The processes by which individuals learn how to perceive, interpret and think about their environment are not completely understood. Sixty years of anthropological studies of indigenous environmental knowledge have largely focused on language-like classification systems. These studies typically revolve around (a) conceptual knowledge such as categories, taxonomies and the functionality of certain flora and fauna and (b) the social mechanisms such as language through which they are transmitted. These approaches have been successful in highlighting variation and continuity between cultures, but more recent studies have shown that environmental knowledge varies within cultures and communities. Research conducted in Bali, Indonesia demonstrates how social labor and symbolic systems may influence several aspects of environmental knowledge, such as perceptual skills, interpretive metaphors and emic models of ecological interactions. The findings in this study address gaps in the literature on how indigenous environmental knowledge emerges, and also supplements the largely theoretical literature on the phenomenology and epistemology of labor.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / This thesis examines causes and contexts of conflict in the Papua province of Indonesia. The Papua conflict is categorized as an ethno-political conflict as groups of Papuan ethnics raise some incompatible issues about the government of Indonesia. They are expressing their political ideas with various actions from rebellion to non-violent political campaigns. The Indonesian government, at the same time, has chosen various policies from counter-insurgency to accommodation. The counter-insurgency policies, however, have escalated the conflict and regenerated more grievances to the Papuans that increase international concerns. Thus, this thesis argues for a peaceful resolution over the Papua conflict through negotiation and accommodation. The thesis also expects the active engagement of the civil society at the local, national, and international levels. / Civilian, Ministry of Education of Indonesia

論文(碩士)--香港中文大學,1968. / Reproduced from ms. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 282-293). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang zhong wen da xue. / 引言 / Chapter 第一章 --- 印民華僑的雙重國籍的起源 / Chapter 第一節 --- 我國歷朝對移居海外華人所採之態度以及海禁之由來 / Chapter 第二節 --- 第二節 清末政府對華僑態度的轉變 / Chapter 第三節 --- 印尼華僑雙重國籍緣起 / Chapter 第二章 --- 中共與印尼的建交 / Chapter 第一節 --- 兩國建交的經過 / Chapter 第二節 --- 兩國關係的進展 / Chapter 第三節 --- 萬隆會議對兩國關係的影響 / Chapter 第三章 --- 中共印尼雙重國籍條約的簽訂 / Chapter 第一節 --- 條約簽訂的經過 / Chapter 第二節 --- 條約的內容及兩國總理換文 / Chapter 第三節 --- 中共的企圖 / Chapter 第四章 --- 各方面對雙重國籍條約簽訂的反應 / Chapter 第一節 --- 國府方面的反應 / Chapter 第二節 --- 印尼土生華僑的反應 / Chapter 第三節 --- 印尼政府及各政黨的反應 / Chapter 第四節 --- 中共方面的反應 / Chapter 第五章 --- 印尼華僑之彷徨 / Chapter 第一節 --- 華裔籍民身份的證明問題 / Chapter 第二節 --- 阿沙阿特運動 / Chapter 第三節 --- 印尼政府對華僑的岐視性處置 / Chapter 第四節 --- 兩國關係的低潮 / Chapter 第六章 --- 雙重國籍條約的實施及其果效 / Chapter 第一節 --- 雙重國籍條約實施前印尼政府對華僑國籍問題所採取的單方面措施 / Chapter 第二節 --- 雙重國籍條約的實施 / Chapter 第三節 --- 條約實施後的排華事件 / 結語 / 主要參考及引用文獻

This thesis aims to better understand the under life of Indonesian academics during implementation of major policy changes associated with the Higher Education Act 2012. More specifically the study sought to explore and analyse the principal changes as experienced by academics in Indonesian state universities, how academics responded to these changes and the impact of these changes upon the nature of academic work and organisations. The research undertaken was in the form of a multiple-embedded case study using semi-structured interviews, observations, and document analysis as instruments to collect data. Interviews were conducted with 30 academics in three state universities in Indonesia. The findings demonstrate how Indonesian academics' work is moving away from their traditional functions and roles towards new prescribed roles revealing tensions between maintaining their existing identities and pressures from the external environment to adapt. Using Scott's notion of 'weapons of the weak' the study reveals how Indonesian academics have resisted and accommodated policy reform in ways that have taken largely discursive and unobtrusive forms. It is anticipated that the study will both contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of academics' work lives as they encounter large scale reform, and offer guidance for policy makers in the formulation and enactment of relevant policy.

Background: The adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 has renewed interest in maternal mortality reduction. Indonesia"'s maternal mortality ratio is among the highest in Southeast Asia. While skilled birth attendance (SBA) reduces the risk of maternal death, few studies have been done on SBA utilization in Indonesia using nationally representative data. This study estimated the own-price, cross-price, and income elasticities of demand for SBA in Indonesia. The effects of community and health system factors on SBA were also explored. Methods: Data from the 2004 wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey, were used as the primary source of information. These data were supplemented with information from reports produced by the Indonesian Ministries of Health and Finance and the World Bank. The polytomous outcome variable was choice of attendance at last birth. Three estimation strategies were used to estimate the elasticities"u2014multinomial logit, multinomial probit, and an instrumental variable multinomial probit model. Statistical significance was determined at the 5% level. Results: The own-price elasticities of the facility-based delivery alternatives were between -1 and 0, indicating that demand is own-price inelastic for those alternatives. Two cross-price elasticities"u2014price of skilled home deliveries on demand for unskilled home deliveries and price of public facility deliveries on demand for skilled home deliveries"u2014indicated that women chose lower priced alternatives as the price of an alternative is increased. Increased income reduced demand for unskilled home deliveries and increased the demand for skilled home and private facility deliveries. Community and health system-level factors had small but significant effects on delivery attendance. Increases in the percentage of women in the community with SBA were associated with higher likelihood of using skilled delivery alternatives over unskilled home deliveries. Health worker density increased likelihood of choosing public facility deliveries over unskilled home deliveries. Finally, government health expenditure was positively associated with choosing skilled home and public facility deliveries over unskilled home deliveries, but was negatively associated with choosing private facility over unskilled home deliveries. Discussion: The elasticities revealed that women substituted for lower-priced alternatives as the price of an alternative increased and that they increased utilization of skilled delivery alternatives as household income increased. These findings can be interpreted as evidence that price is still a barrier to accessing SBA in Indonesia. The findings from the community and health system-level variables suggest extra-individual characteristics also affect individual decision-making on choice of delivery attendance. / 1 / Rieza Hawarina Soelaeman

The purpose of this inquiry is to explore the social construction of surfing tourist space in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia and to expand existing theory to explain the process by which tourist space comes to be overlaid upon the geographical and social domain of destination communities. A review of surfing tourism literature revealed a modest body of knowledge that was largely descriptive, and devoid of any clear theoretical and philosophical perspectives. In order to gain an understanding of the historicity in the production of surfing tourist space, a review of academic and popular surfing literature was undertaken. This review indicated the importance of commercial surf industry discourse, disseminated through a specialist surf media, in defining and maintaining an idealised surfing tourist space (labelled ‘Nirvana’), which is based on the search for, and consumption of, the ‘perfect wave’. A social constructionist interpretation of grounded theory was employed in order to collect and analyse observations and indepth interviews of surfing tourists, surf tour operators, surf industry and media representatives, and locals, from which a number of interpretations were drawn. Firstly, surfing tourist space – Nirvana - is a fragile and contested space based upon four symbolic elements: perfect waves; uncrowded conditions; cushioned adventure; and, a pristine tropical environment. A four-phase process (referred to as Nirvanification) was developed in order to interpret the way in which tourist space is overlaid upon the social and geographical domain of destinations. It is argued that this space is remotely constructed, highly symbolic, and ‘disembedded’ from local realities in the Mentawai Islands. Nirvanification revolves around the construction of symbolic elements of tourist space where it is threatened by alternative discourses, which the industry counters by deploying various myths. The ramification of Nirvanification for local communities in the Mentawais is marginalisation from the economic benefits from tourism. In conclusion this study identified channels for resistance and change which provide an alternative theoretical and philosophical position from which to question the assumptions that underlie socially constructed tourist space.

Nursing in Indonesia is attempting to achieve a higher standard of education to enable nurses to migrate to global areas of nursing shortages. Assessment of nursing practice during undergraduate nursing education in Indonesia requires investigation to assist in achieving a higher standard of education. For assessment to occur, there are several variables reported in the literature that must be included in the process of assessment, that is assessors, students, methods and tools of measurement as well as clinical environment. It is acknowledged that those factors influence the successfulness of the clinical assessment process. The purpose of this descriptive exploratory study utilising a self report clinical instructor and student nurse questionnaire was to investigate the clinical assessment of Indonesian student nurses undertaking the professional stage of the undergraduate nursing course. Specifically, the study investigated how clinical teachers assess student nurses and how students perceive the clinical assessment process. Data were collected from four nursing institutions in Jakarta, Indonesia during July 2006. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis were undertaken to meet the purpose and objectives of the study. Quantitative data analysis utilised frequency tables, cross tabulations and ANOVA. Participants’ responses to open-ended items were analysed using content analysis procedures. The findings of this study have shown that there are many important issues surrounding the assessment of Indonesian student nurses, such as the model of assessment process employed and the characteristics of clinical instructors, students and clinical environment. From this study, it was revealed that the assessment of student nurses employed skilledv based assessment, despite the global trends towards competency-based assessment. Findings from this study also illustrate that nursing education development has been occurring in Indonesia with already half of the clinical instructor participants being educated to master’s level and most student nurse participants held diploma III qualifications prior to their Bachelor of Nursing course, which means that they want to continue their study to a higher level. However, improvement in nursing curriculum which focuses on competency-based curriculum is needed. Improvement in the nursing curriculum will lead to improvements in the nursing profession. That is a higher standards of professionalism for nursing and nurses in Indonesia. Recommendations from the study include promoting changes in curriculum, particularly regarding the assessment process to employ competency-based assessment for student nurses. This study also endorses the use of a standardized assessment in clinical setting. In addition, further research related to replication of the study at a national level and comparison of clinical assessment in other countries should be conducted.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / N/A

The purpose of this inquiry is to explore the social construction of surfing tourist space in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia and to expand existing theory to explain the process by which tourist space comes to be overlaid upon the geographical and social domain of destination communities. A review of surfing tourism literature revealed a modest body of knowledge that was largely descriptive, and devoid of any clear theoretical and philosophical perspectives. In order to gain an understanding of the historicity in the production of surfing tourist space, a review of academic and popular surfing literature was undertaken. This review indicated the importance of commercial surf industry discourse, disseminated through a specialist surf media, in defining and maintaining an idealised surfing tourist space (labelled ‘Nirvana’), which is based on the search for, and consumption of, the ‘perfect wave’. A social constructionist interpretation of grounded theory was employed in order to collect and analyse observations and indepth interviews of surfing tourists, surf tour operators, surf industry and media representatives, and locals, from which a number of interpretations were drawn. Firstly, surfing tourist space – Nirvana - is a fragile and contested space based upon four symbolic elements: perfect waves; uncrowded conditions; cushioned adventure; and, a pristine tropical environment. A four-phase process (referred to as Nirvanification) was developed in order to interpret the way in which tourist space is overlaid upon the social and geographical domain of destinations. It is argued that this space is remotely constructed, highly symbolic, and ‘disembedded’ from local realities in the Mentawai Islands. Nirvanification revolves around the construction of symbolic elements of tourist space where it is threatened by alternative discourses, which the industry counters by deploying various myths. The ramification of Nirvanification for local communities in the Mentawais is marginalisation from the economic benefits from tourism. In conclusion this study identified channels for resistance and change which provide an alternative theoretical and philosophical position from which to question the assumptions that underlie socially constructed tourist space.

Bibliography: leaves 146-153. This thesis analyses factors influencing farmers use of groundwater pump irrigation in Lombok, Indonesia. It aims to identify the determinants of the speed of technology adoption, to identify factors affecting the levels of water use and to estimate the state of water use by comparing the actual water use to the estimated optimal water use.