartz-carbonate or at least represent a late stage of this process. Since the mineralization in the veins also appears to be secondary to the quartz-carbonate (ie. in fractures), it is possible that the carbon species in the inclusions are distinct of the mineralizing fluids. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

<p> The Meguma Group is situated in the southeastern and southwestern regions of Nova Scotia. The Meguma Group is divided into two formations: the Goldenville and the Halifax. Both formations are comprised of A and E divisions of the Bouma sequence. Thus, the Meguma Group is a turbidite deposit. Auriferous quartz veins strike parallel to bedding and occur between the lower Bouma cycle's E division and the overlying Bouma cycle's A division. The development of bedding-parallel veins was due to hydraulic fracturing of the Bouma units.</p> <p> The bedding-parallel quartz veins were emplaced at low temperatures, from 260°C to 300°C. The fluid which precipitated the gold-arsenopyrite-quartz veins consisted of a divalent cation salt species (MgCl2) and hydrosulphide ligands which were the main complexing agent of gold.</p> <p> Gold was precipitated due to the reduction of sulphide ligands as they came into contact with the organic-rich slates of the E division of the Bouma sequence. Sulphide reduction was not complete, thus a large concentration of gold remained in solution later to be precipitated with arsenic in arsenopyrite.</p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

Presence of inclusions in high manganese steel are a major concern in the steel making industry, since these particles affect the processing and properties of the steel. During the refining of high manganese steel in the ladle furnace, the types of inclusions present and their growth in the liquid steel, or during solidification of the steel, caused by the addition of manganese and other alloying elements are to be examined. This research developed a kinetic model for the presence and growth of inclusions in the liquid high manganese steel for the ladle metallurgy process. The diffusion of dissolved elements, and the seed of inclusions for the growth and consumption of inclusions, were both addressed in the model. The present model for inclusions was coupled to the updated kinetic model for slag-steel reactions in the ladle furnace for high manganese steel. The coupled model allows for verifying the process analysis plant data for the highest manganese concentration presently available in the steel industry. Finally, an analysis of the coupled kinetic model was performed to compare the effect of the different processing conditions, and the presence and growth of inclusions in the high manganese steel from the ladle metallurgy process. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

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