Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army, 1955. / "April 1955." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves xii-xiii). Also issued in microfiche.

Includes bibliographical references. / In this essay I shall explore the various pertinent components of the test for criminal negligence paying particular attention to the issues raised above, namely, the pure objective test, the notion of the reasonable man, the relative objective test, circumstances external to the actor, and the subjective test. In doing so I shall critically consult and review the writings of various South African writers on the topic as well as the courts' handling of the test and its attendant practical and theoretical difficulties. For the sake of completeness and clarity certain other closely related issues will be explored, namely, whether the test for negligent delictual liability is applicable in criminal law, and the distinction between and nature of unlawfulness and mens rea in negligence crimes. These latter issues, which will not be developed as fully, serve as a necessary component of any discussion on the central question in this essay, namely, the justness and fairness of determining criminal negligence by means of the objective reasonable man test.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Greifswald.

Article II of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide stipulates the definition of the crime. A key element of genocide is the criterion of “intent”; this requisite must be met in order to determine criminal liability. Even though “intent” is a paramount element of the crime neither definition nor guidance regarding its interpretation is provided for under Article II, this void of interpretation is absolute throughout the Genocide Convention. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to examine this void in the provision. In order to fulfill the purpose of this thesis the following research questions have been regarded: How is the requisite intent defined in relevant preparatory work of Genocide Convention? How is the requisite intent interpreted in relevant case law and judicial doctrines and are these interpretations in line with the preparatory work of the Genocide Convention? Is the definition and interpretation of the requisite intent in the abovementioned legal sources consistent with the object and purpose of the Genocide Convention? We found that in the preparatory work of the Genocide Convention, the requisite intent has not been labeled. However, the Drafters definition of intent is in accordance with international criminal law’s definition of specific intent. Also, the case law and judicial doctrines that we have examined all fall within either the purpose-based or the knowledge-based approach. Both approaches acknowledge that a perpetrator needs to possess an inner aim or desire to meet the level of intent required for the Crime. Notwithstanding, the knowledge-based approach holds that “policy or plan” is part of the Crime whereas the purpose-based approach rejects it and consequently the application of genocidal intent is distinctively different. With regard to preparatory work, the purpose-based approach is in line with the definition of the Drafters whereas the knowledge-based approach is not in its literal meaning. However, the Drafters did not explicitly reject the knowledge-based approach in the preparatory work of the Genocide Convention. We have concluded that the purpose-based approach is not consistent with the object and purpose of the Genocide Convention. We hold that the knowledge-based approach is in line with the object and purpose of the Genocide Convention, and hence this approach upholds the goal of preventing and punishing genocide. Moreover, the method for this thesis is in accordance with the method in international law for interpretations of international treaties; the Vienna Convention on the law of Treaties. Hence, the selection, systemization and interpretation of legal sources are in line with the Vienna Convention.

The purpose of this paper is to test the ability of Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior and Shapero's model of the entrepreneurial event to predict entrepreneurial intent (EI) among Swedish university students. A conceptual framework was developed where attitude towards entrepreneurial behavior was constituted by perceived self-efficacy, perceived social norms, and independence and serves as a mediator for the EI.A comparison between three focus groups composed of non-business students, business students and participants from the 'Enterprising & Business Development' (EBD) program at Linnaeus University was undertaken. The results show all three studied variables are significant determinants of EI, which in turn is a precursor of the attitude toward entrepreneurial behaviour. However, evidence suggests a negative relationship between the perceived social norms and the EI among EBD and business students.This paper contributes to the entrepreneurship literature by testing how certain factors affect the EI of university students. Its originality arises from combining the two most significant models for EI and applying them to three groups with different prerequisites. Although the study is subject to some limitations, they can be overcome by further studies.

Study on corporate welfare, job satisfaction and intent to leave --- A case study of a news agency --- Abstract An corporate that provides excellent salary and welfare should be able to pool talents and gain advantage in the labor market. As salary and welfare are part of the operating costs of the corporate, how to satisfy employees¡¦ demands and needs at the lowest costs would an important task for the management. In addition, how does the welfare provided by the management retain talents, boost working morale, and create harmonious labor relationships? By surveying employees¡¦ individual traits, their actual demand and satisfaction with the current welfare incentives, the management can efficiently satisfy their needs. Additionally, the theory of characteristics in labor economics is adopted to interpret the difference in welfare requirements demanded by homogenous and heterogeneous employees. This study has been conducted with the objectives as follows: (1) Study and analysis of the difference between the welfare demand and employee¡¦s individual traits (monetary and non-monetary demands). (2) Study and analysis of the relationship and effects among the welfare provided by the corporate, employees¡¦ job satisfaction and the intent to leave. This study has adopted SPSS FOR WINDOWS as the tool for statistical analysis. For sampling data in descriptive statistics, use frequency distribution, and examine the levels of confidence of all frequency tables and their consistency and correlated coefficient Cronbach¡¥s £\ of all variables. Factor analysis of main ingredients, single factor variant analysis, one way ANOVA and subsequent inspection are conducted to review the difference of different variables. PEARSON analysis and REGRESSION analysis are used to examine variables of individual background, and the predictability of corporate welfare in relation to job satisfaction and intent to leave. Major findings include the following: 1. Influences of individual traits on welfare satisfaction, corporate welfare demand, job satisfaction and intent to leave: 1) Based on the analysis on satisfaction, only educational background, division of department, and current salary have significant impact on the satisfaction of corporate welfare. 2) Based on the analysis on different types of welfare demand: Gender, educational background and division of department have significant influence on the demand for monetary welfare; and educational background, division of department and current salary have significant influence on the demand for non-monetary welfare. 3) Based on the analysis of job satisfaction. In the area of group interaction satisfaction; gender, age, marital status, educational background and division of department have significant influence; however, in the area of actual income satisfaction, only educational background and division of department have significant influence. 4) Based on the analysis of relationship between individual traits and intent to leave. There is no significant influence in gender, age, educational level, current salary, nor division of department. Significant influence of marital status is found higher in females than that of males on average. In significant influence of division of department, the average of executive employees is higher than other departments. 2. Influence of corporate welfare measures to job satisfaction In the analysis of influence of job satisfaction to ¡§welfare satisfaction¡¨ and ¡§welfare demand¡¨; the higher the ¡§welfare satisfaction¡¨, the higher the ¡§group interaction satisfaction, and the higher the ¡§satisfaction with actual income¡¨. However, ¡§demand on monetary welfare¡¨ is inversely correlated to ¡§group interaction satisfaction¡¨, that is the higher the ¡§demand on monetary welfare¡¨, the lower the ¡§group interaction satisfaction¡¨. Additionally, ¡§demand on monetary welfare¡¨ is positively correlated to the ¡§satisfaction with actual income¡¨ which indicates that those with higher ¡§demand on monetary welfare¡¨ also has higher ¡§satisfaction with actual income¡¨. The results found in ¡§demand on non-monetary welfare¡¨ analysis is the same as that of the ¡§demand for monetary welfare¡¨. 3. Influence of job satisfaction on intent to leave: ¡§Group interaction satisfaction¡¨ and ¡§satisfaction with actual income¡¨ are inversely correlated to the intent to leave. In other words, those who are more satisfied with the group interaction and actual income are less likely to quit. 4. Corporate welfare measures have influence on job satisfaction and results in intent to leave: The influence of ¡§welfare satisfaction¡¨ on group interaction satisfaction, satisfaction of actual working income, overall job satisfaction and intent to leave is highly predicted. Positive influence is predicted when the supply meets the demand of ¡§monetary welfare¡¨ and ¡§non-monetary welfare¡¨ on high group interaction satisfaction, satisfaction with actual working income, and overall job satisfaction. Which indicates that when the corporate welfare is promoted, employees¡¦ satisfaction and job satisfaction will also improve and employees would be less likely to quit. Key words: corporate welfare, job satisfaction, intent to leave.

In recent years, Green Building Promotion program has made a significant progress where 1359 cases have acquired the Green Building Candidate Certificate. Among them, 245 cases or 18% in total, eventually received the Green Building Label which is considered low and need to be improved. On the other hand, in United States where LEED is applied, the Commissioning, abbreviated as Commissioning, has been deemed as a Pre-Requisite Requirement for all LEED Projects. In ASHRAE design guides, Commissioning has been defined as a procedure through testing, adjusting, and balancing, to Perform in Conformity with the Design Intent. The goals of Owners, designers, and engineering contractors can all be integrated and optimized where design intent can be fulfilled with traceable records during the Commissioning process. Though Testing, Adjusting, Balancing, and Commissioning, building energy efficiency can be upgraded where energy savings and CO2 emission reduction can be obtained.

Thesis--Columbia University, 1927. / Bibliography: p. 65.

The Finger-Guessing Game is a novel with many layers of themes, characterization, and metaphor, and conveying all of these varied aspects requires a detailed, careful approach to translation. With this thesis I aim to show that strictly adhering to a singular translation method, such as “word-for-word” or “sense-for-sense,” will produce unsatisfactory results at certain points within the novel. This is accomplished by an overview of several different unique aspects of the writing style of this novel, viewpoint, the theme of fate, and the use of idioms and metaphors. Following this will be an analysis of these aspects’ functions within the novel, and how to best translate them to retain their original meaning. In the end, I advocate for a case-by-case approach to the translation of this novel, wherein each unit of translation is considered individually, and the translator judges how to translate it in the best way possible. Only in this way can the meaning present at all levels in the text, from the themes down to the very language used, be translated in a manner which both reads naturally in English and still carries as much of the original meaning as possible.

Entrepreneurs are seen to play a vital role in the growth of an economy, particularly in an emerging market such as South Africa. To date, there has been a limited amount of research concerning the drivers, influences and factors that predispose an individual towards entrepreneurial intent within the South African context. Equally so, there is little research on generational theory and how this relates to entrepreneurial activity as a whole. This study focuses on comparing the X and Y generational cohorts in terms of their propensity towards entrepreneurial intent within the context of South Africa. Research was conducted following an in depth literature review which focused on the concept of entrepreneurship and its effect on the economy, generational theory and the interaction and influence of generational cohort theory on the drivers of entrepreneurial intent. The data gathered through the course of the literature review was utilised as a theoretical foundation on which to build propositions of entrepreneurial intent and from which a quantitative survey instrument was developed. The quantitative survey was open to any South African individual who falls within the X or Y generational cohort as defined in this study.Key findings include similarities and differences between the X and Y generational cohort individuals in terms of the following aspects: education and entrepreneurial training; exposure to technology; problem solving; leadership orientation; visionary perspective; the influence of family and organisational support networks; creativity and innovation, attitude towards risk-taking and self-confidence. It is hoped that the findings contribute to the existing literature on entrepreneurial intent and in particular to that within the South African context of the X and Y generational cohorts. Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted