Bakgrund: Insiderhandel kan både vara en laglig och olaglig finansiell akt. Denna studie grundar sig på individers beslutsfattande gällande insiderhandel. Insiderhandel är olagligt när någon använder sig av icke offentlig information. Denna information används för att få en orättvis position på marknaden då en individ har kännedom om en framtida händelse som kommer att påverka aktiekursen. Tidigare fall och studier pekar på att beroende på hur insiderinformationen blir presenterad för individen har en stor påverkan på hur pass benägen individen är att utföra insiderhandel. Denna information delas upp i två kategorier, tipsad information och direkt kunskap. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att öka förståelse till vad som gör individer benägna att utföra insiderhandel. Metod: Studien använder sig av enkäter för att samla in data som sedan analyseras genom statistiska metoder för att finna korrelationer, sannolikhet och skillnader. Resultat: Individer är mer benägna att utföra insiderhandel via tips jämfört med direkt kunskap. Gruppen studenter var generellt mer riskbenägen att utföra insiderhandel jämfört med gruppen revisorer. Det fanns en korrelation mellan att utföra insiderhandel och skuldkänslor samt hur cynisk en individ är. Revisorer var mer benägna att utföra insiderhandel för att täcka en förlust jämfört med att göra vinst. / Background: Insider trading can both be a legal and an illegal act. This study is based on the individuals decision-making when it comes to insider trading. Insider trading is illegal the moment an individual decides to use non-public information for its own gain. This information is used to achieve an unfair position on the market, because and individual is aware of a future event that will affect the stock price. Earlier cases and studies indicate that depending on how the insider information is presented to the individual, it has a great influence on how badly the individual is to commit an insider trade. This information is divided into two categories, tipping and direct knowledge. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create an understanding to what may cause insider trading. Method: The study used questionnaire to get the data to answer its questions. The data was used to see if there are correlations, probabilities and differences. Results: The results show that individuals are more inclined to do insider trading through tipping compared to direct knowledge. Students were generally more willing to do insider trading in comparison to accountants. There was a correlation between guilt and cynism against probability of insider trading. Accountants were more willing to do insider trading to save their assets in comparison to gain new assets through the stock market.

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I study how insider trading interacts with the political economy, regulators, and other corporate governance mechanisms. In the first section, I examine the impact of insider trading restriction enforcement on firm innovation. U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission enforcement actions are intended to protect investors and limit expropriation by firm insiders, but enforcement could impact insiders’ incentives to contribute to value enhancing activities. Therefore, I explore how corporate innovation and performance respond to insider trading restrictions imposed by firms and regulators. Using manually collected data on SEC indictments against corporate insiders, I document more innovative activity following external insider trading restrictions. External restrictions are also followed by higher corporate investment, capital access, and operating performance. Similarly, internal blackout restrictions to insider trading are also linked to more patents. SEC and congressional rule changes serve as quasi-natural experiments resulting in shocks in enforcement and indictments for identification and inference. Overall, the results suggest insider trading restrictions and enforcement actions impact subsequent firm activities and managerial decisions by protecting outside investment, resulting in more investment and innovation. In the second section, I explore the relation between political uncertainty and insider trading. With political uncertainty elevated recently, I examine the role of political uncertainty among insiders. By measuring firm-specific political risk measured from conference calls, I observe insiders trade more actively during uncertain periods with trading volume and transaction value increasing alongside political uncertainty. The results are driven by non-routine insider transactions and purchases at firms with CEO duality and fewer insider trading restrictions. Next, I observe similar results when exploiting variation in election timing across states and alternative external measures. Moreover, I find evidence of informed insider trading by observing higher abnormal returns following insider trades amidst political uncertainty. Finally, I find political uncertainty is linked to lower bid-ask spreads and leverage but observe higher outstanding shares with more insider trading when experiencing positive political uncertainty, consistent with insiders informing markets and improving liquidity. Overall, these results suggest insiders purchase more actively and opportunistically amidst political uncertainty, improving market information quality, especially when internal governance is accommodating.

The Edward Snowden data breach of 2013 clearly illustrates the damage that insiders can do to an organization. An insider's knowledge of an organization allows them legitimate access to the systems where valuable information is stored. Because they belong within an organizations security perimeter, an insider is inherently difficult to detect and prevent information leakage. To counter this, proactive measures must be deployed to limit the ability of an insider to steal information. Email monitoring at the edge is can easily be monitored for large file exaltation. However, USB drives are ideally suited for large-scale file extraction in a covert manner. This work discusses a process for disabling write-access to USB drives while allowing read-access. Allowing read-access for USB drives allows an organization to adapt to the changing security posture of the organization. People can still bring USB devices into the organization and read data from them, but exfiltration is more difficult.

I document that a significant number of insiders violate SEC reporting requirements by filing transactions after the legally required deadline. Although these violations are straightforward for the SEC to detect, instances of reporting violations persist. Prior to Sarbanes-Oxley, 29% of open market transactions fell outside the required reporting window. Following the enactment of SOX, 8% of all transactions continue to violate the filing deadline. During the filing delay trades are unknown to outside market participants and earn significant abnormal returns. I show that almost a quarter of filing violations are made by insiders that egregiously violate the reporting requirement. This subgroup realizes significantly greater abnormal returns for purchases and sales leading up to the reporting date. Most filing violations take place during periods of high information asymmetry, and insiders privately earn significant abnormal returns. Collectively, these findings indicate that a subgroup of insiders extract information rent from private knowledge during windows of unreported trading. The SEC reacts to numerous insiders disregard this reporting requirement by charging a small percentage of the total violators for wrongdoing. I employ a unique data set of SEC cases brought against top managers who fail to meet the filing requirements. By comparing the trades in indictments to similar non-indicted transactions, I assess that the SEC pursues insiders that violate the reporting requirement egregiously and are a manager at larger firms. While the coverage of these actions is thin, it significantly deters insiders from filing late after the enforcement. In addition, firm insiders may trade on private information concerning forthcoming innovations. Before high-quality innovations become public knowledge, I find that insiders significantly increase their holdings in the firm. After a patent for a breakthrough innovation is granted, the firm realizes significant abnormal returns. By insider, I find that members of the Corporate Suite increase their holdings around the application date and are the only insiders that earn significant abnormal returns following the grant date. These results suggest that key insiders can identify breakthrough patents ex-ante and utilize this information advantage before the innovation becomes public knowledge. These innovations translate into an increase in firm value.

No description available.

Yes / This paper is about care, insider positions and mothering within feminist research. We ask questions about how honest, ethical and caring can we really be in placing the self into the research process as mothers ourselves. Should we leave out aspects of the research that do not fit neatly and how ethical can we claim to be if we do? Moreover, should difficult differences, secrets and silences that emerge from the research process and research stories that might 'out' us as failures be excluded from research outcomes so as to claim legitimate research? We consider the use of a feminist methods as crucial in the reciprocal and relational understanding of personal enquiry. Mothers invest significant emotional capital in their families and we explore the blurring of the interpersonal and intrapersonal when sharing mothering experiences common to both participant and researcher. Indeed participants can identify themselves within the process as 'friends' of the researcher. We both have familiarity within our respective research that has led to mutual understanding of having insider positions. Crucially individuals' realities are a vital component of the qualitative paradigm and that 'insider' research remains a necessary, albeit messy vehicle in social research. As it is we consider a growing body of literature which marks out and endorses a feminist ethics of care. All of which critique established ways of thinking about ethics, morality, security, citizenship and care. It provides alternatives in mapping private and public aspects of social life as it operates at a theoretical level, but importantly for this paper also at the level of practical application.

Denna studie kartlägger om det är möjligt att med hjälp av svenska insynspersoners värde-pappershandel prognostisera den svenska aktiemarknaden. Individuella insynspersoner har tidigare visats ha mer information kring enskilda företag än övriga aktörer på en aktiemarknad och har vistats skapa överavkastning gentemot marknaden. Aggregerad insynshandel har tidi-gare visat sig ha ett positivt samband med framtida avkastning på aktiemarknader. För att undersöka sambandet mellan svensk insynshandel och den svenska aktiemarknaden använder vi finansinspektionens insynslista som innefattar över 209 000 transaktioner av svensk insynshandel för perioden 1991-2013. Detta material undersöks tillsammans med hi-storiska indexvärden över tidsperioden och sambandet kartläggs med hjälp av OLS-regressioner. Vi undersöker även vad som driver sambandet mellan insynshandel och framtida avkastning, och vilket ekonomiskt värde det finns i insynshandel som prognosinstrument. Resultaten visar på att det finns ett statistiskt signifikant positivt samband mellan insynshan-del och framtida avkastning på den svenska aktiemarknaden. Detta samband blir starkare på lång sikt. Vi ser även att köptransaktioner är en starkare indikator för framtida marknadsrörel-ser än säljtransaktioner. Detta bekräftar tidigare studier där de menar att insynspersoner ofta säljer innehav på grund av andra anledningar än vinstsyfte. Vi finner även att sambandet drivs av ett informationsövertag men även av en Contrarian-strategi samt en genomlysningseffekt. Slutligen skapar vi prognosmodeller grundade i historisk insynshandel och genomför backtest på dessa under 22 år. Resultaten pekar på att insynshandel fungerar bra för att prognostisera framtida uppgångar på den svenska aktiemarknaden och är användbara för att skapa invester-ingsstrategier. / This study investigates if it possible to forecast the Swedish stock market using insider trading data. Individual insiders have been shown to have more information concerning a company than other investors. Additionally, insiders have been shown to be able to outperform the market in earnings from trading in company stock. Aggregate insider trading has, in previous studies, been shown to have a positive relationship with future returns on stock markets. To map the relationship between Swedish insider trading and the Swedish stock market we use the insider trading records from Finansinspektionen containing over 209 000 transactions over the course of 22 years. These records are examined together with a historic stock price index from the same time period. The relationship between the two is examined using OLS-regressions. We examine what factors drive the predictive power of insider trading and what economic value insider trading has as a forecasting instrument. Our results show that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between insider trading and future returns on the Swedish stock market, the significance increases with time. We also find indications that insider purchases have a stronger relationship with future index movements than insider sales have. This is consistent with earlier studies that find that insid-ers sell stock for many other reasons than profit. We conclude that the predictive power of insider trading derive from an information advantage, although our results indicates that some of the predictive power can be explained by a contrarian-strategy and a transparency effect. Finally we construct forecast-models based on historical insider trading and back-test these on the 22 year period. Results from these tests indicate that aggregate insider trading is effective in predicting future rises in the stock market and can function as a basis for successful invest-ment strategies.

Cheuk Man Yin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-94). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.iv / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives --- p.5 / Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Backgrounds --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Information Content and Predictability of Insider Trading --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- "Market Efficiency, Market Liquidity and Insider Trading" --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Review of Insider Trading Literature --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Review of Studies on the U.S. Market --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Review of Studies on the European and Canadian Markets --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Review of Studies on the Emerging Stock Markets --- p.18 / Chapter III. --- INSIDER TRADING REGULATION IN HONG KONG --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1 --- Backgrounds: Arguments For and Against Insider Trading --- p.20 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Securities (Insider Dealing) Ordinance --- p.22 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Securities (Disclosure of Interests) Ordinance --- p.23 / Chapter IV. --- DATA AND METHODOLOGY --- p.27 / Chapter 4.1 --- Data --- p.27 / Chapter 4.2 --- Statistics on Insider Trading Samples --- p.33 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Statistics on Entire Sample --- p.33 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Statistics by Year of Transaction --- p.34 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Statistics by Calendar Month of Transaction --- p.36 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Statistics by Day of the Week of Transaction --- p.37 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Statistics by Industry Classification of the Firm --- p.38 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Statistics by Size of the Firm --- p.38 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Statistics by Book-to-Market Ratio of the Firm --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Statistics by Price-Earnings Ratio of the Firm --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Statistics by Relative Trading Volume in Shares --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- Statistics by Firm Size and Relative Trading Volume in Shares --- p.43 / Chapter 4.3 --- Methodology --- p.43 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Measurement of Stock Price Performance for Insider Trading Events --- p.43 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Aggregate Industry-wide Insider Trading Prior to Major Adjustment in the AOI Sectorial Index --- p.47 / Chapter V. --- EMPIRICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS --- p.51 / Chapter 5.1 --- Stock Price Performance Around Insider Trading Events: Abnormal Returns and Cumulative Abnormal Returns --- p.51 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- On the Entire Sample --- p.51 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- By Year of Transaction --- p.55 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- By Calendar Month of Transaction --- p.59 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- By Day of the Week of Transaction --- p.61 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- By Industry Classification of the Firm --- p.62 / Chapter 5.1.6 --- By Size of the Firm --- p.64 / Chapter 5.1.7 --- By Book-to-Market Ratio of the Firm --- p.66 / Chapter 5.1.8 --- By Price-Earnings Ratio of the Firm --- p.67 / Chapter 5.1.9 --- By Relative Trading Volume in Shares --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1.10 --- By Firm Size and Relative Trading Volume in Shares --- p.70 / Chapter 5.2 --- Aggregate Industry-wide Insider Trading Prior to Major Adjustment in the AOI Sectorial Index --- p.74 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Finance Industry --- p.76 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Utilities Industry --- p.77 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Properties Industry --- p.78 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Consolidated Enterprises Industry --- p.80 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Industrials Industry --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Hotels Industry --- p.82 / Chapter VI. --- CONCLUDING REMARKS --- p.85 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.87

This thesis presents three empirical chapters investigating the informativeness of aggregate insider trading activities in the UK’s stock and option markets. Chapter one examines the relationship between aggregate insider trading and stock market volatility. The results suggest a positive relationship between aggregate insider trading and stock market volatility, confirming the hypothesis that aggregate insider trading increases the rate of flow of information into the stock market which in turn increases stock market volatility. Given that insiders also trade for non-informational reasons, we distinguish between informative and noisy insider trades and examine whether they affect stock market volatility differently. We find that only aggregate insider buy trades and medium sized insider trades affect stock market volatility positively. Chapter two re-examines whether aggregate insider trading can help predict future UK stock market returns. The results suggest that there is information in aggregate insider trading that can help predict future stock market returns. This is due to aggregate insiders’ ability to time the market based on their possession of superior information about unexpected economy-wide changes. We also find that a positive shock in aggregate insider trading causes an increase in future stock market returns two months after the shock. We test whether there is information in medium insider trades that can help predict future stock market returns. The results suggest that medium insider trades, specifically medium insider buy trades can help predict future stock market returns. Lastly, chapter three explores the relationship between aggregate exercise of executive stock options (ESO) and stock market volatility. Insiders in possession of private information may use their informational advantage to trade in the option markets via their exercise of ESOs which may affect stock market volatility. We find that aggregate exercise of ESOs affect stock market volatility positively. This is due to an increase in the rate of flow of information released via private information motivated exercises which cause prices to move as they adjust to the new information thereby increasing volatility. When executives have private information about future stock performance, they are motivated to exercise and sell stocks post exercise to avoid losses. They are also motivated to exercise and sell only a proportion of their stocks, specifically more than 50% of the acquired stocks and they exercise near the money ESOs. We find that for all these private information motivated reasons to exercise ESOs, stock market volatility is positively affected.