Au cours du développement des plantes, l'auxine contrôle de nombreux processus dont notamment la dominance apicale, le phototropisme, la phyllotaxie, la formation des racines latérales et le développement des fruits. Le métabolisme, la perception ainsi que la signalisation de l’auxine ont majoritairement été étudiés chez Arabidopsis. Afin d’élucider la fonction de cette hormone au cours du développement des fruits, nous avons utilisé la tomate comme plante modèle. En effet la tomate est à la fois une espèce référence pour la famille des Solanacées mais également pour les plantes à fruits charnus. Les gènes Aux/IAA jouent un rôle déterminant dans la voie de signalisation auxinique en formant notamment un complexe avec l’un des récepteurs de cette hormone et en réprimant l’activité des facteurs de transcriptions de type ARF. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons caractérisé la famille multigènique des Aux/IAA chez la tomate. Elle est composée de 25 membres que nous avons nommés en référence à ceux d’Arabidopsis. Le niveau d’expression des gènes Aux/IAA est variable en fonction du gène, de l’organe ou du tissu considéré. L’expression de plusieurs de ces gènes est régulée à la fois par l’auxine et l’éthylène, ce qui suggère que les Aux/IAA sont reliés aux voies de signalisation de ces deux hormones. L’élucidation de la fonction des Aux/IAA de tomate est réalisée à travers la caractérisation de plantes transgéniques avec une attention particulière portée aux lignées montrant des phénotypes affectant le développement et la qualité du fruit ou présentant un intérêt pour le dialogue entre l’auxine et l’éthylène. Parmi ces lignées, les plantes sous-exprimant le gène Sl-IAA27 présentent une altération du développement des fleurs et des fruits. De plus, la diminution de l’expression de Sl-IAA27entraine la sous-expression de gènes impliqués dans la voie de biosynthèse de la chlorophylle se traduisant par une diminution de la teneur en chlorophylle dans les feuilles. Ces résultats montrent la diversité fonctionnelle des Sl-IAA et souligne le rôle de régulateur joué par l’auxine au cours du développement du fruit. / The phytohormone auxin controls various developmental processes, including apical dominance, tropisms, vascular patterning and fruit set. Auxin metabolism, transport, perception and signaling are mainly studied in the plant model Arabidopsis. To understand the auxin regulation process of fruit development, the tomato plant which is a reference species for Solanaceae and fleshy fruit plants is a good model of study. Aux/IAA genes play a key role in auxin signaling pathway, through their participation to the receptor complex of the hormone and by repressing the activity of ARF type transcription factors. In this work the 25 Sl-IAA family members have been isolated and renamed according to their phylogeny relationship with AtIAAs. Sl-IAA genes display distinctive expression pattern in different tomato organs and tissues, and some of them display differential responses to auxin and ethylene, suggesting that Aux/IAAs may play a role in linking both hormone signaling pathways. To improve knowledge about Aux/IAA function, transgenic tomato plants have been generated. The involvement of Aux/IAAs in notably fruit development was addressed through the characterization of the Sl-IAA27 gene. Its down-regulation in plants lead to altered flower and fruit development with a modified shape of the fruits and reduced volume. Moreover, fertilization capacity was strongly altered by the silencing of Sl-IAA27 resulting in the formation of fruits with reduced seed number. In addition, the reduced expression of Sl- IAA27 leads to a down-regulation of genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis triggering reduced leaf chlorophyll accumulation content. These results showed a functional diversity among Sl-IAA family members and underlined the involvement of auxin notably in the regulation of fruit development.

Understanding the role of phytohormone auxin in defense responses is one of the vital tools for plant breeders to develop maize germplasm lines that exhibit high resistance to Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxin accumulation. Besides its critical role in different developmental processes throughout the life cycle of plants, auxin is also involved in the network of plant-pathogen interaction as demonstrated in previous studies. However, the actual mechanism for the auxin signaling pathway leading to resistance is unknown. Therefore, the critical gap in the knowledge base is a lack of understanding of the role of auxin signaling in pathogen resistance in maize. Continuation of this gap is an important problem because fungal resistance is a highly quantitative trait and breeding for resistance is a challenge. A complete understanding of the auxin mechanism in resistance could lead the production of corn hybrids with resistance to A. flavus and aflatoxin accumulation. The focus of this research was to determine the effect of exogenous auxin on A. flavus growth and production of aflatoxin in growth media. In addition, auxin levels, the amount of aflatoxin, and fungal growth in three resistant (Mp313E, Mp715, and Mp719) and one susceptible (B73) germplasm line were determined. As a result, auxin significantly increased mycelium growth and significantly decreased aflatoxin at a high concentration in potato dextrose broth under the lab conditions. Under the field conditions, auxin levels were low in resistant lines but did not change in response to A. flavus infection. Susceptible line had high auxin levels and auxin levels significantly decreased in response to A. flavus infection.

There is a need in the cotton industry for cultivars with enhanced lint yield potential and high-quality fiber properties. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a phytohormone that is predominantly responsible for cell elongation and required for primary elongation in cotton fiber development. An increase in IAA at specific fiber developmental stages may promote increased lint percent and longer fibers. Objectives of this research project were to determine how exogenous applications in a field environment affect fiber traits and lint yield potential in diverse genotypes. The first study examined application methods to ascertain the optimal placement and timing of IAA. The second study focused on genotype reactions to elevated levels of IAA. Results indicate exogenously applied IAA provided a potential yield increase but did not improve fiber length. Further research needs to be conducted to effectively understand IAA’s role in fiber development and establishing protocols for maximizing IAA potential in a field environment.

This thesis deals with effect of phytohormonal application on apical dominance, stem anatomy and expression of PsPIN1 in garden pea (Pisum sativum) variety Paloma and from this variety derived mutant rms4. In this thesis effect of decapitation, exogenous application of auxin (IAA, in a form of lanoline paste) and strigolactone (GR24, in a form of admixture in nutrient solution) on growth activity of axillary buds from nodes 1st to 4th was studied. After decapitation (above 4th node) "wild-type" plants reacted by increased intensity of axillary buds growth in almost all observed nodes and application of IAA inhibited growth of axillary buds to level of intact plants. In rms4 plants response on decapitation was only observed in axillary buds of the 4th node along with there was observation of insensivity to IAA in other observed nodes. GR24 inhibited growth of axillary buds in a small extent in "wild-type" plants and in rms4 mutants there was no observation of this inhibitory effect of strigolactone. Furthermore this thesis deals with effect of decapitation on [3H] - IAA transport from axillary bud in to young plants stems. Polar auxin transport capacity in stem is slightly higher in rms4 mutant and after decapitation axillary buds exported more auxin compared to "wild-type" plants. De novo vascular differentiation was observed 5 days after application of IAA in stem of both genotypes. Expression of PsPIN1 increased after IAA treatment both in Paloma and in rms4 mutant. This increase was higher in rms4 mutant compared to variety Paloma.

La croissance et le développement des plantes sont fortement régulés par plusieurs hormones végétales, dont l’auxine qui joue un rôle prépondérant. La modification de l’expression de certains gènes en réponse à l’auxine est contrôlée par des interactions spécifiques entre les facteurs de transcription ARF (Auxin Response Factors) et les protéines Aux/IAA. Des études sur Arabidopsis thaliana ont aussi montré l’implication de corépresseurs de la famille TOPLESS pour réprimer les gènes cibles des ARF. Toutefois, cette régulation transcriptionnelle a surtout été caractérisée chez la plante modèle Arabidopsis et la validité de ce modèle n’a pas encore été confortée par l’étude d’autres modèles. La tomate (Solanum lycopersicon), espèce modèle tant pour les Solanacées que pour les plantes à fruits constitue une bonne alternative pour élucider les caractères généraux liés à la signalisation auxinique. Dans notre travail, nous avons d’abord mis en place des protocoles expérimentaux – double-hybride, pull-down, complémentation de fluorescence (BiFC, Bifluorescence Complementation) – permettant d’étudier les interactions protéines-protéines. Ces méthodes ont d’abord été validées sur des couples Aux/IAA – ARF étant connus chez la tomate pour leur implication dans le développement et la maturation des fruits (SlIAA9, SlARF8, SlIAA3, SlARF4, SlIAA27). L’utilisation du double hybride a également permis de construire une carte d’interactions entre les Aux/IAA et les ARF de tomate. Dans un deuxième temps, la disponibilité de la séquence du génome de la tomate a permis d’entreprendre une étude globale de la famille des corépresseurs TOPLESS. Cette étude a inclus : la caractérisation et le clonage des gènes, l’analyse de la séquence protéique, une analyse phylogénétique de la famille sur un ensemble de génome séquencés, la caractérisation du profil d’expression des différentes isoformes ainsi qu’une analyse comparative de leur capacité d’interaction avec les protéines Aux/IAA. Enfin, dans un dernier temps, nous avons souhaité construire des premiers outils permettant d’entreprendre une recherche non-ciblée de nouveaux partenaires interagissant avec les protéines ARF ou Aux/IAA en partant de protoplastes de cellules BY-2 de tabac exprimant de façon transitoire des gènes codant des protéines chimères (tagged proteins). Même si ce travail reste préliminaire, il a pu notamment illustrer l’importance de l’intégrité des noyaux pour la stabilité des Aux/IAA, même en l’absence d’auxine. / The plant hormone auxin plays a central role in plant growth and development. The specific Aux/IAAs and Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) interactions are involved in auxin signaling pathway to regulate the auxin-responsive gene expression. Studies in Arabidopsis showed that TOPLESS family (TPLs) also was recruited by some Aux/IAAs to repress the function of ARFs. The whole machinery of the auxin signaling pathway is not clear yet, and most of this knowledge comes from the research on Arabidopsis. As a reference for Solanaceae and fleshy fruit plant, tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) is a good alternative model to better understand general traits of the auxin regulation process. In our work, we first established in our labs three experimental protocols – Yeast two-Hybrid, Pull-down and Bifluorescence complementation to unravel protein-protein interactions. These methods were first challenged on specific Aux/IAA and ARF proteins that were already characterized as major actors in fruit tomato development or ripening (SlIAA9, SlARF8, SlIAA3, SlARF4, SlIAA27). This also enabled us to build an ARF-Aux/IAA interaction map. In a second part, taking advantage of the tomato genome sequence, we carried a whole-genome study on tomato TOPLESS family. This investigation included gene cloning and characterization, protein sequence analysis, phylogenetic analyses, expression pattern and construction of protein-protein interaction maps. In a last part, we developed tools to start a non-targeted approach aiming at identifying new potential partners or protein complex involved in auxin signaling pathway using BY-2 tobacco cell protoplasts transiently expressing tagged-proteins. Although this study is still preliminary, it demonstrated the importance of nucleus integrity for Aux/IAA stability even in absence of auxin.

Fungal infections are caused by a variety of fungi, and with a variety of clinical manifestations. Antifungal treatments are limited due to host toxicity and fungi gaining resistance. By utilizing the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we hope to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis that we can then validate in the human pathogen Candida albicans, as well as explore options for novel therapies. Small molecule signaling is a method by which single-cell organisms can communicate with one another, enabling them to coordinate gene expression. This is a useful tool because it allows microbes to turn on phenotypes that are only valuable when done in large numbers, such as bioluminescence, or virulence traits. We have previously shown that the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae synthesizes the secondary metabolite indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from tryptophan. IAA is secreted into the environment, where it acts as a signal. At low concentrations, the IAA signals yeast to induce virulence traits, while at high concentrations, it is lethal. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the molecular mechanism of IAA (plant hormone auxin) regulation in fungi, specifically, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the human pathogen Candida albicans. Towards this end, I first focused my efforts on evaluating the role of S. cerevisiae Grr1, as a putative IAA receptor. By evaluating the IAA response of several Grr1 mutants, I was able to show that the leucine-rich repeat region, while not required for function, likely plays a significant role in maintaining the structural integrity of the protein. Next, I evaluated IAA associated phenotypes, such as filamentation, surface adhesion and IAA uptake of the grr1 null mutant in the human pathogen Candida albicans. Together, these data support the hypothesis that GRR1 regulates IAA response, probably by regulating the IAA uptake carriers.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a ação do ácido indol-3-acético (AIA) combinado com a peroxidase de raiz forte (HRP), formando um sistema gerador de espécies reativas de oxigênio, sobre a viabilidade de Staphylococcus aureus. Para tal, avaliou-se a viabilidade do S. aureus através da contagem das unidades formadoras de colônias após crescimento em ágar manitol, potencial e integridade de membrana por citometria de fluxo e integridade do DNA através de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida. Para realização dos ensaios foram utilizadas cepas de S. aureus recuperadas de casos de mastites clínicas. As cepas foram cultivadas em meio BHI (brain-heart-infusion) a 37ºC \"overnight\". Nos ensaios, o microrganismo foi incubado na ausência (controle) e presença de AIA (1 mmol/L)/HRP (1 µmol/L) em diferentes tempos (0, 1,5, 3 e 6 horas) a 37ºC. Foram realizados também ensaios contendo o microrganismo incubado na presença de AIA ou de HRP. O sistema AIA/HRP inibiu em 96%, 98%, 99% a formação de colônias do microrganismo para os tempos de 1,5, 3 e 6 horas, respectivamente, em relação ao controle em cada tempo. Ocorreu uma redução na polarização da membrana do microrganismo em 38, 69 e 99% nos tempos 1,5, 3 e 6 horas, respectivamente e uma diminuição significativa do número de microrganismos com membrana integra de 17 e 22% quando estes foram incubados por 3 e 6 horas, respectivamente em relação ao controle nos respectivos tempos. A adição das enzimas antioxidantes catalase ou superóxido dismutase ao meio de incubação não alterou o efeito deletério promovido pelo sistema AIA/HRP avaliado pelas unidades formadoras de colônias, despolarização e integridade de membrana. O sistema AIA/HRP não induziu a fragmentação do DNA do S. aureus após 3 e 6 horas de incubação. No presente estudo, foi possível verificar que a oxidação do AIA pela HRP produz uma resposta citotóxica potente capaz de promover a inibição do crescimento de S. aureus em ágar manitol, provocar a despolarização e a perda da integridade da membrana do microrganismo, sugerindo a possibilidade da utilização do sistema AIA/HRP como uma possível terapia alternativa contra bactérias. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in combination with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), forming a system generator of reactive oxygen species, on the viability of Staphylococcus aureus. To this end, was evaluated the of viability of S. aureus through the counting of the colony forming units after growth in mannitol agar, membrane potential and membrane integrity by flow cytometry and integrity of the DNA through the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. For the tests were used strains of S. aureus recovered from cases of clinical mastitis. The strains were grown in BHI medium (brain-heart-infusion) at 37°C overnight. In the tests, the microorganism was incubated in the absence (control) and presence of IAA (1 mmol/L)/HRP (1 µmol/L) at different times (0, 1.5, 3 and 6 hours) at 37°C. There were also conducted tests containing the microorganism incubated in the presence of IAA or HRP. The system IAA/HRP inhibited at 96%, 98%, 99% colony formation of microorganism to the times of 1.5, 3 and 6 hours, respectively, in relation to the control in every time. There was a decrease in polarization of the membrane of the microorganism on 38, 69 and 99% at times 1.5, 3 and 6 hours, respectively, and a significant decrease in the number of microorganisms with membrane integrity, 17 and 22% when they were incubated for 3 and 6 hours, respectively, in relation to the control in their time. The addition of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase in incubation medium did not alter the deleterious effect promoted by the system IAA/HRP assessed by colony forming units, membrane potential and membrane integrity. The system IAA/HRP did not induce the DNA fragmentation of S. aureus after 3 and 6 hours of incubation. In the present study, it was possible to verify that the oxidation of the IAA by HRP produces a potent cytotoxic response capable of promoting the inhibition of growth of S. aureus in mannitol agar, causing depolarization and the loss of integrity of the membrane of the microorganism, suggesting the possibility of using the system IAA/HRP as a possible alternative therapy against bacteria.

Au cours du développement des plantes, l'auxine contrôle de nombreux processus dont notamment la dominance apicale, le phototropisme, la phyllotaxie, la formation des racines latérales et le développement des fruits. Le métabolisme, la perception ainsi que la signalisation de l'auxine ont majoritairement été étudiés chez Arabidopsis. Afin d'élucider la fonction de cette hormone au cours du développement des fruits, nous avons utilisé la tomate comme plante modèle. En effet la tomate est à la fois une espèce référence pour la famille des Solanacées mais également pour les plantes à fruits charnus. Les gènes Aux/IAA jouent un rôle déterminant dans la voie de signalisation auxinique en formant notamment un complexe avec l'un des récepteurs de cette hormone et en réprimant l'activité des facteurs de transcriptions de type ARF. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons caractérisé la famille multigènique des Aux/IAA chez la tomate. Elle est composée de 25 membres que nous avons nommés en référence à ceux d'Arabidopsis. Le niveau d'expression des gènes Aux/IAA est variable en fonction du gène, de l'organe ou du tissu considéré. L'expression de plusieurs de ces gènes est régulée à la fois par l'auxine et l'éthylène, ce qui suggère que les Aux/IAA sont reliés aux voies de signalisation de ces deux hormones. L'élucidation de la fonction des Aux/IAA de tomate est réalisée à travers la caractérisation de plantes transgéniques avec une attention particulière portée aux lignées montrant des phénotypes affectant le développement et la qualité du fruit ou présentant un intérêt pour le dialogue entre l'auxine et l'éthylène. Parmi ces lignées, les plantes sous-exprimant le gène Sl-IAA27 présentent une altération du développement des fleurs et des fruits. De plus, la diminution de l'expression de Sl-IAA27 entraine la sous-expression de gènes impliqués dans la voie de biosynthèse de la chlorophylle se traduisant par une diminution de la teneur en chlorophylle dans les feuilles. Ces résultats montrent la diversité fonctionnelle des Sl-IAA et souligne le rôle de régulateur joué par l'auxine au cours du développement du fruit.

Sarcolemmal chloride channels and associated cell volume regulatory pathways have been shown to be important in local ischemic preconditioning (IPC) induced protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Similarities between intracellular pathways in remote (rIPC) and classic IPC suggest that these mechanisms may also play an important role in rIPC. rIPC protected cultured rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes against necrosis caused by 75 minutes simulated ischemia followed by 60 minutes simulated reperfusion. The protective effect was abolished by chloride channel blockade using 50 μM indanyloxyacetic acid 94 (IAA-94). rIPC also reduced peak cardiomyocyte swelling during exposure to 200 mOsm hypo-osmotic buffer. The reduction in peak swelling was also abolished by IAA-94. These results suggest that the protective effect of rIPC is achieved, at least in part, by enhancing cell volume regulation and that this effect is dependent on the availability of chloride channels in a similar fashion to local IPC.

Sarcolemmal chloride channels and associated cell volume regulatory pathways have been shown to be important in local ischemic preconditioning (IPC) induced protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Similarities between intracellular pathways in remote (rIPC) and classic IPC suggest that these mechanisms may also play an important role in rIPC. rIPC protected cultured rabbit ventricular cardiomyocytes against necrosis caused by 75 minutes simulated ischemia followed by 60 minutes simulated reperfusion. The protective effect was abolished by chloride channel blockade using 50 μM indanyloxyacetic acid 94 (IAA-94). rIPC also reduced peak cardiomyocyte swelling during exposure to 200 mOsm hypo-osmotic buffer. The reduction in peak swelling was also abolished by IAA-94. These results suggest that the protective effect of rIPC is achieved, at least in part, by enhancing cell volume regulation and that this effect is dependent on the availability of chloride channels in a similar fashion to local IPC.