M.A. dissertation, University of Hong Kong, 1978. / Typescript.

Background: Sexual and reproductive health education and services are often of poor quality in Indonesia and although sexual intercourse among adolescents is not socially accepted, a change of norms is observable, putting adolescents at risk to acquire unwanted health outcomes. Aim: To analyse associations of behavioural, sociodemographic and informational factors with engaging in sexual intercourse among never-married adolescents aged 15 - 24 in Indonesia and to analyse potential differences in age groups. Methods: Data from 19,649 never-married male and female adolescents who ever went to school, obtained from the 2012 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey, was used for analysis. Multiple logistic regression was applied to test for significance separately and after adjusting for variables. Results: Among all adolescents, factors associated with engaging in sexual intercourse were: older age, male sex, ever drank alcohol, smoking and ever used drugs. After stratifying for age, the same associations were found for older and younger adolescents. Additionally, among younger adolescents (15 - 19 years), those from poorer households, with a higher educational level and those currently attending school were more likely to engage in sexual intercourse. Among older adolescents (20 - 24 years), those from poorer households and rural areas were more likely to engage in sexual intercourse. Conclusions: Interventions are needed to equip male adolescents, those who ever drank alcohol, were currently smoking or ever used drugs with sufficient knowledge and tools to make informed decisions. Further qualitative research is needed to investigate the behaviour of adolescents towards sexual intercourse more in depth.

published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

This study of an Indonesian company, Telkom Indonesia, identifies how human resource development (HRD) practitioners view or define HRD, what factors they consider critical for HRD practice, and specific issues related to training. Interviews with 20 practitioners in the company's Training Division were used as the primary vehicle for gathering information, while observations and documents supplemented the interviews. The practitioners essentially equate HRD with training and development (T&D), but the company's practice reflects the presence of considerable attention not only to training and development but also to organization development (OD) and career development (CD). The practitioners' comments about critical factors for HRD can be categorized into four broad groups: corporate, workplace, supplier, and internal; and the company's training interventions are classified into three major clusters: telecommunications technology, business management, and leadership. This study also underscores the presence of some forces that lead HRD practice to stick around the training area and some other forces that promote a movement toward a more strategic HRD orientation.

This thesis has provided the detailed description of the methodological fieldwork undertaken by the author on the island of Java, Indonesia. Included are the steps involved in the formulation of the multi-stage stratified area probability sample, the sampling procedures, the establishment of the methods for gathering the data, the preparation of an interview schedule in four languages, and the techniques of interviewing for both the rural and urban respondents.The importance of this description lies in the practical application of traditional Western sociological survey research methods in a non-Western environment, and the solutions provided to problems encountered in such an application.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

This thesis studies the formation of the basic ideology of the Muh&dotbelow;ammadiyah during the period 1912--1942, analyzing in particular the fundamental aspects of its religious and social beliefs. The words and deeds of its leaders were crucial during the period in forming the Muh&dotbelow;ammadiyah's ideology, for these alone provided the basis for the movement's program. Their religious outlook reflected the movement's philosophical view of this world and the role of reason in understanding religion. This view was marked by openness, tolerance, and pluralism in dealing with other ideas, and a belief in the salutary character of change. What set the Muh&dotbelow;ammadiyah apart from other reformist groups was its insistence that the way to revive belief in and observance of Islamic injunctions was not limited to merely purifying certain aspects of religious practice ('ibadah), especially khilafiyah (controversial) matters such as takhayyul (fancy), bid`ah (innovation), and khurafah (superstition), but in pursuing social reform in line with a theology of practical action. For the Muh&dotbelow;ammadiyah, basic Islamic teachings served to encourage social responsibility; religious principles thus underlay every action.

Earth’s climate system has experienced significant changes throughout its history. Tropical, glacial and interglacial conditions have persisted across the globe during the Tertiary, and the present interglacial period with strong seasonality and episodes of warming and cooling has existed for the last several thousand years. However, rapid warming during the last century has highlighted the importance of understanding past climate behaviour, in order to predict the likely effects of such warming on our future climate. This has led to the use of proxies, such as sediment cores, tree rings, ice and carbonates, which provide high resolution palaeoclimate archives. Studies using a variety of proxies from around the globe have developed a network of site specific climate information, offering insights of climate fluctuations on a millennial scale, and identifying changing oceanic conditions as a major influence on global climate change. Coral skeletons are particularly sensitive recorders of ambient seawater conditions as they record fluctuations of oxygen and carbon in their aragonitic skeletons, which are caused by perturbations of sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS). Therefore, tropical oceans themselves provide a crucial record of climate change. Many of the coupled atmospheric-oceanographic processes that drive the global climate system occur in the Indo-Pacific, making it a particularly important region for data collection. Porites corals from the Indo-Pacific have been studied in detail and have revealed high resolution SST and SSS records, yet comprehensive investigations using other coral species are minimal. This study expands upon the current understanding of coral proxies by investigating three coral species of different ages, and provides new insights into the palaeoclimate history of the Indo-Pacific. Goniastrea retiformis, Platygyra pini and Platygyra lamellina corals have been retrieved from Timor Leste in the Indo-Pacific, and analysed using stable and radiogenic isotopic techniques. Sclerochronology was used to determine that the 4.5 year old, modern G. retiformis coral was living from 2006-mid 2010. Uranium-thorium (U/Th) analysis provided a mid Holocene age of 4.5 ± 0.092 (2σ) ka for the fossil P. pini. Uranium-lead (U/Pb) techniques were used to obtain a 2.7 ± 0.34 (2σ) Ma age for the fossil P. lamellina. A rigorous diagenetic screening process of X-ray diffraction (XRD), petrographic analysis of thin sections, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been carried out to ascertain the extent of preservation in each coral. X-ray images allow annual density bands to be located and unique micromilling paths were developed for the three samples. This enabled us to obtain the first δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C stable isotope results for a G. retiformis coral, and the first fossil coral results for the Platygyra genus. Cross spectral analysis has been used to verify the periodicity of seasonal fluctuations visible in the data, and confirmed that these coral species are suitable for use as climate proxies. G. retiformis is an abundant reef coral distributed throughout the tropical Pacific, and has a robust skeletal configuration making it suitable for use as a climate proxy. The 4.5 year long record has revealed that δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values range from -4.62‰ ± 0.03‰ (2σ) to -6.11‰ ± 0.02‰ (2σ), and 1.57‰ to -2.53‰, with means of -5.35‰ and -1.02‰, respectively. These values are in agreement with the average δ¹⁸O range of -5.1 to -5.6‰ in modern corals throughout the Indo-Pacific, predominantly of the Porites genus. Statistical analysis of the isotopic data has revealed a quasi-biennial signal in G. retiformis, typical of the temporal interaction between El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the South Asian monsoon. Results have also been compared to the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) in order to assess potential relationships between coral isotopes and ENSO. This has shown an accurate record of El Niño and La Niña events for the first half of the ~ 4.5 year record, from 2006 to mid 2008. Climate processes such as local rainfall and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) are also reflected in the record, to varying extents. The use of Platygyra corals as climate proxies is limited to three investigations using modern samples, despite the fact that this genus has a much broader latitudinal range than the extensively studied Porites genus. This thesis provides the first examination of fossil samples, and provides analysis of both pristine and altered specimens. The 4.5 ka P. pini coral has allowed investigation of the palaeoclimate record in a sample that has been exposed to diagenesis. XRD, petrographic and SEM analyses have revealed widespread secondary aragonite growth, dissolution and secondary calcite within the coral, which would have occurred due to marine and freshwater diagenesis. However, primary growth textures have been retained in some areas of the coral. δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values range from -3.47‰ ± 0.03‰ (2σ) to -5.45‰ ± 0.02‰ (2σ), and 3.43‰ to -0.49‰, with means of -4.82‰ and 1.12‰, respectively. These values are significantly more positive that the mean δ¹⁸O of four Platygyra corals from the Pacific region, which range from -4.82‰ to -5.10‰. There are two reasonable explanations for this. Secondary aragonite, which is detected throughout the milled section of coral, causes positive shifts in coral δ¹⁸O, an effect which is likely to have altered the geochemical record of this particular coral. But the fact that SST in the southern Indo Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) during the mid Holocene were 1.2° C cooler than present must also be acknowledged, as cooler temperatures also impart a shift toward higher δ¹⁸O, due to equilibrium fractionation processes. SST reconstruction using the temperature dependence equation from a modern Platygyra coral reveals an SST range of 18.5-27.6° C, and mean of 24.7° C. The present day mean annual SST of 28° C suggests that mid Holocene temperatures less than 26.8° C are unrealistically cool, highlighting the fact that isotopic fractionation during diagenesis has affected coral chemistry. However, the presence of interannual periodicity indicates that ENSO was operating, and the magnitude of isotopic fluctuation through the 10 year record is similar to that found in modern and other Holocene corals. We suggest that although absolute isotopic and SST values are unreliable, prohibiting the extraction of high resolution climate records, insights into the behaviour of broad scale, seasonal and interannual climate processes may still be obtained. A strong annual periodicity has been detected when analysing the stable isotopic values recorded in the 2.7 Ma P. lamellina coral. This indicates that seasonal SST fluctuations were the dominant influence on this coral. Ranges of -4.67‰ ± 0.03‰ (2σ) to -5.48‰ ± 0.02‰ (2σ) and 0.88‰ to -1.12‰ for δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C, respectively, are similar to modern Platygyra coral results, suggesting that this coral has been preserved in pristine condition. Palaeo-SSTs have been reconstructed using a modern Platygyra temperature dependence equation, providing a range of 24-27.7° C and a mean of 25.9° C. Foraminiferal data from sediment cores in the greater Indo-Pacific suggest that mean annual SSTs at this time were ~ 2-3° C cooler than present. The coral record I present supports this statement, providing new insights into our understanding of tropical palaeoclimates. This coral has been entrained within a turbidite deposit on the sea floor that has subsequently been uplifted during the emergence of Timor, with U/Pb dating allowing further constraints of the stratigraphic age of the deposit. Tectonic narrowing is postulated to have caused major changes to the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) from 4-2 Ma, and been a driver of major global climate change beginning in the late Pliocene. This means that fossil Platygyra corals Timor Leste could provide unique time slices of information about this important time in global climate history. This study confirms that G. retiformis, P. pini and P. lamellina corals are excellent candidates for further, detailed investigations. They provide the opportunity to develop new coral proxies which are both abundant throughout the tropics and distributed over a wide latitudinal range. Their prevalence in both modern and fossil reefs means that once modern samples of each species have been calibrated against modern SST and SSS, these corals will provide reliable, quantitative palaeoclimate proxies, with potential for data capture throughout the Indo-Pacific and mid latitudes. Geochemical coral archives are a crucial tool in the study of climate processes, and we believe that these species are ideally suited to enhancing and refining our current understanding of earth’s climate system.

No description available.

This study investigates similar and different nonverbal behaviours of Indonesian and Australian students (focusing on proxemics, kinesics, touching and dress codes), examines the students' perception in relation to the behaviours, and isolates or predicts intercultural problems. It aims at creating learning resources to be used in English classes in Indonesia. The data collection involved observations and interviews. Initial data analysis was conducted at the same time as the data collection, followed by an intensive analysis using a coding process. Some similarities were found. There was a tendency among Indonesian students to sit together, reflecting their collectivist value. This tendency may also be evident among Australian students. Similar patterns of eye gazing, hand movements, sitting posture, body position and body orientation probably demonstrate the universality of communicative behaviour. In both cultures, head nodding indicates paying attention, or in certain situations, may be interpreted as a flattering gesture. However, the flattering meaning may result from a different degree of head nodding display in Indonesian and Australian contexts. Many of these similar behaviours need further investigation using video recording. Many differences were found. In tutorials, Indonesians were more likely to be formal and restrained, in contrast to Australian informality and expressiveness. Different practices in the use of the hand were also identified. Dress code was one of the most significant areas of difference, together with the public display of affective behaviour, and the preference to sit on the floor or to sit and lie on the lawns. Eye contact, gender-mixing in gatherings and some touching behaviours may be problematic for a few Indonesians. Further discussion also shows that smiling to strangers commonly practised by Australians can be unusual in Indonesia. In contrast, head nodding, eye contact and head tossing that have specific cultural meanings in Indonesia appear to be unproblematic in the Australian context. It was concluded that the different behaviours indicate that several issues – including conflict avoidance, face saving, respect for authority, harmony maintenance, ingroup-outgroup divisions and religious regulations – are practiced in different ways and valued to differing degrees in Indonesia and Australia. The analysis also revealed a strong indication that in Indonesian culture, nonverbal behaviour has similar emphasis with, and often can be more significant than, verbal behaviour. In Australia, the emphasis would be more likely to be on verbal expression. It seems that some of the differences did not result in negative perception among students. However, certain things may result in problems at various levels - ranging from uncomfortable feelings, and lack of interactions, up to the formation of negative perception about a culture. Having tolerance and willingness to evaluate a matter from different perspectives can be useful to minimize ethnocentrism and avoid any negative stereotypes. As part of this study I conducted a literature review about intercultural learning and created two examples of learning material, both focusing on nonverbal behaviours. The first material is intended to raise the issue of cultural difference, and the second one raises the ethnocentrism issue. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1458568 / Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2009

This thesis is a history of Indonesian colonialism in East Timor told through the lens of East Timorese children transferred to Indonesia. During the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, between 1975 and 1999, individuals and institutions representing the occupying power transferred many East Timorese children and young people to Indonesia to receive an Indonesian education. Among them were approximately four thousand young, dependent children. The story of the transfers provides a rich and textured insight into the socio-cultural aspect of the Indonesia-East Timor relationship. This dimension is often missing in the academic literature on East Timor, which has been mainly concerned with the “big issues”—politics, security, international relations and human rights. The thesis is also a history “from below,” of the marginalised and weak whose perspective is often ignored in accounts of national histories. From the transfers we learn of East Timorese taking up the many generous educational opportunities offered by the Indonesians, opportunities denied to most East Timorese during the Portuguese colonial era. The transfers reveal Indonesians from all backgrounds showing compassion towards destitute and vulnerable East Timorese children, some of whom would have died had they not been taken in by Indonesians. Some of the children were adopted and lovingly raised in homes in Indonesia, while others were cared for in state-run or religious institutions. However, the transfers also expose the patronising attitudes of many Indonesians who regarded the East Timorese as backward and primitive. The Indonesians were so sure of their good intentions that they justified delivering development, including transferring children, often in breach of the rights of the East Timorese: some children were taken against their wishes; some parents were coerced or forced to hand over their children; some children were abused and neglected in their adoptive homes and in the institutions caring for them. Further, Indonesia’s proclaimed altruism in developing the territory was underpinned by other motives, as is exemplified by the transfers, in which political, ideological, personal, religious and economic motives, not humanitarian concern alone, were key factors. The refusal of the international community to recognise Indonesia’s claim over East Timor played a significant role in leading Indonesians to demonstrate their concern to develop East Timor, which included providing educational opportunities and caring for destitute children in their homes and institutions. However, the Indonesian authorities also hoped that these East Timorese students and children, raised in Indonesia as Indonesians, would contribute to affording legitimacy to integration. The thesis highlights the appropriation of vulnerable and dependent children in political projects of control; in themselves the children embodied the aim of the Indonesians for all East Timorese—namely, to make them Indonesians. The thesis is the first attempt to provide a detailed account and analysis of these child transfers. Besides providing a set of new data, it is an example of the multifaceted nature of colonial relationships and the ambiguities and complexities they embody. The story also continues to be important in this post-colonial era as it enriches our understanding of the new relationship that is developing across an entirely different border, between newly-democratic Indonesia and independent East Timor.