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Större delen av världens befolkning har någon gång sett eller kommit i kontakt med en busshållplats. En busshållplats är där bussen svänger in för att plocka upp eller släppa av passagerare. Dessa hållplatser finns i flera olika former med olika attribut. Denna rapport riktar sig mot utformningen och projekteringen av busshållplatser. Det beskrivs här vilka busshållplatsens attribut är och vilka olika typer av busshållplatser det finns i infrastrukturen. Syftet med denna guide är att den ska vara lätt att förstå och ge en tydlig bild hur busshållplatser ser ut. Med hjälp av denna guide kan man som projektör eller bara intresserad i ämnet få insikt i hur arbetet kring busshållplatser fungerar. En busshållplats kan förekomma på ett statligt, kommunalt eller enskilt vägnät. Det finns hållplatser och hållplatslägen. En hållplats är alla hållplatslägen samlade inom ett område. Ett hållplatsläge är där bussen svänger in för på- och avstigning. Detta system används för att med enkelhet hålla reda på hållplatsernas data, då alla hållplatslägen har samma data när de befinner sig i samma hållplats. Busshållplatser skiljer sig åt i tätortsmiljö och landsbygdsmiljö. I tätorter används stopphållplatser. Dessa ger bussen ökad prioritet i trafiken och är utformade så att trafiken bromsas upp eller stannar när en skymmande buss står på hållplatsen. På landsbygden är det viktigt att trafiken kan passera buss på hållplats ostört och trafiksäkert. På landsbygden är hastigheten betydligt högre och därför måste vägarna utformas så att olycksrisken minskar och tryggheten ökar. Porsö Centrum hållplats tas upp som ett exempel av en närliggande och modern busshållplats. Denna hållplats ligger mitt mellan Luleå Tekniska Universitet och ICA Porsön. Ombyggnationen och omplaceringen av denna hållplats gjordes 2018 och är därför aktuell i ämnet.

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Abstract New Orleans in 1900 was an endangered city clinging to a narrow strip of relatively high ground along the lower Mississippi river. Frequent flooding occurred from the river in the spring and from the lake in the June to October hurricane season. No reliable source of drinking water and no systems for removal of sewerage and rain water existed. Disease mortality was very high especially from frequent outbreaks of yellow fever. The fortuitous appearance of new alternating current (AC) technologies, emerging engineering specialties, and a more progressive form of governance willing to support and finance large scale engineering projects gave New Orleans world class drainage, sewerage and potable water systems. With electric streetcars providing service to newly drained areas and greatly reduced disease mortality, New Orleans entered the twentieth century transformed into a safe and expanding city. Key Words: Electricity, New Orleans, Infrastructure

In a truly global context, the contemporary urban landscape is changing dramatically. The megaregion has emerged as the primary scale of economic development and the home of the world’s wealth, innovation and progress. Increasingly expensive and scarce land, as well as the protection and preservation of farmlands and habitats, are driving up density. A renewed emphasis on environmental sustainability means not just greener building treatments and improved fuel efficiencies, but a need to redirect infrastructural investments in far more efficient ways. If, as the Regional Plan Association asserts, megaregions have replaced metropolitan regions and cities as the geographic units of the global economy, they must be planned, structured and supplied to maximize their potential as such. This thesis proposes a regional plan for the Windsor/Quebec corridor that attempts to satisfy any qualitative aspirations of the current “Places to Grow” plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe while strategically repositioning growth in the region to be more globally competitive and sustainable. This proposal utilizes two very specific existing elements in expanded roles; the 400 series highways as an infrastructural distribution network, and the regional shopping mall as a strategic site for discreet, distributed urban cores. Together, these two elements form a conceptual city at the megaregional scale; a concentrated, sprawl-free, efficient and sustainable form of city-making that also integrates seamlessly into the existing urban morphology.

On March 14, 2011 the Bloomberg Administration unveiled New York City’s 10-year comprehensive waterfront plan entitled, “Vision 2020.” Though the document follows a long line of waterfront revitalization proposals, it offers an extraordinarily profound and historically unprecedented ambition to re-establish New York as one of the world’s premiere waterfront cities by transforming its post-industrial harbour into a “Sixth Borough” capable of sustaining expanded urban development, recreation, local ecologies, and water-based economies. Underlying this extensive redevelopment scheme is a massive environmental remediation initiative that aims to improve water quality throughout the region by upgrading the city’s crumbling, century-old sewer system to prevent it from spilling millions of gallons of untreated effluent into the New York Harbor every week. With no federal funding available for these costly upgrades, the city will depend on its taxpayers to finance the new borough’s extensive list of infrastructural needs. Convincing the public to support this initiative will however prove to be immensely difficult as most New Yorkers are unaware of the critical need for infrastructure at the waterfront and would rather see their taxes spent on parks, amenities, transportation, housing or the creation of jobs. Despite this, “Vision 2020” proposes the construction of standardized, single-service, shovel-ready, infrastructure that will be buried underground where it will make no visible social, aesthetic, or economic contribution to the transformation of public waterfront. For these reasons, REvision 2020 is proposed. Rather than subscribing to the 20th century understanding of infrastructure as a service-based utility, REvision 2020 examines the potential for the renovation New York City’s sewer system to catalyze a much larger and more visible public benefit in the Sixth Borough. In doing so, the document investigates the complex social, political, economic, and environmental challenges underlying the revitalization of the post-industrial waterfront and presents strategies for addressing these matters through a renegotiation of conventional infrastructural form. These strategies are then synthesized and applied to the design of a buoyant, high-performance sanitation system deployed in Brooklyn’s notoriously toxic Gowanus Canal to transform the derelict shipping channel into a public Wastewater-To-Resource Park that converts the region’s excess sewage into fresh water, nutrients, and energy which are reused to sustain recreational activities and new water-based economies. In addition to proposing a bottom-lined approach to the development of the Sixth Borough, REvision 2020 and the Gowanus W.T.R. Park champion the exploration of infrastructure not only as an engineering endeavor, but as a robust design opportunity.