This dissertation explores the roots, growth, and significance of vocal music activities in Iowa's rural schools and communities, from roughly 1900 to 1940. Specifically, it analyzes the development of rural school choirs, sponsored by Iowa State Teachers College (ISTC), and the development of extension music outreach, sponsored by Iowa State College (ISC). Functioning as the state's sole state normal school, ISTC had primary responsibility for training the state's teachers, including its rural teachers. Part of ISTC's outreach to rural teachers entailed teaching them how to teach vocal music, a relatively new subject required in Iowa's public schools. From this outreach grew rural children's choirs, comprised of students who passed competency tests and performed for local and state events. Functioning as the state's land-grant institution, ISC conducted extension activities in local communities from fairly early in its history. Eventually, 4-H programming for girls, home demonstration projects for women, and Iowa Farm Bureau Federation (IFBF) activities came to incorporate music study and eventually performance. The highpoint of the musical activities associated with ISC came in 1934-1935, when girls' 4-H clubs and farmwomen's groups studied and then performed the opera, The Bohemian Girl. With calls for the revitalization of rural communities through increased recreational opportunities and the rededication of country schools as community social centers throughout the early decades of the twentieth century, vocal music activities in Iowa's schools and communities came to play a key role in building up and sustaining a sense of community in Iowa's rural neighborhoods. Because both ISTC-supported rural choirs and ISC-supported music outreach grew out of and had an impact on participants' communities, this dissertation provides a sense of the social and economic changes occurring in rural Iowa during the early decades of the twentieth century. This dissertation draws on John Dewey's writings about art in order to delve more deeply into the connection between the fine arts and community.

Objective: The objective of this study was to measure and assess the implant education received by graduates from the University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics. This study measured the self-reported competency levels of dental practitioners with regards to providing and maintaining dental implants as treatment modalities to their patients. The study assessed dental graduates’ willingness to practice and perform dental implant procedures, including both surgical and prosthetic treatments. Additionally, the study identifies challenges that face practicing dentists treating patients with dental implants and identifies the preferred way practitioners seek future training after completing dental school. Methods: A 36-item electronic survey was created and distributed to 737 dentists who graduated from the University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics. Dentists’ demographics, practice characteristics, and detailed self-reported competency in implant dentistry were collected. Statistical analysis of the responses consisted of descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis, and nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Spearman’s rank correlation test along with a chi-square test were used for detecting the differences, correlations and associations under different conditions. Results: 154 dentists completed the survey (21% response rate), while only 143 subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included for the statistical analysis. The survey consisted mostly of males (56.6%). The mean age of respondents was 34.2 years old with a mean practice time of 6.2 years. Of the responding dentists, 21.7% completed a postgraduate training program and 51% of the respondents were in group practice. 66% of the respondents practice in the Midwest region of the US and 71.3% of the respondents took continuing educational courses in implant dentistry and the mean cumulative hours of CE courses in implant dentistry was 33.8 hours. The mean average of implant restorations provided per year was 11.7 and the mean average of implant placements per year was 19.6. There was a significant correlation between cumulative hours of Continuing Education courses and number of implant units on average placed or restored. 64.3% of the dentists are not satisfied with the implant education given at the dental student level. 95.8% of the dentists reported that dental school training is not adequate to surgically place dental implants in their practice. Only 32.4% reported that dental school training was not adequate to restore dental implants in their practice. The preferred way to receive additional training about dental implants is short-term CE courses and workshop courses conducted by implant companies. 23.6% of the dentists reported they are competent at surgically placing dental implants in their practice. 79.1% reported they are competent at restoring dental implants in the dental office. Only 28.4% reported that they feel dental implants are more difficult than other dental treatments. Conclusions: Graduate dentists from the University of Iowa are not expected to be competent in all components of implant dentistry without further postgraduate training. Respondents stated that their dental school training in surgical placement of implants was inadequate. To build upon their dental school training, the two main preferred education pathways as reported by respondents were short-term continuing education courses and workshops courses conducted by implant companies. Within the parameters of this study, we can conclude the following: 1.Age, GPA, number of CE hours in dental implant therapy, specialty status, and time since graduation did not influence undergraduate education satisfaction in dental implant therapy. 2.There is a positive correlation between the number of CE course hours and the number of implant units restored or placed by general dentists. 3.Male dentists, those who practice in group practice settings, and those who have graduated six or more years ago reported a greater number of CE course hours in dental implant therapy. 4.Those who graduated with GPAs less than or equal to 3.4, general dentists, and those who enrolled in a high number of CE courses were more confident in restoring dental implants. 5.Those who graduated with a GPA greater than or equal to 3.5, specialist dentists, and those who enrolled in a high number of CE courses were more confident in surgically placing dental implants. 6.Males, general dentists, those who practice in a group practice setting, and those who graduated six years or more ago restored more implants on average per year. 7.Males, specialist dentists, those who practice outside the Midwest US, and those who graduated six years or more ago surgically place more implants on average per year.

This thesis creates a historical perspective of The University of Iowa Marching Band program, now known as the Hawkeye Marching Band (HMB). The HMB is the most visible ensemble in the School of Music, and it is one of the largest student groups at the University, upholding a tradition of excellence and rich history of more than one hundred years. However, very little has been written on its history and development. Therefore, this study fills a significant gap in the understanding of a time-honored organization, and it contributes to the growing scholarship of collegiate marching band programs and their collective evolution. Archival methods employed in the research process for this thesis included oral interviews with former and current University of Iowa band directors and thorough inspection of documents in the Special Collections at The University of Iowa main library. The University of Iowa Band Department records, as well as the personal archives of Lou Crist, Frederick C. Ebbs and David Henning were also inspected. Other materials researched consisted of an online alumni survey, digital and paper editions of The Daily Iowan, Press Citizen and Gazette newspapers, and The University of Iowa annual yearbooks. This study begins by highlighting the early growth of the band program that significantly impacted the future of the marching band. It also profiles each director from 1911 to the present day, and investigates the development of the band through consideration of various factors, including program size, staff structure, performance practices, operational procedures, institutional support, use of auxiliary units and significant performances. Thorough examination of the history of the Hawkeye Marching Band revealed several common themes: dedication to the preservation of tradition, innovations in terms of both style and presentation, and a commitment to student leadership and excellence. The Hawkeye Marching Band is a true symbol of The University of Iowa that has impacted thousands of lives in its 130-plus years of existence.

No description available.

Data from new subsurface studies, lithologic analyses, radiocarbon dating, and geologic mapping demonstrate that an early middle Wisconsinan (MIS 3) to late Wisconsonan (MIS2) till sheet is more widespread in northcentral Iowa than previously assumed. This till had been mapped to the west of and beneath the late Wisconsinan (MIS 2) Des Moines Lobe (DML); this thesis research has shown that the boundary of that till sheet extends 40 to 50 km east of the DML margin. Sediments deposited by the MIS 3 glacier are termed the Sheldon Creek Formation; they share many lithologic properties with DML Dows Formation deposits. Some of these shared properties, such as clasts of Pierre Shale, suggest a similar northwesterly provenance and glacial flow from the Keewatin Dome of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during both glaciations. Radiocarbon ages of organic materials within and beneath the Sheldon Creek Formation, as well as stratigraphic relationships in cores and outcrops, suggest that the unit accumulated during two distinct advances, herein named the Ft. Dodge Advance (ca. 46-40 ka) and the Lehigh Advance (ca. 34-29 ka). The presence of ice in Iowa before the regional Last Glacial Maximum has important implications for modeling buildup of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) and understanding the regional variability of ice sheet extent during the last glacial period. Existing models the LIS buildup are challenged by the pre-MIS 2 chronology reported here, which puts the ice sheet much farther south during MIS 3b than had previously been reported. This points to a much earlier buildup of the Keewatin Dome than previously assumed. The timing of the Sheldon Creek advances appear to coincide with Heinrich events 3 and 5 in the North Atlantic, indicating that both the Keewatin and Laurentian Domes of the ice sheet were large at this time. Further work needs to be done to determine if the MIS 3b and early MIS 2 Sheldon Creek Formation deposits in Iowa are unique, or if there are other unrecognized deposits from these time periods.

No description available.

No description available.

On June 13, 2008, after many days of rain, the Cedar River flooded the city of Cedar Rapids. With a peak discharge of 139,987 cfs and at 19.12 feet above flood stage, the 2008 flood of Cedar Rapids was the largest flood in the city’s historic record. As rivers rose, the city had received forecasts of an incoming flood as early as June 8. Then, on June 12, it began to rain in Cedar Rapids. Finally, on June 13, 2008, the Middle Cedar crested at 31.12 feet. This thesis project modeled a variety of rainfall patterns on June 12, 2008, to determine the effect of varying rainfall intensity and location on the magnitude of the 2008 flood of Cedar Rapids. Using a method known as Stochastic Storm Transposition (SST), I overwrote precipitation data in a hydrologic model of the Middle Cedar Watershed with rainfall data extracted from specific storm events that occurred in the Upper Midwest. We used a physically-based, semi-distributed hydrologic model known as GHOST (Generic Hydrologic Overland-Subsurface Toolkit) developed by Marcela Politano at the University of Iowa. Traditionally, hydrologic modeling for watersheds has used design storms to create rainfall inputs in flood modeling. These design storms have uniform rainfall timing and accumulation patterns across a watershed and are determined by designated equations for a geographic region. In large watersheds such as the Middle Cedar (2,400 square miles), design storms are not physically realistic because of their uniformity. Additionally, design storms fail to capture unique storm patterns such as high intensity periods or the movement of a storm across a watershed. By implementing SST into GHOST, we used physically realistic storm events that have unique rainfall patterns and intensities within a designated return period. SST extracts rainfall data from real storm events and transposes the storm patterns onto watersheds to provide physically realistic rainfall data for hydrologic modeling. A tool called RainyDay, developed by Professor Daniel Wright at the University of Wisconsin, provided the storm transpositions used in this research. We assigned the storm transpositions return periods created by RainyDay, corresponding to their average transposed rainfall across the Middle Cedar Watershed. Replacing the June 12 rainfall with RainyDay’s two-year transposed storm events (average rain accumulation 1.8 inches) resulted in modeled flood peaks larger than the unaltered June 12 flood peak. Storm transpositions of 5-, 10-, and 2,000-year return periods showed even larger peaks, illustrating the potential for floods much larger than the 2008 flood. In addition to the analysis of flood magnitude in 2008, we modeled a set of storm transposition scenarios for a variety of soil-moisture conditions. The increased discharge levels in scenarios with high soil moisture emphasize the importance of initial conditions in flooding scenarios. Finally, we modeled the effect that two-year RainyDay storms would have had on the 2016 flood of Cedar Rapids had they occurred on the day before the peak. The two-year transpositions showed that with an impending flood crest smaller than the 2008 crest, several two-year RainyDay scenarios would have resulted in floods nearly equal in magnitude to the 2008 flood event. Our manipulation of the rainfall in the Middle Cedar Watershed on June 12, 2008, using the GHOST model provided the opportunity to re-examine the influence that a specific day of rainfall had on the 2008 flood of Cedar Rapids. The potential for higher flooding under conditions of repeated rainfall and high soil moisture illustrates the susceptibility of the Middle Cedar Watershed to future flood events under similar conditions. Applying SST in hydrologic modeling also provided an opportunity to model a variety of rainfall scenarios and to better understand watershed responses to nuanced and physically realistic rainfall patterns.

No description available.

High nutrient levels are responsible for the hypoxic conditions in the Gulf of Mexico. Iowa contributes significant nitrate loads to the Mississippi River which then contributes to the formation of an annual hypoxic zone. The primary object of this research was to calculate Iowa’s statewide nitrate load export from 1999-2015. Evaluating the statewide load will provide a means to track the effects of the Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy developed in 2012. This research also evaluated nitrate patterns to identify spatial and temporal variables that may be responsible for much of the variability in average nitrate yields and annual nitrate loads. Data from 62 sites within the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR) ambient water quality monitoring network were linearly interpolated from monthly grab samples. Twenty-three of the study sites were main study basins. The remaining watersheds were subbasins within the main basins. The main study basins were used to extrapolate annual statewide load. Percent row crop and water yield were used to predict spatial average annual nitrate yields. Additionally, linear regression modeling using annual water yield was found to best replicate temporal annual nitrate loads. Regional regression equations were formulated using temporal water yield regression equation parameters (slope and intercept) for the 62 subbasins organized by Major Land Resource Area (MLRA). DNR ambient nitrate loads were also compared to nitrate loads from the Iowa Water Quality Information System (IWQIS), a high-resolution water quality sensor network operated by IIHR—Hydroscience and Engineering at the University of Iowa. Nitrate loads between the two networks can vary significantly during April through July. Nutrient load reduction could be more confidently determined with improved statewide load export estimations.