Background: This study examines the socioeconomic factors associated with infant and postneonatal mortality in Kenya and tries to quantify these associations in order to put those factors in ranked order so as to prioritize them in health policy plans aiming to decrease infant and postneonatal mortality. The study has used wealth index, mother’s highest educational level, mother’s occupation and place of residence as exposures of interest. Methods: The study uses analytical cross-sectional design through secondary data analysis of the 2003 Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) dataset for children. Series of logistic regression models were fitted to select the significant factors both in urban and rural areas and for infant and postneonatal mortality, separately, through the use of backward stepwise technique. Then the magnitude of the significance for each variable was tested using the Wald’s test, and hence the factors were ranked ordered according to their overall P-value. Results: After excluding non-singleton births and children born less than one year before the survey, a sample size of 4 495 live births was analyzed with 458 infants died before the first year of life giving IMR of 79.6 deaths per 1000 live births. After adjusting for all biodemographic and other health outcome determining factors, the analyses show no significant association between socioeconomic factors and infant mortality in both urban and rural Kenya. The exclusion of deaths that occurred in the first month of ages shows that risk of postneonatal (OR 3.09; CI: 1.29 – 7.42) mortality, in urban Kenya, were significantly higher for women working in agricultural sector than nonworking women. While in rural Kenya, the risk of postneonatal (OR 0.42; CI: 0.20 – 0.90) mortality were significantly lower for mothers with secondary school level of education than mothers with no education. Conclusions: There is lack of socioeconomic differentials in infant mortality in both urban and rural Kenya. However, breastfeeding, ethnicity and gender of the child in urban areas on one hand and breastfeeding, ethnicity and fertility factors on the other hand are the main predictors of mortality in this age group. Furthermore, results for postneonatal mortality show that level of maternal education is the single most important socioeconomic determinant of postneonatal mortality in urban Kenya while mother’s occupation is the single most important socioeconomic determinant of postneonatal mortality in rural areas. Other determinants of postneonatal mortality are ethnicity and gender of the child in urban areas, while in rural areas; the other main predictors are ethnicity, breast feeding and fertility factors.

Thesis (M.Med.)--University of the Witwatersrtand, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2013.

Background: This study examined the relationship between mothers’ age at first birth and infant mortality in Zimbabwe. Childbearing at a significantly young age has been noted to be a predictor of infant mortality, as children born to young mothers are at a greater risk of early death. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, secondary study which uses the data from the Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 2005-2006. The population of interest in this study are women of reproductive ages in Zimbabwe, who have had children within the last five years prior to the survey. A total of 4074 women are used as the sample in this study. The dependent variable is infant mortality, which is understood as the deaths of infants between the period of birth and their first birthday. The independent variables include demographic, socio-economic and reproductive characteristics of the women. The analysis of data was undertaken at three levels. Univariate analysis, binary logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression were conducted. In addition, stepwise logistic regression was applied to the multivariate analysis to analyse the relationship between the significant variables found in the study in relation to infant mortality. Results: This study confirmed an association between mothers’ age at first birth and infant mortality as infants born to mothers of 18 years and younger suffer higher risk of infant mortality, as they have a 33% increased risk in comparison to infants born to older women. This indicates the need for policy development focused on the issue adolescent childbearing and how childbearing can be delayed in Zimbabwe in order to reduce infant mortality. Furthermore the reproductive characteristics of the mother prove to have great impact on infant mortality within the country. Thus the importance of policies focused on women’s reproductive health care. Conclusions: This study confirms that mothers’ age at first birth is a central influential factor in infant mortality in Zimbabwe. Infant mortality cannot be isolated from the characteristics of mothers, in particular her age at first birth, as they are more often the primary care-givers thus have immense influence on whether the infants survive or not.

Aim The aim was to determine the epidemiology of invasive fungal infections at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital. The specific objectives were to determine the 1) risk factors, 2) clinical presentation, 3) laboratory abnormalities, 4) organisms and their susceptibilities and 6) outcome in neonates with positive blood or CSF fungal cultures at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital. Methods This was a retrospective record review of patients who had positive blood or CSF cultures. Patients were identified by a computerized microbiological surveillance database. The data was collected over a three-year period from January 2002 to December 2004. Patient hospital files were reviewed for clinical signs, full blood count (FBC), C-reactive protein (CRP) and outcomes. Fungal culture results were reviewed for susceptibilities. To identify risk factors a convenient cohort was compared to the patients with fungal sepsis. The data was analysed using a Statistica software package. Results There were 150 patients with fungal sepsis among admissions over this 3 yearperiod giving an incidence of 1.3 per 100 admissions. Thirty-nine records were not found thus 111 patient records were reviewed. The median birthweight was 1280g and the gestational age 30 weeks. The median age of onset was 16 days and 6.3% had early onset fungal sepsis. There were 61 males. Twenty-eight percent of patients were born to HIV positive mothers. Candida parapsilosis was the commonest (56%) organism isolated followed by C. albicans (43%). All the C. albicans isolates and 93% of the C. parapsilosis isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B. Fluconazole susceptibilities were reported as, 96% for C. albicans, and 60% of the C. parapsilosis as being susceptible. Central venous catheters (CVCs) (p=<0.001), the use of TPN (p=<0.001) and third generation cephalosporins were identified as risk factors associated with fungal sepsis. The all-cause mortality and Candida–related mortality were 30% and 23% respectively. The non-survivors had lower platelet counts (p=0.007) than the survivors. Patients with Gram-negative sepsis had lower platelet counts than the fungal group (p=<0.001) on the repeat laboratory parameters. Conclusion The incidence is 1.3 per 100 admissions. Risk factors associated with fungal sepsis are very low birthweight and gestational age, the use of TPN, CVCs and third generation cephalosporins. Candida parapsilosis is the common organism causing fungal sepsis in neonates. Candida albicans was associated with a higher mortality. Thrombocytopenia is not organism specific to fungal sepsis.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-01

by Cindy Sui Tee Aun. / Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-184). / Table of contents --- p.ii / Signed statement --- p.iv / Abstract --- p.v / List of tables --- p.xi / List of figures --- p.xiii / List of abbreviations --- p.xv / Publications and presentations resulting from the work of the thesis --- p.xviii / Chapter SECTION I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Hypothesis and Objective --- p.3 / Review of literature --- p.4 / Research plan --- p.28 / Chapter SECTION II --- METHODS --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Research methods --- p.32 / Equipment --- p.34 / Assay and protein binding of propofol --- p.38 / Pharmacokinetic analysis --- p.42 / Statistical methods --- p.48 / Chapter SECTION III --- INDUCTION OF ANAESTHESIA --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Induction dose requirement / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Influence of propofol dose on haemodynamic changes --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Comparison of cardiovascular effects of propofol and thiopentone --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Single dose pharmacokinetics --- p.91 / Chapter SECTION IV --- MAINTENANCE OF ANAESTHESIA --- p.110 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Pharmacokinetic-model-controlled infusion of propofol --- p.111 / Chapter SECTION V --- ANAESTHESIA AND RECOVERY --- p.131 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Comparison of anaesthesia and recovery of four anaesthetic techniques --- p.132 / Chapter SECTION VI --- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS --- p.147 / Chapter Chapter 9 --- Summary --- p.148 / Chapter Chapter 10 --- Conclusions --- p.156 / Chapter SECTION VII --- REFERENCES --- p.159 / Chapter SECTION VIII --- APPENDICES --- p.185 / Chapter A --- Acknowledgements --- p.186 / Chapter B --- Calibration data of propofol --- p.189 / Chapter C --- Patient data tables --- p.191 / Chapter D --- Personal Work --- p.224 / Chapter E --- Ethical Committee Approval Certificates --- p.226

by Ng Wun Wai. / Thesis (M.S.S.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 45-53. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LISTS OF TABLES --- p.iv / INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / METHOD / Subjects --- p.9 / Instruments --- p.11 / Apparatus --- p.15 / Procedure --- p.15 / RESULTS --- p.19 / DISCUSSION --- p.22 / TABLES --- p.30 / APPENDICES --- p.38 / REFERENCES --- p.45

Mahmood Ahmed. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references. / Title / Contents --- p.i-iii / Abstract --- p.2 / Introduction --- p.5 / Definitions : --- p.7 / Chapter - --- Bone --- p.7 / Chapter - --- Bone Cells --- p.9 / Chapter - --- Types of Bone & the Mineral Contents --- p.10 / Chapter - --- Composition of Bone Mass --- p.11 / Chapter - --- Bone Mass --- p.11 / Chapter - --- Factors Affecting The Bone Mass --- p.12 / Bone Minerals --- p.13 / Non Invasive Methods of Measurement of BMC : --- p.16 / Chapter - --- Radiograph --- p.16 / Chapter - --- Quantitative Morphometric --- p.16 / Chapter - --- Radiographic Photodensitometry --- p.16 / Chapter - --- Neutron Activation --- p.17 / Chapter - --- Quantitative Computed Tomography --- p.17 / Chapter - --- Bone Absorptiometery --- p.18 / Chapter - --- Transmission of Ultrasonics --- p.18 / Chapter - --- Dual Photon Absorptiometry --- p.19 / Chapter - --- Bone Scan --- p.19 / Chapter - --- Bone - Specific Biochemical Markers --- p.20 / Chapter - --- Summary --- p.20 / Effects of Drugs on Bone Mass: --- p.22 / Chapter - --- Alcohol --- p.22 / Chapter - --- Tetracycline --- p.22 / Chapter - --- Corticosteroid --- p.23 / Chapter - --- Antacids --- p.23 / Chapter - --- Estrogen --- p.24 / Chapter - --- Vitamins --- p.24 / Causes of Osteopenia in Children --- p.25 / Physical Activity and BMC --- p.28 / Bone Mineral Content - Reviews : --- p.30 / Chapter - --- In Neonates --- p.30 / Chapter - --- Normative Surveys in Children --- p.32 / Chapter - --- Skeletal Abnormalities --- p.35 / HK Chinese Children: / Chapter - --- A General View --- p.37 / Objectives of Study --- p.40 / Chapter - --- Determination of Normal Range --- p.40 / Chapter - --- Determination of Peak Bone Mass --- p.41 / Measurement of BMC : --- p.43 / Chapter - --- Material --- p.43 / Methods and Subjects --- p.46 / Chapter - --- Location of Scanning Site --- p.46 / Chapter - --- Recruitment of Subjects --- p.47 / Chapter - --- Statistical Analysis --- p.48 / Reproducibility of Measurement: --- p.56 / Chapter - --- The Means --- p.56 / Chapter - --- The Correlations --- p.57 / Results --- p.58 / Chapter - --- 6 months to 3 years --- p.58 / Chapter - --- 3 to 7 years --- p.60 / Chapter - --- 7 to 18 years --- p.61 / Chapter - --- 3 to 18 years --- p.62 / Chapter - --- Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry versus Single Photon Absorptiometry --- p.66 / Graphs & Charts / Chapter - --- Age Distribution --- p.50 / Chapter - --- Dominance Distribution --- p.51 / Chapter - --- BMC from 0.6 to 2.9 years --- p.59 / Chapter - --- BMC Male & Female Difference --- p.63 / Chapter - --- BMC Dominance Difference --- p.64 / Chapter - --- BMC Predicted & Measured Value --- p.65 / Chapter - --- BMD by SPA vs DEXA --- p.67 / Discussions --- p.68 / Chapter - --- BMC & Total Body Calcium --- p.68 / Chapter - --- Age --- p.70 / Chapter - --- Handedness --- p.71 / Chapter - --- Bone Width --- p.72 / Chapter - --- Weight --- p.73 / Chapter - --- Sex --- p.73 / Chapter - --- Height --- p.74 / Chapter - --- "Nutritional Status, Calc. Intak" --- p.74 / Comparison --- p.75 / Chapter - --- BMC in Pathological Conditions --- p.75 / Chapter - --- Comparison with other series --- p.76 / Conclusion --- p.82 / Diagram --- p.45 / Chapter - --- Schematic Diagram of Equipment --- p.45 / Picture --- p.52 / Chapter - --- Single Photon Absorptiometry --- p.52 / Chapter - --- Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry --- p.53 / Chapter - --- Single Photon Absorptiometry (Neonates) --- p.54 / Chapter - --- Photon Absorption Technique --- p.55 / Table --- p.78 / Chapter - --- Table I (Average yearly BMC & BMD) --- p.78 / Chapter - --- Table II(Average yearly Change in BMC) --- p.79 / Chapter - --- TableIII(BMC from 3 to 18 years) --- p.80 / Chapter - --- Table IV (Regression Analysis) --- p.81 / Appendix --- p.83 / Acknowledgements --- p.95 / References --- p.96-99

Ng Yuen Wah. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-144). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.ii / (Chinese) --- p.vii / Acknowledgements --- p.x / Publications --- p.xii / Abbreviations --- p.xiv / List of Tables --- p.xix / List of Figures --- p.xx / Table of Contents --- p.xxii / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Ex Vivo Expansion of Cord Blood CD34+ Cells --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Hematopoiesis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Hematopoietic Stem Cells --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- Properties --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Functions and Sources of Hematopoietic Stem Cells --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- Umbilical Cord blood Transplantation --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Ex Vivo Expansion of Hematopoietic Stem Cells --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3.1 --- The Need for Ex Vivo Expansion --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3.2 --- Ex Vivo Expansion for Clinical Transplantation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.3.3 --- Factors Promoting Ex Vivo Expansion of Hematopoietic Stem Cells --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.3.3.1 --- Cytokines --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.3.3.2 --- Stromal Feeder Support of Hematopoiesis --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.3.3.3 --- Regulation of Self-Renewal --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Hematopoiesis and Neurogenesis --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1.4.1 --- Possible Crosstalks --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1.4.2 --- Neurotrophic Factors --- p.13 / Chapter 1.1.4.2.1 --- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor --- p.13 / Chapter 1.1.4.2.2 --- Neurotrophin-3 --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2 --- Embryonic Stem Cells --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Embryonic Stem Cells and Potential Applications --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Maintenance of Undifferentiated State --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Human Embryonic Stem Cells --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Embryonic Stem Cell-Specific Markers --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Controlled Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells to Hematopoietic Lineages --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Formation of Embryoid Body --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Hematopoietic Development in Embryoid Body --- p.22 / Chapter 1.2.3.3 --- Factors Promoting Hematopoietic Differentiation --- p.23 / Chapter 1.2.3.3.1 --- Cytokines --- p.23 / Chapter 1.1.3.3.2 --- Stromal Cells --- p.24 / Chapter 1.2.3.3.3 --- Mechanism of Hematopoietic Differentiation --- p.25 / Chapter 1.2.3.4 --- Potential Applications of Embryonic Stem Cells-Derived Hematopoietic Cells --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.3.5 --- Culture Methods --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Issues Concerning Clinical Applications of Embryonic Stem Cells --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Teratoma Formation --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- Contamination by Mouse Cells --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.4.3 --- Ethical Issues --- p.29 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- Objectives --- p.31 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- Materials and Methods --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1 --- Ex Vivo Expansion of Cord Blood CD34+ Cells --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Collection of Human Umbilical Cord Blood --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Enrichment of Cord Blood CD34+ Cells --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Ex Vivo Expansion of CD34+ Cells --- p.36 / Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Establishment of Two Stromal Cell Feeder Layers --- p.36 / Chapter 3.1.3.1.1 --- Primary Mouse AGM Stromal Cells --- p.36 / Chapter 3.1.3.1.2 --- Mouse C17.2 Neural Stem Cell Line --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Cryopreservation and Thawing of Stromal Cells --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1.3.3 --- Characterization of AGM --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1.3.4 --- Coculture of Cord Blood CD34+ Cells and Stromal Cells --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.3.4.1 --- Preparation of Stromal Cells --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.3.4.2 --- Contact Cocultures of CD34+ Cells and Stromal Cells --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.3.4.3 --- Effects of Neurotrophic Growth Factors on Ex Vivo Expansion of Enriched CD34+ Cells --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Flow Cytometry Analysis of Human Cell Surface Markers --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Human Progenitor Colony-Forming Unit Assays --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Detection of mRNA Expressions of Hematopoietic and Neurotrophic Growth Factors in Mouse AGM and C17.2 Cells --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.6.1 --- Cell Culture and Extraction of Total Cellular Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.6.2 --- Reverse Transcriptase -Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.6.3 --- Gel Electrophoresis and Alkaline Transfer of RT-PCR Products and Southern Blot Analysis and Detection --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Detection of mRNA Expressions of Receptors of Neurotrophic Factors in Enriched CD34+and Expanded Progenitor Cells --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.7.1 --- Culture of CD34+ Cells --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.7.2 --- "Extraction of Total Cellular RNA, RT-PCR and Gel Electrophoresis" --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.7.3 --- DNA Sequencing --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2 --- In Vitro Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells to Hematopoietic Stem Cells --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Maintenance of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Preparation of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Stromal Layer --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Culture of Embryonic Stem Cells --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Two-Step In Vitro Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Collection of Stromal Cells - Conditioned Medium --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.2.1.1 --- Establishment of Two Stromal Cell Feeder Layers --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.2.1.2 --- Collection of Conditioned Medium --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Primary Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cell into Embryoid Body --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.2.2.1 --- Methylcellulose-Based Culture --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.2.2.2 --- Conditioned Medium-Based Culture --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Detection of Hematopoietic Progenitors --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Detection of Embryonic Stem Cell Surface Marker --- p.60 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- Effects of Novel Microenvironments on the Ex Vivo Expansion of Cord Blood CD34+ Cells --- p.65 / Chapter 4.1 --- Characterization of Primary AGM Stromal Cells --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2 --- Effects of Two Mouse Stromal Cells on Ex Vivo Expansion of CD34+ Cells --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effects of Primary AGM Cells --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effects of Neonatal Neural Stem Cell line C17.2 Stromal Cells --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3 --- Expressions of Growth Factors in AGM and C17.2 Cells --- p.67 / Chapter 4.4 --- Effects of Two Neurotrophic Factors on the Clonogenicity of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells --- p.67 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effects of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effects of Neurotrophin-3 --- p.68 / Chapter 4.5 --- Effects of Two Neurotrophic Factors on the Ex Vivo Expansion of CD34+ Cells --- p.69 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Effects of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor --- p.69 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Effects of Neurotrophin-3 --- p.70 / Chapter 4.6 --- Expressions of Receptors of Neurotrophic Factors in Enriched CD34+ Cells and Expanded Progenitor Cells --- p.71 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- mRNA Expressions of BDNF-R(Trk B) and NT-3-R (Trk C) --- p.71 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- DNA Sequencing --- p.72 / Chapter 4.7 --- Discussion --- p.73 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- Maintenance of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells and Differentiation to Hematopoietic Lineage in the Presence of AGM and C17.2 Conditioned Media --- p.98 / Chapter 5.1 --- Maintenance of Embryonic Stem Cells --- p.98 / Chapter 5.2 --- Primary (Embryoid Body Formation) and Hematopoietic Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells --- p.99 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Methylcellulose-Based Culture --- p.99 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Conditioned Medium-Based Culture --- p.100 / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion --- p.101 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX: --- General Discussion and Conclusion --- p.115 / References

Chen Mui Kwan. / Publication date from spine. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-145). / Acknowledgment --- p.1 / List of Abbreviations --- p.2 / Abstract --- p.3 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Terminology and Classification --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Review of Literature on Infantile Muscular Torticollis --- p.9 / Chapter 3.1 --- Anatomy --- p.9 / Chapter 3.2 --- Pathology --- p.12 / Chapter 3.3 --- Etiology --- p.14 / Chapter 3.4 --- Epidemiology --- p.23 / Chapter 3.5 --- Natural History --- p.30 / Chapter 3.6 --- Associated Deformities --- p.32 / Chapter 3.7 --- Differential Diagnosis --- p.35 / Chapter 3.8 --- Diagnostic Methods --- p.37 / Chapter 3.9 --- Treatment: / Chapter 3.9.1 --- Conservative Treatment --- p.40 / Chapter 3.9.2 --- Surgical Intervention --- p.46 / Chapter 3.10 --- Postural Torticollis --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- A Pilot Study on the Measurement of Passive Rotation of the Neck --- p.53 / Chapter 4.1 --- Need of a New Design --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Method --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.69 / Chapter 4.5 --- Clinical Adaptation --- p.71 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Physiological Rationale of Conservative Treatment --- p.73 / Chapter 5.1 --- Positioning Programme --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2 --- Massage --- p.77 / Chapter 5.3 --- Active Stimulation --- p.78 / Chapter 5.4 --- Manual Stretching --- p.79 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Experiment 1: A Comparative Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Active Home Treatment Programme versus Manual Stretching in Treatment of Moderate IMT --- p.82 / Chapter 6.1 --- Background --- p.82 / Chapter 6.2 --- Method and Materials --- p.84 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.93 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.111 / Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusion --- p.112 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Experiment 2: A Prospective Study on the Role of Manual Stretching in Treatment of Moderate and Severe IMT --- p.113 / Chapter 7.1 --- Background --- p.113 / Chapter 7.2 --- Method and Materials --- p.113 / Chapter 7.3 --- Results --- p.114 / Chapter 7.4 --- Discussion --- p.128 / Chapter 7.5 --- Conclusion --- p.131 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Overview --- p.133 / Chapter 8.1 --- Results of Medium Term Follow-up --- p.133 / Chapter 8.2 --- Overall Results --- p.134 / Chapter 8.3 --- Strengths and Limitations of the Studies --- p.135 / Chapter 8.4 --- Conclusion --- p.135 / Chapter 8.5 --- Suggestion for Future Study --- p.136 / References --- p.138 / Appendix1 --- p.146 / Appendix2 --- p.147 / List of Figures --- p.148 / List of Tables --- p.151