Thesis (Ph.D.). / Written for the Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2008/02/12). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1997. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. [94]-103).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2007. / "August, 2007." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-119). Online version available on the World Wide Web.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of Toledo, 2006. / Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Physics." Bibliography: leaves 103-113.

Thesis (M. S.)--Florida State University, 2006. / Advisor: Guosheng Liu, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Meteorology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 7, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains v, 42 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S. in Meteorology)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005. / Thesis Advisor(s): Philip Durkee. Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-83). Also available online.

Les observations météorologiques depuis les satellites dans le domaine des micro-ondes sont actuellement limitées à 190 GHz. La prochaine génération de satellites météorologiques opérationnels européens (EUMETSAT Polar System-Second Generation-EPS-SG), em- portera un instrument, le Ice Cloud Imager (ICI), avec des fréquences sub-millimétriques jusqu’à 664 GHz, afin d’améliorer la caractérisation globale des nuages de glace. Pour préparer l’exploitation de ces nouvelles données, durant cette thèse, des travaux ont été effectués sur quatre axes complémentaires. Des simulations réalistes de transfert radiatif ont été réalisées de 19 à 700 GHz, pour des scènes météorologiques réelles, couvrant une grande variabilité des nuages en Europe. L’objectif était double : premièrement mieux comprendre la sensibilité des ondes millimétriques et sub-millimétriques à la phase glacée des nuages, deuxièmement créer une base de données robuste pour développer une méthode d’inversion statistique des caractéristiques des nuages de glace. Un code de transfert radiatif atmosphérique (Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator ARTS) a été couplé avec des profils atmosphériques simulés par un modèle méso-échelle de nuage (Weather Research and Forecasting WRF), pour douze scènes européennes aux moyennes latitudes. Les propriétés de diffusion des hydrométéores (glace, neige, graupel, pluie et eau dans le nuage) ont été soigneusement sélectionnées, en particulier pour la phase glace, et la compatibilité avec la microphysique de WRF a été testée : le Discrete-Dipole approximation (DDA) est adopté pour calculer les propriétés diffusantes des particules de neige. Les simulations obtenues ont été systématiquement comparées avec des observations satellitaires coïncidentes d’imageurs et de sondeurs jusqu’à 200 GHz. L’accord entre les simulations et les observations montre la bonne qualité de la base de données, au moins jusqu’à 200 GHz... / The meteorological observations from satellites in the microwave domain are currently limited to 190 GHz. The next generation of European operational Meteorological Satellite (EUMETSAT Polar System-Second Generation-EPS-SG) will carry an instrument, the Ice Cloud Imager (ICI), with frequencies up to 664 GHz, to provide unprecedented measurements in the sub-millimeter spectral range, aiming to improve the characterization of ice clouds over the globe. To prepare this upcoming satellite-borne sub-millimeter imager, during this thesis, scientific efforts have been made on four complementary aspects. Realistic radiative transfer simulations have been performed from 19 to 700 GHz, for real meteorological scenes, covering a large variability of clouds in Europe. The goal was two fold, first to better understand the sensitivity of the microwave to sub-millimeter waves to the cloud frozen phases, and second, to create a robust training database for a statistical cloud parameter retrieval. The Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS) is coupled with atmospheric profiles from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, for twelve diverse European mid-latitude scenes. The single scattering properties of the hydrometeors (cloud ice, snow, graupel, rain, and cloud water) are carefully selected, especially for the frozen phases, and compatibility with the micro- physics in WRF is tested: the Discrete-Dipole Approximation (DDA) is adopted for snow particles. The resulting simulations have been systematically compared with coincident satellite observations from imagers and sounders up to 200 GHz. The agreement between simulations and observations shows the good quality of the simulated training database, at least up to 200 GHz...

Les mécanismes de formation des nuages de glace arctiques durant la nuit polaire sont encore mal définis en raison de l’absence d’observations et de l’éloignement de cette région. Pourtant, leur influence sur les conditions météorologiques et sur le climat dans l’hémisphère nord est d’une importance primordiale ; et les connaissances sur la modification de leurs propriétés, liées à des processus d’interaction aérosol-nuage, doivent être améliorées. Les fortes concentrations d’aérosols en Arctique durant la nuit polaire sont associées au transport des aérosols anthropiques des latitudes moyennes jusqu’au pôle Nord. Les observations et les modèles montrent que cela peut conduire à un transport important de particules d’aérosol acidifiées. Les mesures en laboratoire et in situ montrent qu’à basse température (< -30°C), le revêtement d’acide sur les noyaux glaçogènes (IN) peut réduire leurs propriétés de nucléation de la glace. Par conséquent, leur concentration est réduite dans ces régions entraînant une plus faible concentration de plus gros cristaux de glace en raison d’une diminution de la compétition pour une humidité disponible similaire. De nombreuses mesures de terrain et par télédétection par satellite (CloudSat et CALIPSO) révèlent l’existence de deux types de nuages de glace (TIC) en Arctique durant la nuit polaire. Les nuages de glace de type 1 (TIC-1) ne sont visibles que par le lidar tandis que les nuages de glace de type 2 (TIC-2) sont perçus à la fois par le lidar et le radar. Les TIC-2 sont divisés en TIC-2A et TIC-2B. Les TIC-2A sont recouverts d’une fine couche de petits cristaux de glace non-précipitant (invisible par le radar) (TIC-1), tandis que les TIC-2B ne le sont pas. Ils sont caractérisés par une faible concentration de gros cristaux de glace. On suppose que la microstructure des TIC-2B est liée à l’acidification des aérosols. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, des études de cas et des approches statistiques ont été combinées afin d’analyser le transport des aérosols et les propriétés des nuages de glace en Arctique. La première partie de la thèse enquête sur les propriétés microphysiques des TIC-1/2A et TIC-2B, en analysant des mesures aéroportées et satellitaires de cas spécifiques observés durant la campagne de mesures ISDAC (Alaska, Avril 2008). Pour la première fois, les microstructures des TIC-1/2A et TIC-2B en Arctique sont comparées en utilisant les observations in-situ des nuages. (...) La deuxième partie de la thèse enquête sur l’origine des masses d’air formant deux cas spécifiques de TICs ISDAC : TIC-1/2A (1 Avril 2008) et TIC-2B (15 Avril 2008), en utilisant des outils de trajectoire et des données satellitaires. / Arctic ice cloud formation during winter is poorly understood mainly due to the lack of observations and the remoteness of this region. Yet, their influence on Northern Hemisphere weather and climate is of paramount importance, and the modification of their properties, linked to aerosol-cloud interaction processes, needs to be better understood.Large concentration of aerosols in the Arctic during winter is associated to long-range transport of anthropogenic aerosols from the mid-latitudes to the Arctic. Observations and models show that this may lead to a significant transport of acidified aerosol particles. Laboratory and in-situ measurements show that at cold temperature (< -30°C), acidic coating may reduce the ice nucleating properties of ice nuclei (IN). Therefore, the IN concentration is reduced in these regions, resulting to a smaller concentration of larger ice crystals and because of the reduced competition for the same available moisture.Extensive measurements from ground-based sites and satellite remote sensing (CloudSat and CALIPSO) reveal the existence of two Types of Ice Clouds (TICs) in the Arctic during the polar night and early spring. The first Type of Ice Clouds (TIC-1) are visible only by the lidar while the second Type of Ice Clouds (TIC-2) are detected by both the lidar and radar. TIC-2 are divided into TIC-2A and TIC-2B. TIC-2A are topped by a cover of non-precipitating very small (radar-unseen) ice crystals (TIC-1), while TIC-2B are not. They are characterized by a low concentration of large ice crystals. It is hypothesized that the observed low concentration of large ice crystals, leading to precipitation (e.g. cloud regime TIC-2B), is linked to the acidification of aerosols. To check this, we are combining case studies and statistical approaches to analyse aerosol transport and cloud properties in the Arctic.The first part of the thesis investigate the microphysical properties of TIC-1/2A and TIC-2B, analysing airborne in-situ and satellite measurements of specific cases observed during the ISDAC campaign (Alaska, April 2008). For the first time, Arctic TIC-1/2A and TIC-2B microstructures are compared using in-situ cloud observations. Results show that the differences between them are confined in the upper part of the clouds where ice nucleation occurs. TIC-2B were characterized by fewer (< 10 L-1) and larger (> 110 μm) ice crystals, a larger ice supersaturation (> 15 %) and a fewer ice nuclei (IN) concentration (< 2 order of magnitude) when compared to TIC-1/2A. Ice crystal growth in TIC-2B clouds seems explosive whereas it seems more gradual in TIC-1/2A. It is hypothesized that these differences are linked to the number concentration and the chemical composition of aerosols. The second part of the thesis investigate the origin of air masses forming two specific cases ; TIC-1/2A (1 April 2008) and TIC-2B (15 April 2008), using trajectory tools and satellite data.(...)

Cirrus clouds play an important role in radiative transfer, and thus have impact on the energy balance of the atmosphere and the climate of the Earth. Furthermore, they occur often and cover large areas globally at any time. Nevertheless, cirrus clouds are poorly studied, especially in the polar regions. Cirrus clouds are present in a large amount of the 14 years of data produced by the lidar at the Swedish Institude of Space Physics (IRF), but has not been studied to a large extent. A lidar is an active remote sensing instrument using a laser. This master's thesis develops and improves programs for analysis of cirrus clouds from this lidar data. It also performs analysis of six case studies chosen from the available data, and statistics of these six cases. The parameters calculated for each date are the cloud top, base and mean altitude, the geometrical thickness, the depolarisation ratio, the backscatter ratio (BSR), the backscatter coefficient, the extinction coefficient, the optical thickness and the number of cloud layers. No clear correlation between the optical thickness and the cloud top, base or mean altitude was found. There seems to be a weak correlation between increased optical thickness and increased geometrical thickness, which is not unreasonable. The mean cloud layer top altitude was 11.82 km and the mean cloud base was 10.36 km. The mean optical thickness for a cloud layer was 1.46 km, and the average of the cloud layer mean altitude was 11.09 km. It should be noted that the statistical analysis is based on only six cases with a total observation time of no more than 37 hours. A far larger dataset is needed in order to obtain any statistically signicant conclusions. The effect of averaging is studied, and it is concluded that averaging over altitude reduced the noise and facilitated the interpolation more than averaging over time did. Different approaches to obtain the molecular backscatter coefficient are compared, as well as the effect on the simulated molecular signal. Two of these approaches calculate the molecular backscatter coeffcient with input of the temperature and pressure either as continuously measured ground vales from the weather station at IRF or as radiosonde profiles for a specific time. In the other two, the molecular backscatter coeffcient is obtained from ECMWF data and from the standard atmosphere. Differences in the range 12-35% between the methods are found. Different approaches to calculate the backscatter ratio (BSR) are also compared. At cirrus altitudes, the decrease in the signal due to the molecular cloudfree part of the atmosphere is still strong, and finding the top and base separately by comparison with the standard deviation of the signal is proven a better method than interpolating between the point where the signal starts to increase and the point where it reaches the same signal value again. Height-normalising the signal provides a more robust method. For thin cirrus, the signal is not significantly attenuated above the cloud layer, and it is found that a method based on the ratios between the measured signal and the simulated molecular signal at cloud top and base did not produce reliable results for the optical thickness. In addition to analysing data and data processing methods, new data processing tools in MATLAB have been developed and existing functions have been improved. These will be valuable for continued studies with the IRF lidar, for cirrus as well as PSCs and thick and/or low-altitude clouds.

Cirrus clouds cover between 20% - 50% of the globe and are an essential component in the climate. The improved understanding of ice cloud microphysical properties is contingent on acquiring and analyzing in-situ and remote sensing data from cirrus clouds. In ??u observations of microphysical properties of ice and mixed-phase clouds using the mini-Video Ice Particle Sizer (mini-VIPS) aboard robotic unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide a promising and powerful platform for obtaining valuable data in a cost-effective, safe, and long-term manner. The purpose of this study is to better understand cirrus microphysical properties by analyzing the effectiveness of the mini-VIPS/UAV in-situ platform. The specific goals include: (1) To validate the mini-VIPS performance by comparing the mini-VIPS data retrieved during an Artic UAV mission with data retrieved from the millimeterwavelength cloud radar (MMCR) at the Barrow ARM/CART site. (2) To analyze mini-VIPS data to survey the properties of high latitude mixedphase clouds The intercomparison between in-situ and remote sensing measurements was carried out by comparing reflectivity values calculated from in-situ measurements with observations from the MMCR facility. Good agreement between observations and measurements is obtained during the time frame where the sampled volume was saturated with respect to ice. We also have 1 2 shown that the degree of closure between calculated and observed reflectivity strongly correlates with the assumption of ice crystal geometry observed in the mini-VIPS images. The good correlation increases the confidence in mini-VIPS and MMCR measurements. Finally, the size distribution and ice crystal geometry obtained from the data analysis is consistent with published literature for similar conditions of temperature and ice supersaturation.